India next village

INDIA NEXT VILLAGE
ANIRUDH GUPTA 2019H1440616P
S. KOUSHIK 2019H1440617P
SNIGDHA SRIVASTAV 2019H1440112P
KUNAL SAHU 2019H1440622P
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Introduction
• 70% of India’s population – roughly one-tenth of humanity – live in
the villages.
• In fact, an India with 6,49,481 self-sufficient progressive villages is a
far bigger and more sustainable opportunity to drive growth than
trying to convert the already chaotic urban environments into “smart
cities” like the rest of the world is attempting to do.
• Statistics clearly show that a rural to rural migration is far greater than
the rural to urban one and is an indicator that larger villages are now
seen as a more viable economic option than cities
29/05/2021 BITS Pilani, Pilani 2

Different sections of rural infrastructure which are addressed in the
project are:
1. Rural Power and Energy
2. Rural water management
3. Rural Waste Management System

Study Area
The village selected for the study is
Islampur situated in Rajasthan State in
Jhunjhunu block. It is around 20 km
away from Jhunjhunu. Islampur is
selected as our study area since it has
population of near about 10,000
people.

Value Tree
Smart Village
Infrastructure
development
Water
management
system
Supply safe and
wholesome
water
Uncontaminated
water
Free from
unwanted
minerals
Adequate
Quantity
Domestic Use
Agricultural Use
Rural Power and
Energy
Uninteruped
Power supply
Capacity
Storage
Transmission
Less burden on
non renewable
sources
Cost
Benefits
Environmental
impact
Waste
Managment
Protect Health of
society
Avoid disease
outbreak
Availability of
disposal
equipments
Safe Disposal of
waste
Wet and Dry
waste
Avoid toxic waste
Fertilizers and
pesticides
Social, economic
and personal
development

Data Collection and Methodology
• In the current study various mathematical methods are used to forecast the
various data variables that are used in forecasting various theme variables.
• The different methodology used for projections include
1. Multivariate Regression
2. Moving Average Method
3. Logistic Curve Method
• Most of the data set used are time series datasets.

Population Projections
• Population projections give a broad perspective of the population in the
coming decades and may be used for macro planning for optimal results.
• The three factors responsible for changes in population are Births, Deaths and
Migrations.
• Logistic curve method is based on the hypothesis that when these varying
influences do not produce extraordinary changes.
• Year Population Growth Rate

Scenario Development
The scenarios are developed considering the themes that have been forecasted for
future.
Ideal Case (Samrddhi)
• Sufficient supply of water for Domestic and Agriculture needs.
• Energy generated from Renewable Sources and power being supplied 24x7.
• Proper disposal of waste and best Waste management practices.

Business As usual (Samatva)
• Agriculture and Domestic demand met from local canal and dams.
• Energy consumption demand is increasing gradually year on year basis.
• At the end of decades each and every house has toilets constructed and
village being from open defecation. Waste management techniques
improving with new technology reaching the villages.

Worst Case (Paramatas)
• Water demand over-shooting the supply, not able to meet the demands due to
less rainfall in region no ground water recharge.
• Huge shortage in power generation, due to high equipment cost for generation of
power using Renewable Energy Sources. Power cuts for Long duration
• Haphazard manner of handling waste generated, illness and new disease
outbreak in the region. Quality of life below WHO prescribed standards. Waste
polluting the local water bodies and ground water.

Power and Energy

Introduction
• Power and energy are two basic inputs that are vital for development of
region and improving the quality of life.
• With advancements in technology, the development of energy
infrastructure uses both renewable and nonrenewable sources.
• Under Ujwal Bharat Scheme, government is keen to provide to remote
villages and ensure adequate power supply to villages.
• In this current project power consumption for Islampur CT is terms of
agricultural and domestic demand is carried out.
• The approach used in this study is micro economic approach and sometimes
is also referred as bottom up approach.
• The micro-economic uses micro level data aiming to analyse income &
electricity consumption relationship in the form modelled equation.

Methodology and Data
The study uses the following data sets for modelling the projection of
electricity demand
1. No of Households in the Village
2. Average size of the Household
3. Mean monthly Household Income
4. Mean monthly household expenditure
The Mean monthly household Income acts as proxy to number of
electric appliance ownership in household.
More the income of household the luxury of more electronic devices
is feasible for household thus consuming more electricity.

