A presentation by Maureen Samms-Vaughn as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Linda Adair as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by David Bravo as part of Impacts of Inequality on Children's Well-being panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Jo Boyden and Abhijeet Singh as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Maureen Samms-Vaughn as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Linda Adair as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by David Bravo as part of Impacts of Inequality on Children's Well-being panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
A presentation by Jo Boyden and Abhijeet Singh as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
My presentation from Podcast Movement 2014. If you're interested in learning how to build your email list from your podcast check out http://convertfromanywhere.com and sign up for a free course on how to convert from your podcast.
Paul Cubbon prepared this presentation for a talk to BCAIM, Jan 26th, 2011.
It represents a compilation of a range of reports, some research based and some opinion/commentary.
I have tried to distill them into something helpful for businesses considering Groupon or other deep discounters, at this stage of the evolution of model.
Introduction to Social Media: The web is ready for youCarrie Saarinen
In this presentation, we introduce Twitter, a popular microblogging service; Delicious, a web-based tool to manage and share bookmarks; and LinkedIn, a professional networking site with over 50 million members. We provide an overview of each tool, demonstrate uses for teaching, learning and professional networking, as well as review basic security features.
This presentation was developed for and delivered to members of the UMass Medical School community in December 2009 as part of a Social Media Seminar Series sponsored by the Department of Medicine and the Lamar Soutter Library.
Manifestação sobre os avanços do Brasil na área de propriedade intelectual, apresentada no processo de revisão de 2011 conduzido pelo Representante Comercial dos Estados Unidos (Special 301)
Elaborada pela área de Defesa Comercial do DEREX da FIESP, em conjunto com diversos parceiros.
GraceHill and Appfolio Training Webinar: Facebook for Property ManagersCharityHisle
I presented this webinar for GraceHill and Appfolio to train property managers on the basic how-to's of Facebook in July 2011.
There were over 800 attendees.
View the recorded webinar here and read the summary:
http://www.appfolio.com/blog/2011/07/facebook-for-property-managers-webinar-recap/
Does early lif shock retard cognitive development essp2
Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA) and the Econometric Society 19th Annual Conference of the African Region Chapter of the Econometric Societ 12th international Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. July 16-19, 2014
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Conference on "Towards what works in Rural Development in Ethiopia: Evidence on the Impact of Investments and Policies". December 13, 2013. Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa.
My presentation from Podcast Movement 2014. If you're interested in learning how to build your email list from your podcast check out http://convertfromanywhere.com and sign up for a free course on how to convert from your podcast.
Paul Cubbon prepared this presentation for a talk to BCAIM, Jan 26th, 2011.
It represents a compilation of a range of reports, some research based and some opinion/commentary.
I have tried to distill them into something helpful for businesses considering Groupon or other deep discounters, at this stage of the evolution of model.
Introduction to Social Media: The web is ready for youCarrie Saarinen
In this presentation, we introduce Twitter, a popular microblogging service; Delicious, a web-based tool to manage and share bookmarks; and LinkedIn, a professional networking site with over 50 million members. We provide an overview of each tool, demonstrate uses for teaching, learning and professional networking, as well as review basic security features.
This presentation was developed for and delivered to members of the UMass Medical School community in December 2009 as part of a Social Media Seminar Series sponsored by the Department of Medicine and the Lamar Soutter Library.
Manifestação sobre os avanços do Brasil na área de propriedade intelectual, apresentada no processo de revisão de 2011 conduzido pelo Representante Comercial dos Estados Unidos (Special 301)
Elaborada pela área de Defesa Comercial do DEREX da FIESP, em conjunto com diversos parceiros.
GraceHill and Appfolio Training Webinar: Facebook for Property ManagersCharityHisle
I presented this webinar for GraceHill and Appfolio to train property managers on the basic how-to's of Facebook in July 2011.
There were over 800 attendees.
