This document describes how multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was used to map variations in bedrock and detect potential fractures at a site in Olathe, Kansas where industrial contaminants may have leaked. MASW data was acquired along linear profiles using standard seismic acquisition techniques. Analysis of surface wave dispersion characteristics generated a 2D shear wave velocity model that accurately mapped the bedrock surface between 6-23 feet deep and identified potential fracture zones in the bedrock. The high resolution shear wave velocity model provided essential information for characterizing subsurface fluid flow at the contaminated site.
Prospección geofísica aplicada en las investigaciones geotécnicas noel perezcfpbolivia
El documento presenta información sobre tomografía eléctrica 2D y 3D y métodos sísmicos pasivos y activos para medir las ondas de cizallamiento en el suelo. Se describen técnicas como MASW, refracción sísmica y análisis de microtemblores para caracterizar las propiedades geotécnicas del suelo como la velocidad de las ondas de cizallamiento.
The document discusses different methods for determining the shear strength of soils, including direct shear tests, triaxial shear tests, and unconfined compression tests. Direct shear tests apply a normal stress and increase the shear stress until failure to determine the soil's cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (φ). Triaxial tests confine a soil sample and then apply additional stress to determine c and φ under drained or undrained conditions. Unconfined compression tests determine c for cohesive soils by compressing an unconfined sample.
This document discusses in situ rock stresses and induced stresses from excavation. It describes how vertical stress increases with depth and horizontal stress varies with a coefficient and can be modeled. Numerical methods like boundary element and finite element are presented to model stresses around openings. Examples show applying these methods to analyze stresses induced around tunnels.
This document outlines the steps involved in drilling an oil or gas well. It begins by discussing preliminary data collection and land leasing. Key steps include obtaining permits, developing a drilling program, soliciting bids from contractors, and constructing access infrastructure. Safety systems like blowout preventers are also highlighted. The document then covers well drilling and completion activities such as installing casing, treating the formation, and installing lifting equipment. It provides an overview of the equipment used in rotary drilling like the derrick, kelly, drill pipe, drill bit, and mud circulation system.
In order to determine a field’s hydrocarbon in place it is necessary to model the distribution of fluids throughout the reservoir. A water saturation vs. height (Swh) function provides this for the reservoir model. A good Swh function ensures the three independent sources of fluid distribution data are consistent. These being the core, formation pressure and electrical log data. The Swh function must be simple to apply, especially in reservoirs where it is difficult to map permeability or where there appears to be multiple contacts. It must accurately upscale the log and core derived water saturations to the reservoir model cell sizes.
This presentation clarifies the often misunderstood definitions for the free-water-level, transition zone and irreducible water saturation. Using capillary pressure theory and the concept of fractals, a practical Swh function is derived. Logs and core data from eleven fields, with very different porosity and permeability characteristics, depositional environments and geological age are compared. This study demonstrated how this Swh function is independent of permeability and litho-facies type and accurately describes the reservoir fluid distribution.
The shape of the Swh function shows that of the transition zone is related more to pore geometry rather than porosity or permeability alone. Consequently, this Swh function gives insights into a reservoir’s quality as determined by its pore architecture. A number of case studies are presented showing the excellent match between the function and well data. The function makes an accurate prediction of water saturations even in wells where the resistivity log was not run due to well conditions. The function defines the free water level, the hydrocarbon to water contact, net reservoir and the irreducible water saturation for the reservoir model. The fractal function provides a simple way to quality control electrical log and core data and justifies using core plug sized samples to model water saturations on the reservoir scale.
The document discusses compaction and subsidence that can occur during oil and gas production due to a reduction in pore pressure. It describes how effective stress increases as pore pressure declines, causing the reservoir rock to compact. This compaction at the reservoir level can result in subsidence at the surface. Key factors that influence compaction and subsidence are identified as reservoir rock properties, thickness, pore pressure depletion, and areal extent. The ratio between subsurface compaction and surface subsidence is also addressed.
