1. The study compares silver nanoparticles coated and uncoated NiO–Fe2O3–CaO–SiO2–P2O5 ferromagnetic bioactive ceramics.
2. XRD and TEM analysis show the growth of hydroxyapatite layers on both coated and uncoated samples immersed in simulated body fluid.
3. Coated samples demonstrate better antimicrobial properties, degradation, and drug delivery compared to uncoated samples. The presence of silver nanoparticles improves these properties.
This document discusses the development of bioactive ceramics for bone regeneration applications. The ceramics were developed in the B2O3-MgO-SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-ZnO system using a sol-gel technique. Five compositions were prepared with varying amounts of B2O3. Characterization showed the materials were mesoporous and crystallized phases including hydroxylapatite and whitlockite. In vitro tests found the materials degraded appropriately and formed hydroxylapatite layers when soaked in simulated body fluid, indicating their bioactive nature. Biological studies of swelling, drug release, cytotoxicity and cell culture were also conducted. The results suggest these materials are promising
This document evaluates zinc and magnesium doped mesoporous bioactive glass for growing a hydroxyapatite layer. Glass samples of the system xZnO(22.4 − x)Na2O·46.1SiO2·26.9CaO.2·6P2O5·2MgO were prepared using sol gel technique. XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed the growth of a hydroxyapatite layer on the glass surfaces after soaking in simulated body fluid for 7 and 14 days, indicating their bioactive properties. SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the increase in calcium and phosphate content on sample surfaces with time, showing apatite layer formation. The addition of zinc and magnesium was found to
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving osseointegration of alumina/zirconia ceramic implants through fluoride surface treatment. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Fabricating alumina/zirconia composites and modifying their surface with SnF2 and NaBF4 treatments. Characterization showed the treatments incorporated fluoride onto the surface.
2) Evaluating the treatments in vitro with human fibroblast cultures, which showed better cell proliferation and layer formation on SnF2-treated surfaces.
3) Testing the treatments in vivo with rabbit femur implants, which revealed the SnF2 treatment resulted in better bone-implant contact after 6 weeks.
This document describes a study investigating bioceramic nanoparticles doped with magnesium and silver for use as implant materials. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a quick alkali-mediated sol gel method and had the composition xMgO-yAg2O-(40Àx)CaO-(20.5Ày)Na2O-35.5SiO2-4P2O5 with varying molar percentages of MgO and Ag2O. Characterization techniques were used to analyze the structure, morphology, degradation behavior, and antimicrobial properties of the samples. In vitro tests examined the samples' ability to support cell growth, deliver antibiotics in a controlled manner, and stimulate bone regeneration. The goal was to
Insitu functionalization of ti64 and co cr alloys by selective laser meltingKhuram Shahzad
The document discusses functionalizing Ti6Al4V and CoCr alloys with copper via selective laser melting for dental implant applications. Adding 1-6% copper provides antibacterial properties while maintaining biocompatibility. Studies show selective laser melting homogenously distributes copper within the alloys, killing bacteria without cytotoxic effects. The addition of copper also slightly improves corrosion resistance of the alloys. Overall, selectively laser melting Ti6Al4V and CoCr with copper is a promising method for producing antibacterial dental implants.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
Effect of mixed species biofilm on corrosion of cast ironferibman
This document outlines an experimental study on the effect of mixed bacterial biofilms on corrosion of cast iron. The study aims to evaluate corrosion under mixed biofilms of denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sulfate-reducing bacteria compared to individual biofilms. Materials and methods describe culturing the bacteria, preparing cast iron coupons, and electrochemical techniques like EIS and potentiodynamic polarization to characterize corrosion both with biofilms intact and after their removal. Preliminary results show the mixed biofilm reduces corrosion compared to sulfate-reducing bacteria alone, possibly due to interactions between denitrification and sulfate reduction pathways. Further experiments are planned to quantify biofilms and observe morphologies.
Characterization of Calcined Badau Belitung Kaolin - ISMM 2019Farid Rozaq
The document characterizes calcined Badau Belitung kaolin. It discusses how the kaolin was activated using NH4Cl solutions at varying molarities and then calcined at temperatures from 300-700°C. The calcined kaolin was analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. FTIR and XRD showed that metakaolin started to form at 500°C as OH, Al-O, and Si-O-Al bands disappeared. SEM confirmed the disappearance of kaolinite structure above 500°C. Loss of ignition analysis supported complete dehydroxylation occurring around 500°C.
This document discusses the development of bioactive ceramics for bone regeneration applications. The ceramics were developed in the B2O3-MgO-SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-ZnO system using a sol-gel technique. Five compositions were prepared with varying amounts of B2O3. Characterization showed the materials were mesoporous and crystallized phases including hydroxylapatite and whitlockite. In vitro tests found the materials degraded appropriately and formed hydroxylapatite layers when soaked in simulated body fluid, indicating their bioactive nature. Biological studies of swelling, drug release, cytotoxicity and cell culture were also conducted. The results suggest these materials are promising
This document evaluates zinc and magnesium doped mesoporous bioactive glass for growing a hydroxyapatite layer. Glass samples of the system xZnO(22.4 − x)Na2O·46.1SiO2·26.9CaO.2·6P2O5·2MgO were prepared using sol gel technique. XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed the growth of a hydroxyapatite layer on the glass surfaces after soaking in simulated body fluid for 7 and 14 days, indicating their bioactive properties. SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the increase in calcium and phosphate content on sample surfaces with time, showing apatite layer formation. The addition of zinc and magnesium was found to
This document summarizes a study that investigated improving osseointegration of alumina/zirconia ceramic implants through fluoride surface treatment. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Fabricating alumina/zirconia composites and modifying their surface with SnF2 and NaBF4 treatments. Characterization showed the treatments incorporated fluoride onto the surface.
2) Evaluating the treatments in vitro with human fibroblast cultures, which showed better cell proliferation and layer formation on SnF2-treated surfaces.
3) Testing the treatments in vivo with rabbit femur implants, which revealed the SnF2 treatment resulted in better bone-implant contact after 6 weeks.
This document describes a study investigating bioceramic nanoparticles doped with magnesium and silver for use as implant materials. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a quick alkali-mediated sol gel method and had the composition xMgO-yAg2O-(40Àx)CaO-(20.5Ày)Na2O-35.5SiO2-4P2O5 with varying molar percentages of MgO and Ag2O. Characterization techniques were used to analyze the structure, morphology, degradation behavior, and antimicrobial properties of the samples. In vitro tests examined the samples' ability to support cell growth, deliver antibiotics in a controlled manner, and stimulate bone regeneration. The goal was to
Insitu functionalization of ti64 and co cr alloys by selective laser meltingKhuram Shahzad
The document discusses functionalizing Ti6Al4V and CoCr alloys with copper via selective laser melting for dental implant applications. Adding 1-6% copper provides antibacterial properties while maintaining biocompatibility. Studies show selective laser melting homogenously distributes copper within the alloys, killing bacteria without cytotoxic effects. The addition of copper also slightly improves corrosion resistance of the alloys. Overall, selectively laser melting Ti6Al4V and CoCr with copper is a promising method for producing antibacterial dental implants.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
Effect of mixed species biofilm on corrosion of cast ironferibman
This document outlines an experimental study on the effect of mixed bacterial biofilms on corrosion of cast iron. The study aims to evaluate corrosion under mixed biofilms of denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sulfate-reducing bacteria compared to individual biofilms. Materials and methods describe culturing the bacteria, preparing cast iron coupons, and electrochemical techniques like EIS and potentiodynamic polarization to characterize corrosion both with biofilms intact and after their removal. Preliminary results show the mixed biofilm reduces corrosion compared to sulfate-reducing bacteria alone, possibly due to interactions between denitrification and sulfate reduction pathways. Further experiments are planned to quantify biofilms and observe morphologies.
Characterization of Calcined Badau Belitung Kaolin - ISMM 2019Farid Rozaq
The document characterizes calcined Badau Belitung kaolin. It discusses how the kaolin was activated using NH4Cl solutions at varying molarities and then calcined at temperatures from 300-700°C. The calcined kaolin was analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. FTIR and XRD showed that metakaolin started to form at 500°C as OH, Al-O, and Si-O-Al bands disappeared. SEM confirmed the disappearance of kaolinite structure above 500°C. Loss of ignition analysis supported complete dehydroxylation occurring around 500°C.