Methodology and Data
There are mainly five steps in forecasting the household electricity
consumption
1. Projection of Population
2. Estimation of Number of Households
3. Estimation of Avg. Household Size
4. Mean Monthly Household Income and Expenditure
5. Constructing the Modelling Equation for Projection of Demand

Estimation of Number of Households
The number of households in Islampur CT are forecasted using
Incremental Increase method

Estimation of Average Household Size
• The mean household size is projected by dividing the total population
by the number of households gives the average household size

Mean Monthly Household Income
• The mean monthly income for the initial years was
acquired from NABARD financial inclusive reports.
• The report gives the Avg. monthly income of
agricultural and non-agricultural dependent
employees.
• In the report the committee have also stated the
avg. growth of income in rural areas. The future
income is predicted using the avg. growth rate in
the financial report (0.534%).
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
MMHI

Modelling Equation for Projection of Demand
• The modelling equation is constructed using Linear regression
technique

Agricultural and Other Demands
• The power demand to carry out the
agricultural practices is one of the
important criteria to be met.
• Uninterrupted power supply for
agriculture will increase the productivity
of crops thus increasing the household
income and improving the quality of life
in region.
• Public amenities such as street lighting
consume fare bit of power that is
supplied to region hence it is considered
important to forecast, which can reduce
the crime rate in the region.

Developing Alternatives
• The different ways to generate electricity are
1. From Steam – By burning different fuels.
2. Hydroelectric water – Falling water
3. Windmills – Energy from Wind
4. Solar Power – Energy from Sunlight
• The development of project is a cycle involving distinct phases
namely pre-investment, investment and operational phases.
• The first two phases are divided into planning, designing and
execution stages.

Current Scenario
List of Thermal Power Plants of Rajasthan
• Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Plant 1500 MW
• Kota Super Thermal Power Plant 1240 MW
• Chhabra Thermal Power Plant 2320 MW
• Kalisindh Thermal Power Station 600 MW
• Giral Lignite Power Plant 250 MW
• Barsingsar Thermal power Station 125 MW
• JSW Barmer Power Station 1080 MW
• Kawai Thermal Power Station 1320 MW
• VS Lignite Power Plant 135 MW
The installed power capacity of Rajasthan is 21175.95 MW as of
2019.

Alternatives
• The future demand for the village has been forecasted, observed that
1.4 MWh/ household/year.
• In order to meet this huge demand, the energy sector needs to increase
the capacity of output phase wise.
• With the existing infrastructure of power supply, keeping in view the
sustainable growth, and environmental conditions following two
alternatives are evaluated
1. Expansion of Barsingsar Thermal Power plant 2x500 MW
2. A new solar park
• The alternatives must be selected keeping in mind the future expansion
prospects, maintainability, and keeping in view the sustainability most
important of all.

Financial Evaluation
• The Electrical industry is highly capital demanding industry. It might
probably the most capital-intensive industry compared to any other
sector.
• It is always wise option to have planning and proper financial and
economical evaluation of projects under consideration to rationalize the
investment and achieve economic efficiency.
• In current study, financial and economical evaluations are carried out for
projects considering only the generation
• The current study is based on the following assumptions
1. The Alternatives are selected post feasibility studies.
2. The project is centrally funded.
3. The thermal power plant construction time is taken as 2 years .
4. Solar park construction time is considered as 2 years.

Financial Evaluation
Selection of discount rates
• Discount rate is an opportunity cost of capital invested (i.e. as
percentage of invested amount). The opportunity cost is the return
on investment forgone elsewhere by committing to invest in the
current project.
• In current study the project is assumed to be centrally funded and
the discount rates are taken as per the guidelines laid out by
central bank.
• As per the guidelines laid out by the central bank the current
discount rate or bank rate is 4.4 %.