This document describes how multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) was used to map variations in bedrock and detect potential fractures at a site in Olathe, Kansas where industrial contaminants may have leaked. MASW data was acquired along linear profiles using standard seismic acquisition techniques. Analysis of surface wave dispersion characteristics generated a 2D shear wave velocity model that accurately mapped the bedrock surface between 6-23 feet deep and identified potential fracture zones in the bedrock. The high resolution shear wave velocity model provided essential information for characterizing subsurface fluid flow at the contaminated site.
Prospección geofísica aplicada en las investigaciones geotécnicas noel perezcfpbolivia
El documento presenta información sobre tomografía eléctrica 2D y 3D y métodos sísmicos pasivos y activos para medir las ondas de cizallamiento en el suelo. Se describen técnicas como MASW, refracción sísmica y análisis de microtemblores para caracterizar las propiedades geotécnicas del suelo como la velocidad de las ondas de cizallamiento.
The document discusses different methods for determining the shear strength of soils, including direct shear tests, triaxial shear tests, and unconfined compression tests. Direct shear tests apply a normal stress and increase the shear stress until failure to determine the soil's cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (φ). Triaxial tests confine a soil sample and then apply additional stress to determine c and φ under drained or undrained conditions. Unconfined compression tests determine c for cohesive soils by compressing an unconfined sample.
This document discusses in situ rock stresses and induced stresses from excavation. It describes how vertical stress increases with depth and horizontal stress varies with a coefficient and can be modeled. Numerical methods like boundary element and finite element are presented to model stresses around openings. Examples show applying these methods to analyze stresses induced around tunnels.
This document outlines the steps involved in drilling an oil or gas well. It begins by discussing preliminary data collection and land leasing. Key steps include obtaining permits, developing a drilling program, soliciting bids from contractors, and constructing access infrastructure. Safety systems like blowout preventers are also highlighted. The document then covers well drilling and completion activities such as installing casing, treating the formation, and installing lifting equipment. It provides an overview of the equipment used in rotary drilling like the derrick, kelly, drill pipe, drill bit, and mud circulation system.
In order to determine a field’s hydrocarbon in place it is necessary to model the distribution of fluids throughout the reservoir. A water saturation vs. height (Swh) function provides this for the reservoir model. A good Swh function ensures the three independent sources of fluid distribution data are consistent. These being the core, formation pressure and electrical log data. The Swh function must be simple to apply, especially in reservoirs where it is difficult to map permeability or where there appears to be multiple contacts. It must accurately upscale the log and core derived water saturations to the reservoir model cell sizes.
This presentation clarifies the often misunderstood definitions for the free-water-level, transition zone and irreducible water saturation. Using capillary pressure theory and the concept of fractals, a practical Swh function is derived. Logs and core data from eleven fields, with very different porosity and permeability characteristics, depositional environments and geological age are compared. This study demonstrated how this Swh function is independent of permeability and litho-facies type and accurately describes the reservoir fluid distribution.
The shape of the Swh function shows that of the transition zone is related more to pore geometry rather than porosity or permeability alone. Consequently, this Swh function gives insights into a reservoir’s quality as determined by its pore architecture. A number of case studies are presented showing the excellent match between the function and well data. The function makes an accurate prediction of water saturations even in wells where the resistivity log was not run due to well conditions. The function defines the free water level, the hydrocarbon to water contact, net reservoir and the irreducible water saturation for the reservoir model. The fractal function provides a simple way to quality control electrical log and core data and justifies using core plug sized samples to model water saturations on the reservoir scale.
The document discusses compaction and subsidence that can occur during oil and gas production due to a reduction in pore pressure. It describes how effective stress increases as pore pressure declines, causing the reservoir rock to compact. This compaction at the reservoir level can result in subsidence at the surface. Key factors that influence compaction and subsidence are identified as reservoir rock properties, thickness, pore pressure depletion, and areal extent. The ratio between subsurface compaction and surface subsidence is also addressed.