SIMONA CAVALU_Bioactivity evaluation of new silver doped bone cementSimona Cavalu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of two types of silver-doped bone cement composites. Electrochemical measurements and SEM/FTIR analysis were used to analyze the composites after incubation in simulated body fluid for up to 14 days. The results showed that both composites released silver and calcium ions into the fluid over time. One composite released silver ions more rapidly initially but both developed a hydroxyapatite-like surface layer indicating bioactivity. The layer formed more intensely on the surface of the composite also containing antibiotics. The study demonstrates the antimicrobial activity and bone bonding properties of the silver-doped composites.
This document is a student research paper investigating the effects of pre-leaching and particle size on copper slag bioleaching. The paper includes an introduction to copper and its production methods, as well as a literature review on factors that can influence bioleaching such as bacterial adaptation, pH, particle size, and pretreatment. The methodology describes shake flask and column experiments testing different pH levels, particle sizes, nitric acid concentrations, and flow rates. The results show that higher pH levels and smaller particle sizes increased copper extraction, and that a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids was more effective than sulfuric acid alone. The paper concludes by recommending areas for further study.
56.Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of iron oxide Nanop...Annadurai B
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Key points:
- Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method by adding mixtures of metal salts to a sodium hydroxide solution, producing particles between 14-68 nm in size.
- Characterization using XRD, FTIR, VSM, and SEM confirmed the crystalline cubic spinel structure and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Particle size decreased with increased manganese substitution.
- Magnetic measurements showed saturation magnetization and coercivity decreased with increased manganese content due to changes in exchange interactions between metal sites.
- Antibacterial tests showed the nanoparticles had moderate antibacterial effects against E
This document discusses bioceramic materials used in dentistry and endodontics. It provides details on various bioceramic materials including mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), bioaggregate, biodentine, and totalfill. For each material, it outlines their composition, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and modifications over time. MTA was the first bioceramic developed in the 1990s and remains one of the most commonly used. More recent developments include biodentine, bioaggregate and totalfill which have improved properties such as strength, handling characteristics, and setting times.
Austin Biomolecules: open access is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Biomolecules.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Biomolecules. Austin Biomolecules: open access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communications covering all aspects of Biomolecules.
Austin Biomolecules: open access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using green technology from carrom seeds and green tea, and through chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized through pH analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. pH analysis indicated reduction reactions occurred. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed absorbance peaks around 500 nm for all samples, consistent with iron nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering showed particle sizes of 65.6 nm, 72.7 nm, and 88.9 nm for carrom seed, green tea, and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively, confirming synthesis of nanoparticles in the desired size range.
The document reviews bioactive materials for tissue engineering applications, discussing the tissue response to inert, porous, bioactive, and resorbable implants. It also examines the general theory of biomaterials, classes of bioactive materials including ceramics and composites, and mechanisms of bioactive bonding between implants and tissue. The goal is to understand factors that influence bioactivity and how to achieve a strong interface between implants and host tissues.
The document discusses optimizing cell adhesion on magnesium-based implant materials through pre-incubation under cell culture conditions. It finds that pre-incubating Mg and Mg10Gd1Nd alloy samples in cell culture medium for just 6 hours is enough to form a natural protective surface layer suitable for cell culture by decreasing corrosion rates and increasing cell viability compared to untreated samples. Longer pre-incubation times further optimize cell adhesion and proliferation but do not significantly improve results enough to justify the increased contamination risk of longer experiments.
Investigating the effect of TiO2on the structure and biocompatibility ofbioac...yiming li
This document summarizes a study that investigated how incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) into bioactive glass compositions affects the glass structure, solubility, and biocompatibility. TiO2 was substituted for silica (SiO2) in 6 wt% increments up to 30 wt% in a bioactive glass formulation. Characterization techniques showed that TiO2 incorporation up to 18 wt% had little effect on glass transition temperature or nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, but increased both at 30 wt% TiO2. Solubility decreased with more TiO2 as measured by ion release. Cell viability and adhesion tests with osteoblast cells showed improved results on TiO2-containing glasses compared to controls.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
Role of salt precursor in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticleseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Role of salt precursor in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Zinc oxide nanoparticles having wurtzite crystalline structure are synthesized. The temperature, base concentration and the salt precursor used for the synthesis affects the morphology and particle size. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and Diffused reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy. As the temperature is increased from 800 C to 1000C, keeping the concentration of the base viz sodium hydroxide at 5M, the particle size increases from 30nm to 500nm. With change in base concentration from 2M to 10M, at constant reaction temperature of 800C, the particle size increases from 30 nm to 500 nm. Herein the precursor used is zinc chloride. The effect of salt precursor is studied for three different salt precursors, viz. zinc chloride, zinc nitrate and zinc acetate. This paper is an attempt to give the information about salt precursor to be used, optimum values of temperature and base concentration for synthesis of the ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial property for suitable biomedical application. Keywords: Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, nanotechnology.
This document summarizes bioactive materials and their bonding mechanisms with living tissues. It defines two types of bioactivity - osteoproductive and osteoconductive - based on whether the material elicits intracellular and extracellular responses. Bioactive glasses, glass-ceramics, and calcium phosphate ceramics are discussed. The mechanisms of bioactive bonding are explained as an 11-stage process where a hydroxycarbonate apatite layer forms on the implant surface, enabling bonding with tissues through both chemical and biological interactions.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
Antibacterial and osteo-stimulatory effects of a borate-based glass series do...yiming li
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of increasing strontium (Sr2+) content and incubation time on the solubility, antibacterial properties, and ability to stimulate bone growth (osteo-stimulatory effects) of a series of borate-based glasses. The glasses were tested after being immersed in water for 1, 7, and 30 days. Results showed that higher Sr2+ content decreased glass solubility and promoted bone cell growth, while lower Sr2+ contents inhibited cell growth. The glasses were generally effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria for short incubation periods of 1-7 days due to ion release, except for the glass with the highest Sr2+ content.
1. The document discusses the synergistic effect of combining antibiotics with silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) to treat drug-resistant bacterial infections.
2. Nano-Ag are reported to have antimicrobial properties and may act as an antibiotic potentiator by damaging bacterial cell walls and increasing drug bioavailability.
3. Combining nano-Ag with antibiotics shows greater antibacterial activity than either treatment alone and may provide a strategy to overcome conventional antibiotic resistance since nano-Ag kill bacteria through a physical rather than biological mechanism.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery/rotary endodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document defines biomaterials and discusses the various types used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by defining biomaterials and discussing their history. It then covers the main types of biomaterials used: metals (including stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, dental metals), ceramics (nonabsorbable, biodegradable, bioactive), polymers (such as PVC, polyethylene), composites, and biodegradable polymers. For each category, common materials are identified and their properties and uses are described.
This study investigated the effect of co-existing gold and iron nanoparticles in metal-single walled carbon nanohorn (SWCNH) composites synthesized using an arc-discharge in water method. TEM images showed that the nominal size of iron nanoparticles embedded in the SWCNHs became smaller when gold was introduced. Additionally, the atomic ratio of gold in the metal alloy embedded in the SWCNHs increased with higher weight ratios of gold to iron. XRD patterns indicated changes in the physical and atomic properties of the metal-SWCNH composites depending on the initial loading of iron and gold wires used in the anode during synthesis.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery /oral surgery courses by ...Indian dental academy
This document provides information about a seminar on biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery presented by Dr. M. Prudhvi Raj. It discusses the introduction and definitions of biomaterials, selection criteria for biomedical materials, and common classes of biomaterials including metals, polymers, and ceramics. Specifically, it describes commonly used metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium alloys; highlighting their compositions and properties.
SIMONA CAVALU_Bioactivity evaluation of new silver doped bone cementSimona Cavalu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of two types of silver-doped bone cement composites. Electrochemical measurements and SEM/FTIR analysis were used to analyze the composites after incubation in simulated body fluid for up to 14 days. The results showed that both composites released silver and calcium ions into the fluid over time. One composite released silver ions more rapidly initially but both developed a hydroxyapatite-like surface layer indicating bioactivity. The layer formed more intensely on the surface of the composite also containing antibiotics. The study demonstrates the antimicrobial activity and bone bonding properties of the silver-doped composites.