Financial Evaluation Methods
Net present Value
• Net present value is the difference between the present value of cash
inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time.
• Positive net present value (NPV) indicates that the project is
profitable.
𝑁𝑃𝑉 = ∑
𝑅𝑡
(1 + 𝑖)𝑡
Rt = Net cash flow during single time period
i = discount rate

Financial Evaluation Methods
Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
• The modified internal rate of return referred as MIRR is one of the project
evaluations technique, where in the internal rate of return of an investment
that is modified to account for the difference re-investment rate and
investment return.
• MIRR calculates the return on investment based on the assumption that the
cash flows from the project shall be re-invested at the cost of capital or any
other specific rate.
𝑀𝐼𝑅𝑅 =
𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑥 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 )
− 1
• In the current study the reinvestment rate is taken as 7%.

Thermal Power Plant
• The planned 2x500 MW thermal
power plant in Barsinghsar will be
new primary plant and the existing
plant Barsingsar thermal power plant
with 2x125 MW capacity will be
subsidiary of the new plant.
• Number of units produced in year –
0.024x365 = 8.76 GWhr per year
• 10 % units lost due to down time in
maintenance activity
• the average the rate per unit is taken
as Rs 7.0 for further calculations and
1% hike is assumed for every 5 years.
S.No Types of
Investments
Units Land
requirement
in sq mtr
Rate
per
unit
Total Value
1 Main Power
Plant (Land)
400 Acres 1618742.6 924 ₹ 1495718162
2 Green Belt 150 Acres 607028.46 924 ₹ 560894297
3 Ash dyke 500 Acres 2023428.2 924 ₹ 1869647657
4 Civil works - - - ₹ 3000,00,00,000
5 Equipment
Costs
- - - ₹ 1990,00,00,000
6 O & M - - - ₹ 220,20,00,000
7 Coal 4283640met
ric tonnes/yr
3000 ₹ 1285,09,20,000

New Solar park in Bikaner District
• The Bikaner district of Rajasthan State is
located at the north- west part of the state
and falls in the arid zone.
• The months May and June are the hottest
months of the year and extreme aridity are
common recurring phenomenon in the
region.
• Construction of solar park in the region
would help benefit the socio-economic
development of the region.
• Similar to the thermal power plant the cost
for setting up the solar park can be divided
into initial costs, machinery costs, and
residual value
S. No Investmen
t in
Units Rate Cost
1 Land 24281139
m2
924 22,43,57,72,440
2 Civil
works
7,00,00,00,000
3 Machinery
Cost
2666670 8250 22000027500
4 O & M 1000MW 750000/M
W
750000000
Total Cost ₹ 52,18,57,99,940.00

Financial Evaluation Results

Economic Evaluation
• It is an analysis which assesses the overall impact of a project on
improving the economic welfare of the citizens of the country
concerned.
• It assesses a project in the context of the national economy, rather
than for the project participants or the project entity that
implements the project.
• It includes an assessment of sustainability of project economical/
financial and environmental effects.

Why economic analysis
• The purpose of the economic analysis of projects is to bring about
a better allocation of resources, leading to enhanced incomes for
investment or consumption.
• Because all resource inputs and outputs have an opportunity cost
through which the extent and value of project items are
estimated.
• Economical analysis of major projects evaluates two things
1. The priority of the project in the national plans of the country
2. Its effect on the overall economy of the country

What is the difference?
• Financial analysis
 Estimates the profit accruing to
the project-operating entity or to
the project participants.
Includes only project participants.
 Uses financial prices.
• Economic analysis
Measures the effect of the
project on the national economy.
Includes all members of society.
Uses economic prices.
• In most cases, it is the level of domestic taxes and subsidies, and trade
taxes and controls, that cause financial and economic prices to differ.

Economic analysis procedure
1. Defining project objectives and economic rationale
2. Forecasting effective demand for project outputs
3. Choosing the least-cost design for meeting demand or the most
cost-effective way of attaining the project objectives
4. Determining whether economic benefits exceed economic costs
5. Assessing whether the project net benefits will be sustainable
throughout the life of the project
6. Testing for risks associated with the project
7. Identifying the distributional effects of the project, particularly on
the poor.

 Forecasts should be provided of future demands or needs for the
type of output to be produced; existing sources of supply, the costs
of supply, and intended investments should be outlined. Demand
gap can be met through already existing projects due to their
activities expansion without a new project.
 The alternative with the lowest present value of costs, is the least-
cost alternative.