View the recorded webinar here and read the summary:
http://www.appfolio.com/blog/2011/07/facebook-for-property-managers-webinar-recap/
Does early lif shock retard cognitive development essp2
Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA) and the Econometric Society 19th Annual Conference of the African Region Chapter of the Econometric Societ 12th international Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. July 16-19, 2014
Does pre school improve cognitive abilities cies2015-cuetoYoung Lives Oxford
Does pre-school improve cognitive abilities among children with early-life growth faltering? A longitudinal study for Peru - presentation by Santiago Cueto at the Comparative and International Education Society conference, Washington DC, 12 March 2015.
Does pre-school improve cognitive abilities among children with early-life gr...Niños del Milenio - GRADE
Presentación de Santiago Cueto en la 59 Conferencia Anual de Comparative and International Education Society (CIES), el 12 de marzo del 2015 en Washington DC, Estados Unidos.
Measuring employment and consumption in household surveys: Reflections from t...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets, led by IFPRI, on July 13, 2021.
Presentations:
- Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods (Sylvan Herskowitz, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Assessing response fatigue in phone survey: Experimental evidence on dietary diversity in Ethiopia (Kibrom Abay, Research Fellow, IFPRI)
- Telescoping causes overstatement in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia (Kalle Hirvonen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI)
Discussant: Andrew Dillon, Clinical Associate Professor of Development Economics within Kellogg's Public-Private Interface Initiative (KPPI); Director of Research Methods Cluster in the Global Poverty Research Lab, Northwestern University.
Moderator: Kate Ambler, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
More info and full recording: https://bit.ly/2TrpaNF
Effect of Climate Shock on Cognitive Development of Children in Ethiopiaessp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
Issues affecting child poverty in JamaicaTaitu Heron
A look at the issues affecting child poverty in Jamaica. By Taitu Heron, Manager of the Social Development and Gender Unit, Social Policy, Planning and Research Division, of the Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2008. UNICEF seminar on programming for children.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
John Hoddinott, Cornell University and Transform Nutrition presentation 'Agricultural Production and Children’s Diets in Ethiopia' at Together for Nutrition conference June 15, Addis Ababa
Panel on ‘Statistical Data for Policy Decision Making in Ethiopia’, African Statistics Day Workshop organized by the Ethiopian Statistics Service (ESS). 17-Nov-22.
Virtual roundtable meeting on the results and learnings from the P4G Sustainable Food Partnership. DanChurchAid together with SFP partners and in coordination with P4G Hub, Washington, and State of Green, Copenhagen. 23-Nov-22.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Does Early Life Shock Retard Cognitive Development? Panel Data Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
1. ETHIOPIAN DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Does Early Life Shock Retard Cognitive Development?
Panel Data Evidence from Rural Ethiopia
Guush Berhane-IFPRI ESSP,
Mehari Hiluf-IFPRI ESSP, and
Tassew Woldehanna-Young Lives Ethiopia
Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA)
19th Annual Conference of the African Region Chapter of the Econometric Society
And
12th International Conference on the Ethiopian Economy
July 16-19, 2014, Addis Ababa
1
3. 1. Introduction
Motivation
Cognitive development is a human skill development that
covers perception, thinking, learning, and capacity to
assess and solve problems.
A large body of literature in Early Childhood development
(ECD) show that cognitive skills are formed relatively
early in life and linked to schooling and labor market
performance later in life.
Therefore, Proper development in critical period is highly
important for cognitive skill and future life chances of children!!!
4. Motivation
Rural life in Ethiopia characterized by
poverty, food insecurity and vulnerability to adverse
shocks.
• very poor investments on physical and cognitive
development (e.g., nutrition, health, parenting, home
learning environment).
• Occurrence of recurrent shocks exacerbate poor
conditions of child development.
5. Motivation
In the face of this, the country has started implementing a
safety net program, called Productive Safety Net Program
(PSNP) since 2005.