This document is a student research paper investigating the effects of pre-leaching and particle size on copper slag bioleaching. The paper includes an introduction to copper and its production methods, as well as a literature review on factors that can influence bioleaching such as bacterial adaptation, pH, particle size, and pretreatment. The methodology describes shake flask and column experiments testing different pH levels, particle sizes, nitric acid concentrations, and flow rates. The results show that higher pH levels and smaller particle sizes increased copper extraction, and that a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids was more effective than sulfuric acid alone. The paper concludes by recommending areas for further study.
56.Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of iron oxide Nanop...Annadurai B
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Key points:
- Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method by adding mixtures of metal salts to a sodium hydroxide solution, producing particles between 14-68 nm in size.
- Characterization using XRD, FTIR, VSM, and SEM confirmed the crystalline cubic spinel structure and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Particle size decreased with increased manganese substitution.
- Magnetic measurements showed saturation magnetization and coercivity decreased with increased manganese content due to changes in exchange interactions between metal sites.
- Antibacterial tests showed the nanoparticles had moderate antibacterial effects against E
This document discusses bioceramic materials used in dentistry and endodontics. It provides details on various bioceramic materials including mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), bioaggregate, biodentine, and totalfill. For each material, it outlines their composition, properties, advantages, disadvantages, and modifications over time. MTA was the first bioceramic developed in the 1990s and remains one of the most commonly used. More recent developments include biodentine, bioaggregate and totalfill which have improved properties such as strength, handling characteristics, and setting times.
Austin Biomolecules: open access is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Biomolecules.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Biomolecules. Austin Biomolecules: open access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communications covering all aspects of Biomolecules.
Austin Biomolecules: open access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using green technology from carrom seeds and green tea, and through chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized through pH analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. pH analysis indicated reduction reactions occurred. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed absorbance peaks around 500 nm for all samples, consistent with iron nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering showed particle sizes of 65.6 nm, 72.7 nm, and 88.9 nm for carrom seed, green tea, and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively, confirming synthesis of nanoparticles in the desired size range.
The document reviews bioactive materials for tissue engineering applications, discussing the tissue response to inert, porous, bioactive, and resorbable implants. It also examines the general theory of biomaterials, classes of bioactive materials including ceramics and composites, and mechanisms of bioactive bonding between implants and tissue. The goal is to understand factors that influence bioactivity and how to achieve a strong interface between implants and host tissues.
The document discusses optimizing cell adhesion on magnesium-based implant materials through pre-incubation under cell culture conditions. It finds that pre-incubating Mg and Mg10Gd1Nd alloy samples in cell culture medium for just 6 hours is enough to form a natural protective surface layer suitable for cell culture by decreasing corrosion rates and increasing cell viability compared to untreated samples. Longer pre-incubation times further optimize cell adhesion and proliferation but do not significantly improve results enough to justify the increased contamination risk of longer experiments.
Investigating the effect of TiO2on the structure and biocompatibility ofbioac...yiming li
This document summarizes a study that investigated how incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) into bioactive glass compositions affects the glass structure, solubility, and biocompatibility. TiO2 was substituted for silica (SiO2) in 6 wt% increments up to 30 wt% in a bioactive glass formulation. Characterization techniques showed that TiO2 incorporation up to 18 wt% had little effect on glass transition temperature or nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, but increased both at 30 wt% TiO2. Solubility decreased with more TiO2 as measured by ion release. Cell viability and adhesion tests with osteoblast cells showed improved results on TiO2-containing glasses compared to controls.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
Role of salt precursor in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticleseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Role of salt precursor in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Zinc oxide nanoparticles having wurtzite crystalline structure are synthesized. The temperature, base concentration and the salt precursor used for the synthesis affects the morphology and particle size. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and Diffused reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy. As the temperature is increased from 800 C to 1000C, keeping the concentration of the base viz sodium hydroxide at 5M, the particle size increases from 30nm to 500nm. With change in base concentration from 2M to 10M, at constant reaction temperature of 800C, the particle size increases from 30 nm to 500 nm. Herein the precursor used is zinc chloride. The effect of salt precursor is studied for three different salt precursors, viz. zinc chloride, zinc nitrate and zinc acetate. This paper is an attempt to give the information about salt precursor to be used, optimum values of temperature and base concentration for synthesis of the ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial property for suitable biomedical application. Keywords: Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, nanotechnology.
This document summarizes bioactive materials and their bonding mechanisms with living tissues. It defines two types of bioactivity - osteoproductive and osteoconductive - based on whether the material elicits intracellular and extracellular responses. Bioactive glasses, glass-ceramics, and calcium phosphate ceramics are discussed. The mechanisms of bioactive bonding are explained as an 11-stage process where a hydroxycarbonate apatite layer forms on the implant surface, enabling bonding with tissues through both chemical and biological interactions.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
Antibacterial and osteo-stimulatory effects of a borate-based glass series do...yiming li
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of increasing strontium (Sr2+) content and incubation time on the solubility, antibacterial properties, and ability to stimulate bone growth (osteo-stimulatory effects) of a series of borate-based glasses. The glasses were tested after being immersed in water for 1, 7, and 30 days. Results showed that higher Sr2+ content decreased glass solubility and promoted bone cell growth, while lower Sr2+ contents inhibited cell growth. The glasses were generally effective at inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria for short incubation periods of 1-7 days due to ion release, except for the glass with the highest Sr2+ content.
1. The document discusses the synergistic effect of combining antibiotics with silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) to treat drug-resistant bacterial infections.
2. Nano-Ag are reported to have antimicrobial properties and may act as an antibiotic potentiator by damaging bacterial cell walls and increasing drug bioavailability.
3. Combining nano-Ag with antibiotics shows greater antibacterial activity than either treatment alone and may provide a strategy to overcome conventional antibiotic resistance since nano-Ag kill bacteria through a physical rather than biological mechanism.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery/rotary endodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
This document defines biomaterials and discusses the various types used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by defining biomaterials and discussing their history. It then covers the main types of biomaterials used: metals (including stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium alloys, dental metals), ceramics (nonabsorbable, biodegradable, bioactive), polymers (such as PVC, polyethylene), composites, and biodegradable polymers. For each category, common materials are identified and their properties and uses are described.
This study investigated the effect of co-existing gold and iron nanoparticles in metal-single walled carbon nanohorn (SWCNH) composites synthesized using an arc-discharge in water method. TEM images showed that the nominal size of iron nanoparticles embedded in the SWCNHs became smaller when gold was introduced. Additionally, the atomic ratio of gold in the metal alloy embedded in the SWCNHs increased with higher weight ratios of gold to iron. XRD patterns indicated changes in the physical and atomic properties of the metal-SWCNH composites depending on the initial loading of iron and gold wires used in the anode during synthesis.
Biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery /oral surgery courses by ...Indian dental academy
This document provides information about a seminar on biomaterials in oral and maxillofacial surgery presented by Dr. M. Prudhvi Raj. It discusses the introduction and definitions of biomaterials, selection criteria for biomedical materials, and common classes of biomaterials including metals, polymers, and ceramics. Specifically, it describes commonly used metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and titanium alloys; highlighting their compositions and properties.
El documento presenta una reflexión sobre la capacidad humana de elegir cómo enfrentar los desafíos de cada día, ya sea quejándose de las dificultades o apreciando las bendiciones. Alienta al lector a adoptar una actitud positiva al enfrentar las responsabilidades y circunstancias de la vida, como el trabajo, la escuela o las tareas domésticas, y a valorar lo que se tiene en lugar de lamentar lo que falta. Sugiere que uno mismo es el escultor que da forma al día y determina si será bueno o malo.
Los derechos ilustrados son los derechos fundamentales que se desarrollaron durante la Ilustración en el siglo XVIII, como la libertad de expresión, la libertad de religión y el derecho a un juicio justo. Estos derechos se basan en la razón y la naturaleza humana en lugar de en la tradición, la costumbre o la revelación divina. Los derechos ilustrados han influido en gran medida en los documentos modernos de derechos humanos como la Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos y la Declaración
El documento describe la estructura de los cromosomas, explicando que están compuestos de moléculas de ADN enroscadas alrededor de proteínas histonas, formando una estructura compacta que contiene el material genético de los organismos.