Benefit - cost analysis
• There are four basic steps to analyzing the economic viability of a project:
• Identify the economic costs and benefits
1. Quantify the costs and benefits(tangible and non-tangible)
2. Value the costs and benefits
3. Compare the benefits with the costs.
• Cost taken in economic analysis include;
1. Economic price of labour.
2. Economic price of land, Capital Cost.
3. Project effects sustainability

Economic evaluation in Power Sector
We have considered two alternative;
• Thermal power plant (2x500 MW)
 Life span of ESP is 15 years purchased at a cost of 34.25 crores
 Social discount rate = 4.4%
 Assuming 0.25% of capital cost on salaries and wages
 4000 workers are employed during construction and 500
employees will work.
 Salary increment per year = 4%

• Solar Power plant
 Coal saved can be included as opportunity cost.
 Total capital cost in setting up of solar power plant = ₹ 51,43,57,99,940
Opportunity cost with respect to coal = ₹ 1,21,81,40,39,692
 Per unit charges will also be decreased in using solar energy. On an
average, a household consumes 5475 kWh unit per year
 Solar batteries range from $5,000 to $7,000+ and from $400 dollars
per kilowatt hour (kWh) to $750/kWh

Results
• Solar Power plant
• BCR = 8.4
• Thermal power plant
• BCR = 5.09
Islampur gets electricity from thermal power plant, to achieve sustainable goal our aim
will be switching power from thermal to solar. Initial investment in solar is high but it
will be beneficial in long run.
Due to innovation in field of solar cells, the solar panels prices will get reduced and cost
of storage of power will also get reduced by 60% until 2030.

Environmental Impact Assessment
• Table below gives a brief idea regarding
potential emissions from TPP during
different process.
•Air Quality
• The primary emissions to air from
combustion of the lignite are (SO2), (NOx),
(PM), (CO) and other green house gases.
•Mitigation Measures
• Different procedure with reference to stages
of combustion are employed
• ESP treatment for flue gas which involves de-
sulphurization.
Type of
Emission
(mg/m3)
Lignite
(Brown
Coal)
Sulphur
Oxides
500-18000
Oxides of
Nitrogen
300-800
Particulates 3000-50000
Heavy Metals -

Equipments Noise Levels dB(A)
Steam turbines- Outside 80
Boiler Feed Pumps 85
Coal pulveriser 85
Natural Draft Cooling
Towers
75
Noise
• The principal source of noise in a TPP includes the turbine
generators and auxiliaries; boilers, coal pulverizers etc.
Mitigation Measures
• Major noise generating equipment is planned to be housed
in room which has wall thickness of 230mm to attenuate
noise emissions from the equipment
• Acoustic insulation is carried out a places where it can be.
Solid Waste Management
• The proposed power plant will adopt a dry fly ash handling
operation
• The fly ash is generated has been targeted to be utilized
50% in 1st year, 75% in 2nd year and 100% in 3rd year of
operation.

• Ecological Environment Socio Economic Aspects
• Increased direct and indirect employment
opportunities for local residents.
• Appreciation in the land values
• Reduction in power cuts
• Increased volume of local business in the
surrounding areas
• Increased business opportunities in local
areas in various ancillary industries such as
transportation
Issue Risk Status in relation to Project
Endangered Low
No Endangered spices present in
close vicinity
Ramsar Sites Low
No Ramsar sites present in the study
area
Forest Low Nil
Water Bodies Low Nil
Breeding
Areas
Low Nil

Rural Water Management
• Islampur Village comes in Shekhawati Basin.
• Mean Annual Rainfall in Shekhawati Basin is 489.60 mm.
• Climate is semi-arid.
• The summer months of April to June are the hottest months and
temperature up to 48°C is reached.
• As per average decadal depth to water level the half the block falls in
water level range of 20-50 and other half mainly northern side shows
50-60 and 60-70 m bgl range water level.

Data Collection and Prediction
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2029 2033 2037 2041 2045 2049 2053
Annual Rainfall Prediction (mm)

-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
GWL (m)

Construction of Dam
• The dam will provide irrigation water to nearly 67570 ha of land
annually while the 4 barrages will together provide irrigation to nearly
32430 ha of land annually.
• Provision of 14 MLD of water has been kept for providing drinking
water to enroute villages and towns of canal, which will benefit five
towns of the district and 114 villages in the region.
• Recharge of ground water in command area, development of agro
based industries/food processing units, employment generation in
construction phase and afterwards, development of tourist spots,
development of infrastructure etc. will accrue from the project.