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
Ensayo de corte directo no drenado para suelos finosEduardo Coaquera
Ensayo realizado en POCOLLAY - TACNA , para un suelo fino en el cual se determino el angulo de friccion y cohesión de un suelo con el equipo de corte directo
Mechanized shaft sinking methods such as shaft drilling, shaft boring, raise boring, and box-hole drilling have advantages over conventional drill-and-blast methods including higher sinking rates, improved safety, and reduced costs. Shaft boring machines excavate the full shaft diameter simultaneously while shaft drilling reams the shaft from an initial pilot hole. Recent developments include the vertical shaft sinking machine for shallow depths and soft rocks, and the shaft boring machine paired with pilot hole drilling for deep shafts in hard rock. Mechanized methods allow for simultaneous excavation, mucking, and ground support.
This lab report examines rock cores to determine their Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Solid Core Recovery (SCR), and Total Core Recovery (TCR). The RQD, SCR, and TCR are calculated for two rock core boxes based on measurements of core piece length, discontinuity type, and core box recovery length. For both core boxes, the RQD is found to be in the "good" range, indicating good rock mass quality. The SCR and TCR are also high, showing good core recovery. The report analyzes the cores to evaluate the rock properties and conditions.
Stress is a concept fundamental to Rock Mechanics principles and applications. There is a pre-existing state in the rock mass and we need to understand it, both directly, and as a stress state applies to analysis and design.
Este documento trata sobre la resistencia al esfuerzo cortante de los suelos. Explica los mecanismos de resistencia al corte, incluyendo la fricción entre partículas, la cohesión y la superposición. También describe el criterio de ruptura de Mohr-Coulomb y diferentes ensayos de laboratorio como el ensayo de corte directo y el ensayo triaxial para medir la resistencia al corte.
This document discusses a full-scale test conducted on the environmental impact of installing diaphragm wall trenches for underground metro stations in Amsterdam. The test monitored ground deformations, pile settlements, and impacts on pile bearing capacity during the sequential excavation and concreting of adjoining diaphragm wall panels. Test results were used to validate 3D finite element models that were developed to predict environmental impacts. The full-scale test was performed at a construction site with soil conditions representative of the area and provided valuable data on diaphragm wall installation processes.
Schlumberger - Drilling and Measurement Segment - Internship PresentationZorays Solar Pakistan
I learnt about all the Drilling and Measurement equipment and procedures. During the internship period, I had to survey few technical modules which were specific to Drilling and Measurment segment, which included
• an introduction to Drilling & Measurment segment and its core services
• interpretation of Direction & Inclination terminologies
• learning of Telemetry procedures and working of Measurement While Drilling tools
• understanding of Surface System structure.
Why we need a Water Saturation vs. Height function for reservoir modelling.
Definitions: Free-Water-Level, HWC, Net, Swirr
Several case studies showing applications to reservoir modelling.
To determine a field’s hydrocarbon in place, it is necessary to model the distribution of hydrocarbon and water
throughout the reservoir. A water saturation vs. height (SwH) function provides this for the reservoir model. A
good SwH function ensures the three independent sources of fluid distribution data are consistent. These being
the core, formation pressure and electrical log data. The SwH function must be simple to apply, especially in
reservoirs where it is difficult to map permeability or where there appears to be multiple contacts. It must
accurately upscale the log and core derived water saturations to the reservoir model cell sizes.
This presentation clarifies the, often misunderstood, definitions for the free-water-level (FWL), transition zone
and irreducible water saturation. Using capillary pressure theory and the concept of fractals, a convincing SwH
function is derived from first principles. The derivation is simpler than with classical functions as there is no
porosity banding. Several case studies are presented showing the excellent match between the function and
well data. The function makes an accurate prediction of water saturations, even in wells where the resistivity
log was not run, due to well conditions. Logs and core data from eleven fields, with vastly different porosity and
permeability characteristics, depositional environments, and geological age, are compared. These
demonstrates how this SwH function is independent of permeability and litho-facies type and accurately
describes the reservoir fluid distribution.