El documento resume varias creencias populares en Malambo y si deben o no seguirse. Algunas creencias como dibujar un sol para que no llueva o poner una escoba patas arriba para que se vayan las visitas no afectan a nadie. Otras como pensar que no se quedarán embarazadas a la primera relación sexual o que pueden dominar el alcohol en exceso deben terminar por los riesgos a la salud.
Etourisme comment améliorer la visibilité de mon hotel, gite, chambre d'hote ...Technofutur TIC
e-tourisme,etourisme,google adresse,google finder,référencement,seo,visibilité Description Comment améliorer la visibilité de mon hôtel, gite ou chambres d’hôtes sur internet ? Conférence 28/03/2013 à l'ucm de Wierde pour les gites de Wallonie par Louise Maton
El documento presenta el diseño curricular para la cátedra de Historia Contemporánea de Venezuela en el Programa Nacional de Formación. El currículo cubre los periodos gubernamentales desde 1830 hasta la actualidad, analizando aspectos económicos, políticos, sociales y culturales. El objetivo es que los estudiantes comprendan de manera integral la evolución histórica de Venezuela y desarrollen una conciencia social comprometida.
In our study, two different methods were used to determine the size and size distribution of the sliver and selenium nanoparticles via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Background: Nanotechnology dealing with metal and metalloid nanoparticles has been usually applied in nearly each field of science, engineering, and technology including biology and medicine etc due to presence of size and shape dependent unusual physical and chemical properties. In the most recent decade, numerous groups including appreciably developed metal and metalloid nanoparticles based theranostic approaches for the treatment of almost human diseases. Amongst
many nanoparticles, recently silver and selenium nanoparticles have been broadly used in the antimicrobial coatings, textiles, paints, keyboards, engineering, food industry, electronics, cosmetics, bio-sensing, wound dressings, and even in biomedical devices. Methods: In our study, silver nanoparticles were prepared by using the chemical reduction method. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized by the chemical reduction of sodium selenite by glutathione (reduced form) and stabilized by bovine serum albumin (BSA). Characterization of silver and selenium nanoparticles samples were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Conclusions: Due to characterization by DLS technique, nanoparticles size was found the range of 79.22 nm and 178 nm for Sliver and Selenium Nanoparticles respectively. Sliver nanoparticles shown morphological average size and shape with SEM reveals spherical shape particles with the size of 80.32 nm whereas Selenium nanoparticles shown rod shape particles with the size of 74.29 nm.
The document summarizes a study that biologically synthesized and characterized intracellular gold nanoparticles using the biomass of Aspergillus fumigatus. A. fumigatus was grown in liquid culture and its biomass was then exposed to chloroauric acid solution, resulting in the intracellular production of gold nanoparticles within 72 hours, as indicated by a color change. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques and were found to be spherical and irregularly shaped, ranging from 85.1 to 210 nm in size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the nanoparticles accumulated on the fungal mycelia. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence and crystalline nature of the synthesized gold nanoparticles.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using a combustion method with low-temperature solution combustion. XRD and SEM characterization confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles around 30-40nm in size. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was tested against E. coli using colony counting and disk diffusion methods. Both methods showed the ZnO nanoparticles had antibacterial effects in a concentration-dependent manner, with 100μg/L ZnO demonstrating the strongest antibacterial activity through over 70% bacterial reduction and the largest inhibition zone of 24mm. The ZnO nanoparticles were also found to damage the genomic DNA of treated E. coli cells.
Silver Nanoparticles from a Plant Echinacea Purpurea Extract for its Antipath...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a plant extract from Echinacea purpurea and evaluating their antibacterial properties. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using an extract of E. purpurea, as confirmed by a color change and characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM analysis.
- The silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial effects against several pathogens like E. coli and K. pneumoniae, as demonstrated through spread plate, pour plate, and disc diffusion assays. Higher concentrations of nanoparticles resulted in fewer bacterial colonies.
- The mechanism of antibacterial action may involve nanoparticles binding to bacterial membranes and releasing silver ions, though more study is needed to understand
This document summarizes research on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plants. It discusses how plants provide an eco-friendly alternative to physical and chemical synthesis methods. Key points include:
- Plants can synthesize nanoparticles both in the laboratory and natural environment through biosynthesis, involving the reduction of metal ions.
- Factors like temperature, pH, and ion concentrations can influence nanoparticle size, shape, and properties.
- Plants have synthesized various nanoparticles including silver, gold, silicon-germanium, and magnetite which have applications in areas like catalysis, sensing, and medicine.
- Silver nanoparticles from various plants have demonstrated antimicrobial properties against bacteria like E. coli, making them promising for applications like
Study of Biocidal Activity of Copper A Reviewijtsrd
Copper ions, either alone or in copper complexes, have been used to disinfect liquids, solids and human tissue for centuries. Today copper is used as a water purifier, algaecide, fungicide, nematocide, molluscicide as well as an anti bacterial and anti fouling agent. Copper also displays potent anti viral activity. We have explained i the biocidal properties of copper ii the possible mechanisms by which copper is toxic to microorganisms and iii the systems by which many microorganisms resist high concentrations of heavy metals, with an emphasis on copper. Health care associated infections HAIs are a global problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a major public health challenge, and antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most important global problems in current times. The antimicrobial effect of copper has been known for centuries, and ongoing research is being conducted on the use of copper coated hard and soft surfaces for reduction of microbial contamination and, subsequently, reduction of HAIs. Dr. Pragya Tank "Study of Biocidal Activity of Copper: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50696.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/50696/study-of-biocidal-activity-of-copper-a-review/dr-pragya-tank
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
our journals has been fields of pharmaceutical and biological sciences are witnessing rapid advancements driven by innovative research and technological breakthroughs. As the demand for novel therapies and understanding of biological mechanisms continues to grow, there is a pressing need for disseminating high-quality original research and reviews in reputable international journals.
Contact Url :https://iajpb.com/contactus.php#1
Scientific development is an ever-evolving journey, driven by the exchange of data and ideas among researchers across the globe.One such remarkable publication dedicated to facilitating this exchange within the fields of Pharmacy and Bio Sciences is the Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences of the journals to publish paper.
The document summarizes research on the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the cell-free supernatant of K. pneumonia when added to silver nitrate solutions. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, and FTIR, and were found to be spherical in shape with sizes around 21nm. Antimicrobial testing showed the biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Potential applications of the silver nanoparticles include use in wound dressings and antimicrobial fabrics.
A Research Article on Synthesis of Metal Nano Particles by Chemical Reduction...ijtsrd
Nanotechnology is an experimental and engineering technology manipulate at the nanoscale, such as in the field of different compound fabric synthesizing, food processing agriculture processing and as well as in medicinal application. Due to their physical and chemical applications the metal nanoparticles have a great interest in research. A variety of physical, chemical and biological method that can be used for the synthesis of the metal nanoparticle. All the methods have positive advantages as well as some obstruction. In this following review we try to explain recent research on the synthesis and various application of metal nanoparticle. We summarized the different chemical reduction method and briefly explain their application. Vijay Aithekar | Dr. Sangeeta Gautam "A Research Article on Synthesis of Metal Nano Particles by Chemical Reduction Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26371.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/26371/a-research-article-on-synthesis-of-metal-nano-particles-by-chemical-reduction-method/vijay-aithekar
Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite reinforced with hardystoni...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objecttive(s):
Despite the poor mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite, its unique biological properties leads we think about study on improving its properties rather than completely replacing it with other biomaterials. Accordingly, in this study we introduced hydroxyapatite reinforced with hardystonite as a novel bio-nanocompositeand evaluate its in-vitro bioactivity with the aim of developing a mechanically strong and highly porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.
Materials and Methods:
Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHA)-Hardystonite (HT) nanocomposite with different percentage of HT was synthesized by mechanical activation method and subsequent heating annealing process. This study showed that the addition of HT to HA not only increases the mechanical properties of HA but also improves its bioactivity. Dissolution curves presented in this study indicated that the pH value of SBF solution in the vicinity of HA-HT nanocomposite increases during the first week of experiment and decreases to blood pH at the second weekend. Hardystonite was composed of nano-crystalline structure with approximately diameter 40 nm. Specimens were composed of a blend of pure calcite (CaCO3) (98% purity, Merck), silica amorphous (SiO2) (98% purity, Merck) powder and pure zinc oxide (ZnO) with 50 % wt., 30 %wt and 20 %wt., respectively. These powders were milled by high energy ball mill using ball-to- powder ratio 10:1 and rotation speed of 600 rpm for 5 and 10 h. Then, the mixture mechanical activated has been pressed under 20 MPa. The samples pressed have been heated at 1100 ºC for 3 h in muffle furnace at air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET performed on the samples to characterize.