Financial Aspect of Project
• The total cost of the project is estimated to be ₹ 3,848.81 crores
which includes the cost of Head works, Canal system, Power &
Equipment and Command area development.
• Net revenue generated annually from various sources like agriculture
produce, water supply and fisheries estimated to be ₹ 72,473 lakhs.
• Annual cost incurred on project due to operation and maintenance,
depreciation and others comes to be ₹ 45,840.80 lakhs.
• Estimate of indirect cost which includes Relocation, Plantation,
Environment and Ecology, Losses on stock and unforeseen items,
tourism comes to be ₹ 42,799 lakhs.

Financial and Economic Evaluation
In Financial Evaluation for inflow we have included revenue generated
from agriculture produce and cost of domestic water supply.
• Net Present Value = ₹ 2,303,412,579,732
• MIRR = 10%
For Economic Evaluation we have considered various indirect costs
including tourism and fisheries.
• Net Present Value = ₹ 2,913,235,938,062
• BCR = 2.56
• MIRR = 10%

Environmental Impact Analysis
• Impacts by the project during construction and operation phases will
be studied.
• The impacts on flora and fauna will be one of the important aspect to
study.
• The land use pattern in the catchment area, submergence area,
command area of proposed projects under the project will be
studied.
• A large new area of Jhunjhunu district and nearby area (nearly
100000 ha.) will come under assured irrigation which will increase
agricultural production and productivity in the area.

• No major adverse impact due to the project is anticipated on
environmental and ecological angle.
• No significant rich mineral deposits have been identified in the
catchment and hence no acidification of the reservoirs is anticipated.
• The ground water level will increase in the adjoining area due to
assured water supply to the fields.
• No possibility of leakage in the bed of the reservoirs is anticipated as
it is covered by compact and hard stones.
• No historic monuments of archaeological importance will come under
submergence in the reservoirs.

Socio Economic Aspect
• No major adverse impacts are anticipated due to the Project on the
socio-economic front.
• About 4500 ha of land is needed to be acquired.
• Around 12 village will be fully submerged affecting 944 families.
• The main source of income for the project families is from the
agriculture based activities which accounts more than two third of
the overall income.
• Not much of the population will be affected by the construction of 4
barrages.

• Positive impacts due to provision of assured water supply for
irrigation to the fields will increase the production of crops which in
turn will improve the social set up of farmers/ cultivators, etc.
• The impact on occupational pattern will be low to medium. Tourism
will develop in the project area. Fisheries will help the local people
and the adjoining districts.
• Many people will be employed as construction worker for the project.
• An increased economic opportunities and significant growth and
extension of the local markets along the project areas will be
observed.

• The Resettlement and Economic Rehabilitation Plan for the families
will be based on the Policy entitled “National Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Policy-2007”.
• The total cost of project affected families rehabilitation and economic
Resettlement Plan for the entire Project is worked out to be Rs. 360
crores.

Solid Waste Management
• Solid waste management plays a major role in rural development.
• This can be done only by prediction of total waste generated.
• The Swachh Bharat Mission gives the responsibility of solid waste management in
villages to the Gram Panchayats also the NGOs assists the GPs.
• The major drivers affecting the solid waste generation are demographic factors
that is increase in population of the village, change in socio economic conditions
of villagers, political changes, and technological advancements.
• Here case study of Islampur village, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan is done.

Problem Definition
• In the case of Islampur village the Waste management system is not up to the mark.
Community bins are placed at some places but not utilized fully due to lack of awareness or
negligence. Hence waste collected by municipality is non-segregated.
• Some piles of waste are also found on street sides, holes, gutters, ponds and on vacant
plots. Collection from bins is also not done timely and those collected are only dumped at
an open land in the name of landfill where the pile gets higher. When the pile becomes
unmanageable it is simply burned producing harmful gases and smoke. The gases are very
harmful produced by different types of waste and have the potential of causing Global
warming, Acid rain and respiratory problems.
• Waste when thrown openly gets rotten, produce odor emitting greenhouse gases,
contributing towards Global warming. It sometimes also reaches local water bodies like
ponds by surface runoff or ground water, harming aquatic life and making the water unfit
for drinking or other uses.
• If the waste is burned, fire may spread and be dangerous for wildlife and property.