The PSNP provides transfers to food insecure households
in the form of food/cash-for-work and direct transfers.
The PSNP thus aims at protecting households from ex-post
consequences of shocks as well as help building their
assets.
6. Vast literature document the long-term impacts of poverty,
malnutrition and shocks on early childhood development.
• Children exposed to drought shocks during early childhood
reveal a slow height growth (Martorell, 1999, Hoddinott
and Kinsey, 2001, Yamano et al., 2005 and Woldehanna,
2009).
• School‐aged children who were severely malnourished in
the early years are more likely to suffer from cognitive
deficit(Grantham-McGregor,1995;and Grantham McGregor
and Baker-Henningham , 2005)
Motivation
7. Motivation
• Outes et al (2011) show significant positive impact of
nutrition on cognitive achievement of Peruvian children.
However, there is limited evidence on effect of shocks on
cognitive development, particularly from developing
countries (Alderman, 2011).
Further, food or cash support to the shock affected
households can reduce the negative impact of shock.
8. Motivation
Most studies of PSNP have been focusing on its impact
on household income and food security (Berhane et al
2011; Jones et al 2010; Gilligan et al 2010; Hoddinnot et
al. 2009) and few on children’s education (Emirie et al
2008; Woldehanna 2009 and 2011; Tafere and Woldehanna
2012).
This study hopes to contribute towards the recent
effort to bridging the evidence gap on effect of shocks
and safety nets on cognitive development.
9. Research question and objective
This study investigates the following three questions:
i) Is there a significant difference in cognitive achievement
between children who were affected by shock during the
critical period(early life) and those who were not affected
ii) Does experience of a shock at critical period reduce growth
of cognitive achievement over time (retard cognitive skill
development) ?
iii) To what extent interventions like PSNP affect cognitive
development of children?
10. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to asses
the effect of early life shocks and PSNP on cognitive
development of children.
Research question and objective
11. 2. Data and measurement variables
We use three rounds (2002, 2006, & 2009) panel data from
the Young Lives Longitudinal Study (YLLS) in Ethiopia.
YLLS is tracking two cohorts of children, 2000 Younger
Cohort (children born in 2001/2) and 1000 Older Cohort
(children born in 1994/5).
The sample comprises data from 20 sentinel sites that
cover five regions: the four regions plus Addis Ababa.
Sampling was purposive in selecting sites but random in
selecting the households in each region.
12. We use the rural sentinel sites where shocks like crop failure
and livestock losses are relevant and PSNP operates.
We also focus on the younger cohort because they were aged 6 to 18
months in round 1 (2002) and that makes investigation of the critical
developmental period possible.
We proxy cognitive achievement of the children by Peabody
Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), which administered in round
2 and 3.
Children are shown some pictures and asked to reflect on them. The number
and the level of difficulty of questions differ according to child’s age.
Data and measurement variables
13. Data and measurement variables
we use self-reported household shocks including crop
failure, livestock loss, death of family member, and divorce
as proxy for household shocks.
The household participation in either public work (PW) or
direct support (DS) is also used as indicator of the
households PSNP participation.
14. Methodology
Our study use both a simple descriptive analysis and panel data
models:
With the two-period (round 2 and 3) PPVT score data of the
children, we estimate First-differencing (FD) method with
initial conditions.