Results:
According to XRD results, the sample milled for 10 h just indicated the hardystonite phase, while the sample milled for 5 h illustrate hardystonite phase along with several phases.
Conclusion:
In fact, our study indicated that hardystonite powder was composed of nano-crystalline structure, about 40 nm, can be prepared by mechanical activation to use as a new biomaterials for orthopedic applications.
This document presents a layout for a presentation on synthesizing and characterizing iron oxide nanoparticles. The presentation aims to develop an alternative green method for synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles from locally available tea leaves and to investigate their antibacterial and antifungal properties. The experimental section describes synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles from tea leaf extract and coating them with chitosan. Characterization techniques like SEM, XRD, and FTIR are used to analyze the nanoparticles. Antibacterial tests on E. coli and antifungal tests on Candida albicans show the coated nanoparticles have antibacterial and antifungal properties. The expected outcome is that the green synthesis method could be used to develop novel biomaterials and the nanoparticles could help treat
Formulation Of Acalypha Wilkesiana Muell. Arg. Ethanol Leaf Extract into Crea...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a study that synthesized Fe3AlO6 nanoparticles using a soft chemical approach and characterized their structure and properties. It then assessed the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles in human neural stem cells (hNSCs) through several assays. Specifically, Fe3AlO6 nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrolysis of a single-source molecular precursor under controlled conditions. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of monophasic nanocrystalline particles around 16.5 nm in size. Cytotoxicity assays including MTT, LDH and FDA were performed on hNSCs treated with varying concentrations of the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine changes in cell morphology and nanoparticle distribution within
The document summarizes research characterizing gold nanoparticles synthesized intracellularly by the biomass of Aspergillus terreus fungus. When an aqueous solution of chloroauric acid was reduced by A. terreus biomass, it changed color from yellow to pinkish violet, indicating gold nanoparticle formation. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical or irregularly shaped with an average size of 186 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the nanoparticles and confirmed the presence of crystalline gold nanoparticles capped by biomolecules from the fungus.
Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine: Drug delivery, Diagnostics and Ther...Premier Publishers
Feyman’s Nanotechnology has multiple applications in clinical research for diagnosis, as nanodrugs or medicine, drug delivery as therapeutics. It is an endeavor to present here, the many varieties of nanomaterials and their application in physiology and medicine. Nanoparticles such as silver, gold, copper, zinc, calcium, titanium, magnesium have shown antimicrobial activity. The nanoparticles become highly reactive due to their change in physicochemical properties i.e. high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Antimicrobial gold nanoparticles are used in drug and gene delivery systems. Light induced plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles might be an excellent photothermal therapeutic approach against cancer cells, bacteria and parasites. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory theranostic agents. They develop cytotoxicity to cancer cells by increased ROS formation; inducing cancer cell death via the apoptosis signaling pathway. They deliver cancer drug such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, etc. Non-toxic titanium dioxide is used in human food, drugs, cosmetics and food contact materials. Cadmium nanoparticles in the form of Quantum Dots are semiconductor metalloid-crystal structures have the potential for cellular imaging, cancer detection and treatment, drug delivery, etc. Magnesium oxide nanoflakes have been developed as drug carriers. Carbon can be used as nanotube for drug delivery, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer due to their unique chemical, physical, and biological properties, nanoneedle shape, hollow monolithic structure, and ability to carry drugs on their outer layers. Exosomes are the new kind of nanomaterials (20-200 nm) present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and sperm. These nanovessicles/nanostructures are released from cells which carry biomolecular information (miRNA, mRNA, proteins) as exosomal cargo. Exosomes are used in theranostic applications.
Mineral-deficient states largely occur in humans and animals because of the nutrition
imbalance. One of the criteria of low copper content in food is a feature of the geological
province which produces agricultural products [4]. One of the criteria of the cell
elemental status regulation of an organism can be associated with the use of probiotic
microorganisms that possess not only high sorption characteristics but also are able to
deposit excessive content of essential elements in the biologically active form. To assess
the perspectives of the application of probiotic microorganisms of the genus Bacillus as
micronutrients we used such methods as the agar basin method relating to diffusion
Nanoparticles definitions their classification and biomedical approach to nan...Abhay jha
It contains nanoparticles definition their classification and some features of nanoparticles aspects of nanotechnology and application of nanoparticles in biomedical worlds some nanoparticles like titanium oxide ,silicon oxide and carbon nanotubes and other nanobiomaterials their biological uses and some toxicity of these materials.
2. oxyhemoglobin. The bonding to the dioxygen molecules is
weak. Therefore, on reaching the site of oxygen utilization
such as the muscles, the oxygen can be released. Nickel ions
are present in some enzyme systems in the form of por-
phyrin-type complexes. Certain bacteria which reduce carbon
dioxide to methane, need nickel. M. thermoacetica is one of
the examples of the above-mentioned bacteria.15
For quick
recovery, it is desirable to keep the surrounding tissues pro-
tected from infection and allergy. Silver is an established
antimicrobial agent and thus, it can serve as solution to
infection and allergy problems.
In the light of this situation, authors have synthesized fer-
romagnetic bioactive ceramics using nickel and iron and con-
ducted comparative study of bioactive and drug delivery
properties of silver nanoparticles coated and uncoated ferro-
magnetic bioactive ceramics. To investigate the antimicrobial
properties, study has been undertaken with six different
gram-positive and gram-negative strains. Cell proliferation
and cytoprotective tests have been conducted with the help
of MG63 cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magne-
tometer (VSM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) tech-
niques have been used to investigate the growth of HAp
layer and degradation and ferromagnetic behavior of the
samples. Reactivity with red blood cells has been investigated
to check the cytotoxic behavior of samples during hemolysis
study. Furthermore, the effect of magnetic field on the drug
release properties of samples has also been investigated.
II. Materials and Methods
(1) Sample Preparation
Ferromagnetic samples of the composition xNiO–(3Àx)
Fe2O3–52CaO–30SiO2–15P2O5 (where x = (0, 3) mol%) have
been prepared in the laboratory using sol–gel technique. Tetra-
ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), triethyl phosphate, calcium nitrate
tetra hydrate, iron nitrate nona hydrate, nickel nitrate hexa
hydrate, and silver nitrate have been used as source materials
for SiO2, P2O5, CaO, Fe2O3, NiO, and Ag, respectively.
(A) Preparation of Ferromagnetic Bioactive Ceram-
ics: 1M HNO3 was used as the catalyst for hydrolysis pro-
cess. TEOS was added into 1M HNO3 solution (TEOS and
H2O molar ratio equal to eight) and the mixture was stirred
up to 1 h for complete hydrolysis. Precursor of phosphorus,
calcium, iron, and nickel were dissolved one by one with the
stirring of 40 min for each. After one hour of vigorous stir-
ring, transparent solution was obtained. The solution was
kept in an airtight beaker for 3 days for aging. The gel was
heated up to 60°C for 12 h and 120°C for 12 h. The samples
were calcinated up to 700°C for 8 h. Prepared samples had
been crushed in agar and mortar for 1 h. Description of the
prepared samples is provided in Table I.
(B) Silver Coating on Sample: One gram of prepared
ferromagnetic bioactive sample has been coated with 1M sil-
ver nitrate solution (20 mL). Samples have been dipped into
the silver nitrate solution with mild stirring up to 1 h. Sample
filtration has been undertaken with 0.22 lm millipore filter
paper which was followed by drying up to 100°C for 4 h.
(2) Assessment of In Vitro Bioactivity
In vitro bioactive nature of samples has been evaluated with
the help of simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. SBF solu-
tion has been prepared as per the recipe reported elsewhere.16
One gram of sample has been used for immersion in 50 mL
of SBF as per the protocol published by authors elsewhere.17
To maintain ions concentration, old SBF was replaced with
fresh SBF solution after every 12 h.