• Waste generated at different sources
Waste generated per year and per capita per day

Graph of Quantity of waste generated and
forecasted in tonnes per year
2016-21 2021-26 2026-31 2036-41 2041-46 2046-51
Series1 1659.83 2313.042 3181.932 4050.822 4919.712 5788.602
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Tonnes
per
year
Quantity of Forecasted Solid Waste
Generation

Technological Options for Solid Waste
Management
• Biomethanation Plant
• Sanitary Landfill

Financial Analysis
• Since for a sustainable waste management system, it becomes
necessary to consider environmental and social perspective along
with the financial.
• The capital cost for the Biomethanation plant and Landfill is
calculated referring the Department of Economic Affairs New Delhi.
• The discount rate is taken as 4.4% which is the current Repo Rate.
• Also life of both the plants is taken as 20 years.
• After this time period, a new biomethanation plant or landfill must be
designed or the existing must be renewed.

• The analysis is done for 4.5tonnes per day. It is estimated that 40% of
the total Waste collected which is recyclable is send for recycling
along with medical waste to nearby cities. And 35% wasted.
• The cost of waste collection at sources is balanced by revenue
collected in the form of bill as shown in the table above.
• Formula used
NPV = -I +∑ (B-C) PVF
PVF = 1/(1+i) ⁿ

Year Capital cost
Waste used Biogas Revenue Compost Revenue Recycling Revenue O and M Yearly cashflow PVF PV
0 5800154
1 647.4 541226.4 63704.16 592456 389866 807520.56 0.958 773604.7
2 647.4 541226.4 63704.16 592456 408682 788704.56 0.917 723242.1
3 647.4 541226.4 63704.16 592456 427498 769888.56 0.879 676732
4 647.4 541226.4 63704.16 592456 446314 751072.56 0.842 632403.1
5 647.4 541226.4 63704.16 592456 465130 732256.56 0.806 590198.8
6 902.46 754456.56 88802.064 632904 483946 992216.624 0.79 783851.1
7 902.46 754456.56 88802.064 632904 502762 973400.624 0.739 719343.1
8 902.46 754456.56 88802.064 632904 521578 954584.624 0.708 675845.9
9 902.46 754456.56 88802.064 632904 540394 935768.624 0.678 634451.1
10 902.46 754456.56 88802.064 632904 559210 916952.624 0.65 596019.2
11 1240.98 1037459.28 122112.432 652340 578026 1233885.712 0.622 767476.9
12 1240.98 1037459.28 122112.432 652340 596842 1215069.712 0.596 724181.5
13 1240.98 1037459.28 122112.432 652340 615658 1196253.712 0.571 683060.9
14 1240.98 1037459.28 122112.432 652340 634474 1177437.712 0.547 644058.4
15 1240.98 1037459.28 122112.432 652340 653290 1158621.712 0.542 627973
16 1579.89 1320788.04 155461.176 687586 672106 1491729.216 0.502 748848.1
17 1579.89 1320788.04 155461.176 687586 690922 1472913.216 0.48 706998.3
18 1579.89 1320788.04 155461.176 687586 709738 1454097.216 0.46 668884.7
19 1579.89 1320788.04 155461.176 687586 728554 1435281.216 0.441 632959
20 1579.89 1320788.04 155461.176 687586 747370 1416465.216 0.422 597748.3
sum= 13607880
NPV= 7807726
Table: Cashflow for Biomethanation Plant

Year Capital Cost O and M Recycling Revenue Net Cash Flow
0 2956799
1 13044 592456 579412
2 13044 592456 579412
3 13044 592456 579412
4 13044 592456 579412
5 13044 592456 579412
6 13044 632904 619860
7 13044 632904 619860
8 13044 632904 619860
9 13044 632904 619860
10 13044 632904 619860
11 13044 652340 639296
12 13044 652340 639296
13 13044 652340 639296
14 13044 652340 639296
15 13044 652340 639296
16 13044 687586 674542
17 13044 687586 674542
18 13044 687586 674542
19 13044 687586 674542
20 13044 687586 674542
Sum= 12565550
NPV= 9608751
Table: Cashflow for Landfill method