∆ 𝑷𝑷𝑽𝑻𝒊
𝟎𝟗−𝟎𝟔
= 𝜶 𝟎 + 𝜶 𝟏 ∆ 𝑯𝑨𝒁𝒊
𝟎𝟗−𝟎𝟔
+ 𝜷 𝟏 ∆ 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒔𝒊
𝟎𝟗−𝟎𝟔
+𝝎 ∆ 𝑷𝑺𝑵𝑷𝒊
𝟎𝟗−𝟎𝟔
+ 𝜹 𝟏 ∆ 𝑿𝒊
𝟎𝟗−𝟎𝟔
+ 𝜶 𝟐 𝑯𝑨𝒁𝒊
𝟎𝟐
+𝜷 𝟐 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒔𝒊
𝟎𝟐
+ 𝜹 𝟐 𝑿𝒊
𝟎𝟐
+ ∆ 𝜺𝒊
𝟎𝟗−𝟎𝟔
…(1)
As far as they are exogenous, adding the early life (Round 1)
status to the first difference still give consistent result (Shahidur ,
2010)
15. 4- Results
Descriptive Results:
Cognitive Score in 2006 and 2009 for the early Life (2002) Shock-
affected and Not-affected Children
Shocks in
2002
Mean Raw PPVT Score in 2006 Mean Raw PPVT Score in 2009
Not
affected
Affected Diff Not-affected Affected Diff
Crop
failure
20.71 18.02 2.69*** 79.11 63.9 15.23***
Livestock
loss
19.67 18.83 .84* 75.06 62.44 12.62***
Death of
family
member
19.51 18.96 0.56 72.814 62.76 10.05***
Divorce 19.49 19.1 0.39 72.03 73.71 -1.677
16. Change in PPVT Score (Δ2006-2009) for Early Life (2002) Shock Affected and
Not-affected Children
Shocks in 2002
Change in Raw PPVT Score
(ΔPPVT2006-2009 )
Not affected Affected Diff
Crop failure 58.91 46.29 12.63***
Livestock loss 55.87 44.18 11.69***
Death of family
member
53.81 44.29 9.51***
Divorce 53.023 55.5 -2.48
17. Figure 1: Comparison of Change in Age-standardized Raw PPVT Score
(Δ PPVT2006-2009) by Incidence of Shocks in 2002
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age Decile in Month, 2002
Crop Failure Shock Not Affected in 2002
Crop Failure Shock Affected in 2002
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age Decile in Month, 2002
Livestock Loss Shock Not Affected in 2002
Livestock Loss Shock Affected in 2002
-20.00
0.00
20.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age Decile in Month, 2002
Death of Family Member Shock Not
Affected in 2002
Death of Family Member Shock Affected
in 2002
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Age Decile in Month, 2002
Divorce Shock Not Affected in 2002
Divorce Shock Affected in 2002
18. The overall descriptive results show that:
• There is a significant cognitive achievement and
development difference between children by the incidence of
crop failure, livestock loss, and death of family members
shocks in early age.
• Children affected by these shocks find to have a lower
cognitive score as well as lower cognitive development
over time.
Descriptive Result
19. Estimation Results (only variables of interest presented)
Variables
First-difference with initial
conditions
Initial condition variables (2002)
Shock dummies in 2002
Crop failure -5.376 (1.852)***
Livestock loss -4.810 (2.019)**
Death of family member -6.216 (3.378)*
Divorce 2.701 (4.963)
Δ PSNP participation 3.525 (1.608)**
Dependent Variable: Δ PPVT Raw Score, 2006-2009
20. Concluding remarks
Our results show that early life (critical period) shocks,
particularly crop failure, loss of livestock, and death of
family members, have significant negative effect on
cognitive development.
• Comparing to the children who were not affected by early
life shocks, on average, children affected by crop failure,
loss of livestock, and death of family members scored 5.4,
4.8, and 6.2 points lower cognitive development,
respectively.
Early life shock retards cognitive development of children!!!
21. We also find that PSNP participation has a significant
positive impact on cognitive development of the children.
• On average, PSNP beneficiary children score 3.5 higher
points over non-beneficiary children.
our results have immense implications:
Investing in early childhood development to protect children
from shock can improve cognitive development of children,
which is also a detrimental factor for human capital
development as well as economic development of a country.
22. The finding that PSNP has spillover effect on children’s
cognitive development suggests that more strong impact
would be realized if PSNP was child sensitive that target
children directly.
We also note that PSNP has a potential to facilitate cognitive
development catch-up for children who were affected by
shock during the critical period.