(3) Materials Preparation for Antimicrobial Test
(A) Test Organisms: The reference strains of bacteria
and two yeasts, used for testing of their sensitivity to fungal
extracts, were obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collec-
tion (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandi-
garh, India and the clinical isolate methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) was obtained from Post
Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh, India. Reference strains included are gram-posi-
tive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC740), gram-nega-
tive bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC109), Shigella
flexneri (MTCC1457), Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC
1251), and Escherichia coli (MTCC-119). The bacterial cul-
tures were maintained on nutrient agar slants. Inoculum
preparation and screening of samples for antibacterial activ-
ity by agar well diffusion of samples are performed by
authors as describe elsewhere.17
(B) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration: Minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated as per the fol-
lowing procedure. A stock solution of all the samples 2.5%
(25 mg/mL) concentration were prepared and incorporated
into Muller Hinton agar medium. The final concentrations of
the compounds in the medium containing plates have the
range varying from 0.05 up to 5 mg/mL. Word “compound”
refers to the “sample suspended in dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO)”. These plates were then inoculated with 10 lL of
the activated bacterial strain(s) by streaking with a sterile
toothpick. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and
the lowest concentration of the compound causing complete
inhibition of the bacterial growth was taken as MIC. The
results were compared with that of control, in which the
sample was replaced with DMSO. The experiments were per-
formed in triplicate.
(4) Characterization Techniques
TEM, XRD, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) and VSM studies have been undertaken using JEOL
J 1200 TEM Machine, Bruker D8 Focus XRD Machine
(Karlsruhe, Germany), Perkin Elmer Spectrometer (Baeswei-
ler, Germany) and Microsence VSM EZ Series Model (Lowell,
MA), respectively. BET analysis has been conducted by
Micrometrics ASAP 2020 (Norcross, GA) to explore the sur-
face area and porous nature of samples Biological properties
of samples have been studied with the help of drug release,
cytotoxicity, cell culture, and antimicrobial studies. Labsystem
Multiskan EX ELISA (Sunnyvale, CA) and Biorad 680-XR
Table I. Samples with Surface Area and Pore Size Values During Drug Loading and Release
Sample description Denotation
BET study
SBET (m3
/g) D (nm)
Drug loaded Drug released Drug loaded Drug released
Uncoated iron-based sample (x = 0) xNiOX=0 1.76 4.94 19 36
Uncoated nickel-based sample (x = 3) xNiOX=3 1.32 5.87 13 39
Silver-coated iron-based sample (x = 0) xNiOX=0 Ag 13.87 14.47 43 45
Silver-coated nickel-based sample (x = 3) xNiOX=3 Ag 14.95 21.57 19 24
2 Journal of the American Ceramic Society—Anand et al.
3. Machines (Sunnyvale, CA) with 570 and 590 nm wavelengths
of UV–Visible range have been used for biological studies.
III. Results and Discussion
(1) Checking the Growth of HAp Layer
Growth of HAp is prerequisite for suitability of synthetic
material for bone regeneration applications. The presence of
HAp during in vitro study of the samples has been investi-
gated by employing TEM and XRD techniques.
(A) TEM Analysis: Micrographs of xNiOx=0 and
xNiOx=0Ag have been shown in Figs. 1(a) and (b). Values
of hkl from fast fourier transform (FFT) and micrographs of
high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) of samples have also been
provided in the Fig. 1. Table in Fig. 1(c) shows the compar-
ison of the hkl values calculated from XRD and TEM data
and they have been found to be in good agreement. The hkl
values of (100), (002), (101), and (300) in FFT of Fig. 1(a)
indicate the presence of HAp. On the other hand, hkl values
of (220) and (111) indicate the presence of silver nanoparti-
cles on the surface of HAp.
(B) XRD Studies: XRD patterns of the uncoated sam-
ples have been provided in Figs. 2(a) and (c). Sharp peaks of
HAp (JCPDS no. 73-1731), calcium silicate (JCPDS no. 03-
1068), and calcite (JCPDS no. 83-0577) indicate the crys-
talline nature of bioactive material. Calcium iron phosphate
(JCPDS no. 49-1223) and nickel oxide (JCPDS no. 47-1049)
peaks have also been observed in iron- and nickel-doped sam-
ples. Iron attached with calcium and phosphorus has similar
ionic radius as that of the calcium. Therefore, iron replaces
the some part of calcium from HAp phase and form calcium
iron phosphate phase (Ca19Fe2 (PO4)14). Calcium iron phos-
phate is useful to reduce the toxic behavior of iron. Similar
crystalline phases in the silver-coated samples have also been
observed with the presence of silver (JCPDS no. 04-0783) hkl
(111) at 2h = 38.11° and hkl (220), at 2h = 64.42°.
During in vitro analyses, observations have been under-
taken after 2, 5, and 10 days. In case of uncoated samples, it
has been seen that crystalline peaks start to dissolve after
2 days and completely disappear after 5 days. Only peak of
HAp at 2h = 31.9° remain present throughout the in vitro
analyses. It may be due to the stability of HAp in pH 7–8.
When XRD study has been undertaken on the 10th
day of
in vitro analysis, new phases of HAp have been observed to
grow on the surface of the sample. This feature indicates the
bone regeneration ability of prepared samples. All the
uncoated samples have shown almost similar HAp growth
during in vitro analysis.
XRD patterns of silver-coated samples have shown slow
dissolution of peaks up to 5 days of in vitro analysis. It
may be due to the delocalization of nanoparticles of silver
metal on the surface of samples. Silver particles act as a
barrier in between SBF and surface of the sample which
decrease the dissolution rate of the sample. It can be
noticed that the rate of growth of HAp in the case of sil-
ver-coated sample is slow as compared to uncoated samples.
But after 10 days, new phases of HAp start to grow and
other phases like silver and calcium silicate are observed to
be near the complete dissolution. Many authors have
reported silicate glass with amorphous nature but there are
few authors also who have reported silica-based bioactive
ceramics. For example, Kaur et al.,2
Erol et al.,7
Oudadesse,
et al.4
and Oki et al.5
have reported bioactive glasses and
Lin et al.18
and Wu et al.19
have reported bioactive ceram-
ics. All the above-mentioned authors have prepared silica-
based bioactive materials. These results indicate that it is
possible to prepare bioactive glasses as well as bioactive
ceramics using silica as a constituent material during the
preparation of bioactive samples. Authors speculate that
crystalline nature of the prepared samples may be due to
the presence of crystalline phase of hydroxyl apatite, calcite,
and calcium iron phosphate crystalline phases in the sam-
ples20, 21
during sintering process. Boccaccini et al.22
have
also reported similar crystallization due to sintering process.
Our samples are composite materials. A broad hump has
been observed in the XRD pattern during in vitro analyses.
This may be either due to the calcium phosphate phase for-
mation in the SBF or it may be due to formation of some
apatite layer which is still amorphous in nature. Authors
may conduct the further experimental investigation to
understand these data.
(C) FTIR Studies: Figure 3 provides the FTIR spec-
tra of the prepared samples. Following observations are
reported.
(a) Before In vitro Study: FTIR spectra indicate the
presence of SiO2 content due to Si–O rocking (465 cmÀ1
),
(a) (c)
(b)
Fig. 1. TEM micrographs with HRTEM and FFT patterns (a) xNiOX=0, (b) xNiOX=0Ag, and (c) Table of hkl calculated from XRD and
TEM data.
Ferromagnetic Bioactive Ceramics 3
4. two dimensional silica network (at 1040 cmÀ1
) and SiO4
4À
(4
nonbridging oxygen) (at 872 cmÀ1
). Peaks at 558 and
601 cmÀ1
are due to (m4PO4 vibrations which indicate the
presence of HAp phase in the samples before in vitro analysis
[Figs. 3(a)–(d)]. Similar vibrations for phosphorus have been
observed at 1040 cmÀ1
. The presence of calcite has been indi-
cated due to the presence of peaks at 1380, 1440 cmÀ1
(m3CO3
2À
vibrations), 872 cmÀ1
(m2 assym.CO3
2À
), near
1805 cmÀ1
(m1 + m2 sym. CO3), and at 1090 cmÀ1
due to m1
sym. CO3 sym. vibrations. OH molecule vibrations are also
reported at 1640 and 3640 cmÀ1
. Clear peaks at 2920–2940
and 2860 cmÀ1
are due to the formation of heavy-metal ion
vibrations (a–Fe phase) (Figs. 3(b) and (d)].