Environmental Analysis
Emissions to air (kg/tonne)
Chemical Landfill Biomethanation Plant
CO2 126.66 0.15
CH4 46.25 0.4E-2
SO2 0.053 0.17E-2
HCl 0.3E-2 NA
NO 0.68 0.046
HF 0.3E-2 NA
VOC 0.064 NA
CO 0.78E-2 0.011
H2S 0.11 0.1419E-2
Emissions to water (kg/tonne)
Landfill Biomethanation Plant
COD 0.171E-2 0.27E-5
BOD 0.974E-2 0.69E-6
Total N 6.94E-2 0.27E-6
Phosphorus 0.76E-4 NA

Conclusion
• As a result of financial analysis of the two-waste management process
namely Biomethanation and Landfill, the Net Present Value of Landfill
method is greater than that of Biomethanation.
• Also the Capital cost of Landfill is smaller than Biomethanation.
• In addition to this Landfill can be used in scenarios where waste is not
properly segregated at source.
• The hot temperature is also suitable for worms to decompose the
waste in Landfills.
• Ease of process and lesser man power is another factor making
Landfill the first preference for waste management in Indian villages.

Conclusion
• While there are several disadvantages of using landfill which is not there in case of Biomethanation
process.
• When sustainability and environment is considered Biomethanation is the better option.
• Also the various gases emitted cause air pollution are emitted in huge amount in case of Landfill
which reduces with time, which is the reason it cannot be utilized.
• The greenhouse gases emitted like methane can cause global warning, respiratory problems and
acid rain.
• Water pollution is caused by Leachate in Landfill which is liquid rich in suspended organic matter
and inorganic ions.
• A large amount of Land is wasted which may have used for other purposes making it a temporary
solution, since waste production is increasing exponentially, and land availability is limited.
• Also there is no revenue from process till the gas produced is collected and used as fuel.

Conclusion
The project will be beneficial for development of the village in the following ways:
 The waste will be managed properly which would otherwise cause pollution of environment and can cause
diseases.
 It will make village self-sufficient with no need to transport waste to any other place for treatment.
 The recycling would generate money.
 If bio methanation process used produces gas which can be used as a fuel for cooking, saving money for LFG
cylinders and avoiding wood burning or cow dung burning for cooking.
 The gas produced can be directly used for lighting mantle lamps without processing, which saves electricity
bill and can be used as substitute in absence of it or during power cuts.
 Also, these processes create employment.

References
• J. Sankar, Dr. N. Balasundaram, D. Roopa, “Forecast and Prediction Analysis of Solid
Waste Generation Rates using Statistical Models in Salem City”, Issue 6, June 2018
• Shekdar, A. V. 1999. Municipal solid waste management. The Indian perspective.
Journal of MEM, 27: 100-108. Kripalani, C., Jain, N. and Bassin, J.K. 2005. Municipal
and solid waste management in Jaipur city: An overview. Nature Environment and
Pollution Technology, 4(1): 143-148.
• Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ajmer City, Rajasthan: An Overview Rashmi
Sharma Department of Zoology, Govt. College, Ajmer-305 001, Rajasthan, India
• “Municipal Solid Waste Processing and Disposal Project” at Village- Derwala,
Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan Developed by: M/s Allied Ganganagar Ecogreens Pvt. Ltd.
• Solid Waste Management in Rural Areas A Step-by-Step Guide for Gram Panchayats
Centre for Rural Infrastructure National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati
Raj Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

References
• Emmanuel Menya Ben Ebangu Yunus Alokore, “Biogas as an alternative to
fuelwood for a household in Uleppi sub-county in Uganda”, Article in
Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR e-journal · January 2013.
• Sudhakar Yedla and Jyoti K. Parikh, “Economic evaluation of a landfill system
with gasrecovery for municipal solid waste management: a case study”, Int. J.
Environment and Pollution, V0/. IS, No.4, 2001.
• A Step by Step Guide to Gram Panchayats, National Institute of Rural
Development & Panchayati Raj Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
• http://water.rajasthan.gov.in/content/water/en/swrpdepartment/dataroom/t
ahaldata.html

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