(b) After In Vitro Analysis: FTIR spectra were taken
after 2, 5, and 10 days of immersion of samples in SBF.
Peaks at 558 and 601 cmÀ1
which are due to (m4) PO4 vibra-
tions became more prominent due to the formation of HAp
phase after 5 and 10 days of in vitro analyses. Carbonate
peaks have started to disappear due to the dissolution of cal-
cium carbonate after 2 days of in vitro analyses. The presence
of SiO2 content is due to the formation of silica gel layer
which enhance the formation of HAp layer. FTIR data con-
firm the conclusions of the analysis of XRD spectra.
(2) Ferromagnetic Behavior and Drug Release Properties
Ferromagnetic hysteresis loop of the samples has been inves-
tigated using VSM technique. Drug release properties have
been studied using gentamycin as an antibiotic with and
without the application of magnetic field.
(A) VSM Technique: Soft ferromagnetic materials can
have medical applications in the areas of treatment of cancer
cells, image sensing, and drug carriers.23
Uniform field has
been used to magnetize the sample. Sample was placed under
sinusoidal vibrator at room temperature. Observed hysteresis
loop has been shown in Fig. S1. Narrow hysteresis loops
have low saturation magnetization value with high coercive
force value. Moreover, it has been reported that smaller is
the area of hysteresis loop, lower energy is required for
demagnetization of material.24
It can be concluded from
Fig. S1 that our samples exhibit similar behavior to soft fer-
romagnetic material and may be used for different medical
applications like drug delivery and hyperthermia treatment.13
Low saturation magnetization value of samples may be due
to the reaction of iron with other elements such as calcium
and phosphorus with the formation of calcium iron phos-
phate phase (as inferred from XRD study).
(B) Drug Release Properties: To check the drug’s car-
rier’s ability of ferromagnetic particle, drug release study of
prepared samples has been undertaken under normal condi-
tion as well as under the influence of the magnetic field
(Fig. 4). Drug release study for normal conditions has been
performed as reported elsewhere.25, 26
Gentamycin as an
antibiotic has been tested for drug release study of the sam-
ples. One gram of prepared sample has been immersed in
20 mL of gentamycin solution. The sample has been kept in
the solution up to 24 h. After filtering the powder and drying
at 40°C up to 24 h, release of gentamycin from the drug-
loaded sample has been investigated in an incubator at 37°C.
One gram of powder has been dipped in the 20 mL of SBF
under 37°C. Gentamycin release was determined by UV anal-
ysis. The release medium was withdrawn at the predeter-
mined time intervals and replaced with a fresh SBF solution
each time. The trends for uncoated and silver-coated samples
are provided in Figs. 4(a) and (b). Similar observations have
been undertaken for the drug release under the magnetic
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 2. XRD graphs of uncoated (a) xNiOX=0, (c) xNiOX=3 and coated (b) xNiOX=0Ag, (d) xNiOX=3 Ag samples before and after in vitro
analysis.
4 Journal of the American Ceramic Society—Anand et al.
5. field. Samples soaked in SBF were placed under the magnetic
field for 10 min. It has been observed that in both conditions
(with and without magnetic field), all the prepared samples
have shown quick release in first hour and then there is
decrease in the rate of release of drug in SBF. When samples
have been kept under magnetic field, drug release of sample
has been observed to increase to almost 10%–15%
[Figs. 4(a) and (b)]. High drug release of the samples under
the magnetic field may be due to the heat produced by
vibrating ferromagnetic particles.
Commutative concentration of drug release in the silver-
coated ferromagnetic sample is lower as compared to
uncoated samples. This can be attributed to high zeta poten-
tial of nanoparticles which enhance the electric interaction in
between silver molecule and gentamycin molecule.27
Drug
release studies show that prepared samples have good
response in drug delivery phenomena and can be used as
drug carriers.
Representative figure for two samples has been provided
as Fig. 4(c). Surface area (SBET) and pore size (D) values of
samples loaded with gentamycin and its release are given in
Table I. Pore size of samples is in the range of type II (2–
50 nm) which represents their mesoporus nature. Higher sur-
face area of silver-coated samples is due to the presence of
silver nanoparticles (high surface to volume ratio) on the sur-
face of sample. Size of gentamycin molecule is about 0.9 nm.
Therefore, it can easily encapsulate into the pores (few
nanometers) of samples. During in vitro drug release from
the samples, increase in the surface area and pore size of the
samples have been observed as compared to drug-loaded
samples. This feature supports the speculation of the authors
that drug encapsulates in the pores of samples.
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
5 days
Intensity(a.u.)
xNix=0
1632
1470
1380
1040
601
558
2 days
Before SBF
10 days
465
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
Intensity(arb.units)
xNix=3
5 days
2 days
Before SBF
872 10 days
465
558
601
1040
1440
1634 2860 2928
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
1430
1380
1640
2 days
5 days
Before SBF
10 days
470
558
601
1040
Intensity(arb.units)
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
xNix=0
Ag
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
xNix=3
Ag
2840
2920
1630
470
558
601
1040
1430
2 days
5 days
Before SBF
10 days
Intensity(a.u.)
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of uncoated (a) xNiOX=0,(b) xNiOX=3, and coated (c) xNiOX=0Ag, (d) xNiOX=3Ag samples before and after in vitro
analysis.
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time(hrs.)
xNix=0
Ag (without Magnetic field)
xNix=3
Ag (without Magnetic field)
xNix=0
Ag (with Magnetic field)
xNix=3
Ag (with Magnetic field)
Time(hrs.)
Drugrelease%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
xNix=0
(without Magnetic field)
xNix=3
(without Magnetic field)
xNix=0
(with Magnetic field)
xNix=3
(with Magnetic field)
Drugrelease%
QuantityAdsorbed(mmol/g)
Relative Pressure p/po
NiOX=0
(Gentamycin Loaded)
NiOX=0
(Gentamycin Released)
NiOX=0
Ag(Gentamycin Loaded)
NiOX=0
Ag(Gentamycin Released)
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 4. Drug release of prepared samples (a) uncoated samples (b) coated samples. Error bar indicates the standard deviation observed for three
measurements and (c) N2 adsorption isotherms.
Ferromagnetic Bioactive Ceramics 5
6. From Figs. 4(a) and (b) it can be observed that about
40%–50% drug has been released within the first 10 h and
then next 10 h drug release rate reached up to 70% after that
it became almost constant with maximum release up to 80%
in 30 h. This anomalous release rate of drug molecule is due
to encapsulation of drug molecule with nanostructure silver
molecule and also in the pores of sample. High release rate
of drug in the first interval is due to immediate release of
drug molecules from the pores of sample and slow release
rate is due to the high zeta potential property of nanostruc-
ture which hold the drug molecule more tightly.
Concentration of released gentamycin has been fitted in
the first-order kinetic equation. This model can be used to
describe absorption and elimination behavior of drugs. Fol-
lowing equation has been used to elucidate the drug release
behavior of gentamycin from our samples.
logQt ¼ logQ0 À K1t=2:303 (1)
where, Qt is cumulative concentration released in aqueous
solution at time t, Q0 is the initial amount of drug, t is the
time in hrs, and K1 is the release rate constant. To find the
release profile, logQt is plotted against t and correlation coef-
ficient (R2
) has been evaluated. Calculated values of R2
and
K1 are provided in Table II. It has been observed that the
values of R2
of silver-coated samples are closer to 1 than
uncoated samples, which indicate that it is possible to predict
the release behavior of gentamycin of coated samples with
better accuracy.
Ferromagnetic drug-loaded samples can also be used for
the treatment of cancerous cells.18
Loaded drug may be anti-
cancer or antibiotic which can kill the cancerous cells and
heal the surrounding tissues. Moreover, cancerous cells may
also be killed by raising surrounding temperature of infected
body region in the range from 42°C to 45°C by hyperther-
mia. For the treatment of cancerous bone cells, there is
requirement of a bioactive material which not only kills the
cancerous cells but also help to regenerate the new bone tis-
sues with the formation of HAp at the infected area of bone.
It has been observed that it is possible to use our ferromag-
netic samples for growth of HAp layer as well as drug release
studies. It may be possible to use our reported compositions
for hyperthermia treatment for which their possibility of rais-
ing temperature needs experimental investigation which can
be part of our future studies.
(3) Estimation of Samples as Effective Implant Materials
All the synthesized bioactive materials may not be successful
implant materials in the human body. Degradation rate,
reactivity with blood cells, antimicrobial properties, and cell
viability against human cell lines are some of the key studies
which can be used to explore the practical utility of the
implant materials.
(A) In Vitro Degradation Study: To check the
biodegradability of prepared samples, set of in vitro degrada-
tion studies have been performed as reported by authors
elsewhere.17
Detailed information is provided under Support-
ing data.
(B) Hemolysis: Reactive behavior of prepared samples
with Red and White cells of human blood have been investi-
gated. Detailed information is provided under Supporting
data.
(C) Antimicrobial Activity: The bacterial cultures used
in this study (Table S1) are responsible for causing gastroin-
testinal tract and respiratory infections. All the compounds
have shown good inhibitory activity against all the microor-
ganisms tested (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria).
Gram-negative bacteria acquire resistance more readily due
to their outer membrane which contains narrow porin chan-
nels which retard the entry into the cell (even small hydro-
philic compounds), a lipopolysaccaride moiety which slows
down the trans membrane diffusion of lipopolyphilic antibi-
otics and they often possess a multidrug efflux pump which
eliminates many antibiotics from the cells, resulting in many
diseases. Our samples have shown antibacterial activity
against gram-negative bacteria such as K. pneumoniae, S.
typhimurium and E. coli with varied zone of inhibition. S.
aureus and K. pneumoniae were found to be the most sensi-
tive organisms with zone of inhibition values 21 mm
(xNiOX=0) and 20 mm (xNiOX=3) and 21 mm (xNiOX=0Ag)
and 24 (xNiOX=3Ag), respectively (shown in Table S1). The
importance of the study has further enhanced when it was
observed that the resistant strain “MRSA” have shown sensi-
tivity to these samples. As shown in the Table S1, silver-
coated samples have shown better MIC of 0.050 mg/mL
against S.aureus and K.pneumoniae as compared to uncoated
samples (0.70–2 mg/mL). Thus, our reported chemical com-
positions have shown broad antibacterial potential which can
be further exploited for various pharmaceutical processes. It
has been noticed that silver coating improves the antimicro-
bial properties of the synthesized samples.
(D) Cell Culture Studies: Samples behavior with MG
63 cell lines has been investigated a per the procedure pub-
lished by authors elsewhere.17
Briefly, Dulbecco’s Modified
Eagle’s Medium has been used with fetal bovine serum 10 wt
%, streptomycin and gentamycin 100 U/mL each to main-
tain cell lines under 37°C incubation with humid environ-
ment containing 5% CO2. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay has been used to
check the cell integrity. Figures S3(a) and (b) are the repre-
sentative optical microscope images (at 40X) of cell growth
on the samples xNiOX=0 and xNiOX=0Ag. Figure S3(c)
shows the cell viability of samples with respect to MG63 cell
lines. Samples have been compared with commercial avail-
able culture plate. It has been observed that all the prepared
samples successfully provide the positive environment for cell
growth. Leaching of ions seems to have significant impact on
the biological behavior of samples. Cell viability of uncoated
samples has been observed to be better as compared to
coated samples. It may be due to slightly toxic nature of sil-
ver. Due to low molar concentration of silver and low degra-
dation rate of silver-coated samples, toxicity level is within
survivable range and thus, significant cell proliferation has
been observed even for silver-coated samples.
Oxidative stress (cytoprotective test) test data for samples
with MG 63 cells is provided in Fig. S4(d). Results of oxida-
tive stress study are provided under Supporting data. MTT
assay has shown a sharp drop in cell viability (~20%) in
4 days for silver containing samples. It has been reported
that silver is not only toxic against bacteria19, 20
but also
against cells.22
It is speculated that toxic nature of silver
against bacteria as well as cells may be responsible for higher
decrease in cell viability within 4 days. Therefore, concentra-
tion of silver should be monitored carefully within the bioac-
tive system.
Prepared samples fulfill the fundamental requirements to
act as bone regeneration materials with excellent drug release
and antimicrobial properties. Arcos et al.21
have reported the
Table II. Correlation Coefficient and Release Rate Constant
Calculated from the First-Order Kinetic Model
Sample Code R2
K1
xNix=0 (without magnetic field) 0.9420 À0.7 9 10À2
xNix=3 (without magnetic field) 0.9884 À2.2 9 10À2
xNix=0 (with magnetic field) 0.9479 À1.3 9 10À2
xNix=3 (with magnetic field) 0.9890 À2.5 9 10À2
xNix=0Ag (without magnetic field) 0.9819 À1.6 9 10À2
xNix=3Ag (without magnetic field) 0.9800 À2.3 9 10À2
xNix=0Ag (with magnetic field) 0.9889 À2.6 9 10À2
xNix=3Ag (with magnetic field) 0.9935 À3.4 9 10À2
6 Journal of the American Ceramic Society—Anand et al.
7. bioactivity of iron-doped bioactive samples after 6 days, but
in our prepared samples HAp phase has been observed after
2 days of in vitro analysis. Faster growth of HAp layer is
desired because it can lead to quick recovery of the damaged
bone. Due to ferromagnetic in nature, samples can also be
checked further for the treatment of cancerous bone for
hyperthermia treatment. It has been found that coating of sil-
ver nanoparticles improves degradation rate and antimicrobial
properties. As part of future study, authors purpose experi-
mental investigation of temperature variation as function of
magnetic field for silver-coated samples to explore the possi-
bility of using the samples for hyperthermia treatment. Cell
culture study may also be performed with human cancer cell
line under the influence of magnetic field so that death of cells
(due to rise in temperature or hyperthermia) can be recorded.
IV. Conclusions
Formation of hydroxyl apatite layer on the surface of samples
during in vitro analysis indicate the bioactive nature of sam-
ples with the controlled degradation of samples in the SBF
solution. Silver-coated samples have shown low degradation
rate as compared to uncoated samples. Degradation study
with citric buffer also indicate the slow degradation rate of sil-
ver-coated samples. Being a antimicrobial agent, the presence
of silver for long time during in vitro analysis is always advan-
tageous for the protection against the gram-positive and
gram-negative microorganisms. VSM data show the ferro-
magnetic behavior of all the prepared samples which is a posi-
tive indication for their possible use as ferromagnetic
bioactive materials for clinical applications. Drug delivery
tendency of ferromagnetic particles has been observed to be
enhanced in the range 10%–15% under the influence of exter-
nal magnetic field. Drug encapsulation in the powder samples
has been speculated from the analysis of BET studies. All the
prepared samples have been observed to be nontoxic in nat-
ure and they provide the healthy environment for the growth
of MG 63 cells. Prepared samples have also been observed to
be good cytoprotective materials. Antimicrobial testing of
samples confirms the strong tendency of samples to kill gram-
positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The reported
samples can act as drug carriers for antibiotic drugs.
Acknowledgments
The authors Vikas Anand and Kulwinder Kaur are grateful to the financial
assistance provided by the UGC, New Delhi (India) through SRF (NET)
[F.17-74/2008(SA-I)] and DST, New Delhi (India) through INSPIRE program
[IF-120620], respectively.
Supporting Information
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the
online version of this article:
Fig. S1. The hysteresis loop of synthesized magnetic bioac-
tive ceramics (a), (c) uncoated sample and (b), (d) silver-
coated samples.
Fig. S2. In vitro degradation of prepared samples (a) pH
change in citric buffer, (b) pH change in SBF, (c) XRD
graphs of uncoated samples in citric buffer and (d) XRD
graphs of coated samples in citric buffer.
Fig. S3. Representative micrographs (at 40 X) of RBCs (a)
uncoated sample (b) silver-coated sample (c) positive control
and (d) negative control.
Fig. S4. Representative micrographs (at 40X ) of MG 63
cell lines (a) uncoated sample, (b) silver-coated sample and
cell viability bar graphs through (c) cell culture and (d) cyto-
protective test. Error bars in (c) and (d) indicates the stan-
dard deviation observed for three measurements.
Table S1. Inhibition zone and MIC values against different
microorganism (Error bar indicates the standard deviation
observed for three measurements.).
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Ferromagnetic Bioactive Ceramics 7