The function determines the free water level, the hydrocarbon to water contact (HWC), net reservoir cut-off,
the irreducible water saturation, and the shape of the transition zone for the reservoir model. The function
provides a simple way to quality control electrical log and core data and justifies using core plug sized samples
to model water saturations on the reservoir scale. The presentation describes how the function has been used
to predict fluid contacts in wells where they are unclear, or where the contact is below the total depth of the
well. As the function uses the FWL as its base, it explains the apparently varying HWC in some fields and how
low porosity reservoirs can be fully water saturated for hundreds of feet above the FWL.
This simple convincing function calculates water saturation as a function of the height above the free water level
and the bulk volume of water and is independent of the porosity and permeability of the reservoir. It was voted
the best paper at the 1993 SPWLA Symposium in Calgary.
This document discusses several mining equipment technologies: a double ended ranging drum shearer with drums at the front and rear of the body; a roadheader excavation machine with a boom-mounted cutting head and conveyor; a mechanized roof bolter used to install bolts in mines; a hydraulic face drilling rig for precise, automated drilling; environmental telemonitoring systems; and in-pit crushing and conveying systems. For each technology, several advantages are listed but not described. The document also includes references but no other content.
Rock mass classification or rock mass rating of rock materials in civil and m...Ulimella Siva Sankar
1. Rock mass classification systems provide a methodology to characterize rock mass strength using simple measurements and allow geologic data to be converted into quantitative engineering parameters.
2. The most widely used systems are RQD, RMR, and Q-system which evaluate factors like rock quality, joint conditions, and groundwater to determine an overall classification.
3. Classification systems estimate the rock mass strength and deformability, which can then be input into numerical models to design underground mine openings and support requirements.
The document discusses mudline suspension systems used for offshore drilling. It describes how the system allows the weight of the well to be transferred to the seabed and provides a disconnect capability. Key components include butt-weld subs, shoulder hangers, split-ring hangers, mudline hangers, and temporary abandonment caps. The system also allows the well to be temporarily abandoned when drilling is finished and reconnected later for completion.
This document provides an overview of geomechanics concepts for petroleum engineers. It discusses stress and strain theory, elasticity, homogeneous and heterogeneous stress fields, principal stresses, and the Mohr circle construction. It also covers rock deformation mechanisms including cataclasis and intracrystalline plasticity. Key concepts are defined such as normal and shear stress, elastic moduli like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, elastic stress-strain equations, and strain measures including conventional, quadratic, and natural strain.
This document discusses rock density and porosity, which are key factors in estimating hydrocarbon potential. It defines density, porosity, and their relationship. Density is the mass per volume of a substance, while porosity is the nonsolid or pore volume fraction. There is an inverse relationship between density and porosity - as porosity increases, density decreases. The document also discusses different measurement techniques, both in the laboratory and in situ, and provides examples of how density changes with depth and can be impacted by pore pressure.
Nurek rockfill dam (300 m). Problem of seismic safety of dam (4 p.)Yury Lyapichev
Serious problem of dam seismic safety was tried to be solved by reinforced concrete belt-elements incorporated in the upper part of upstream zone & clay core. But due to large construction settlements of this zone & core this solution was useless & expensive
Este documento presenta la clasificación de dos suelos según el Sistema Unificado de Clasificación de Suelos (SUCS). El primer suelo se clasifica como suelo arcilloso (CL) debido a que más del 80% pasa el tamiz No. 200, tiene un límite líquido de 25% y un índice de plasticidad de 15. El segundo suelo se clasifica como suelo arenoso arcilloso (SC) dado que más del 60% pasa el tamiz No. 200 pero más del 90% pasa el tamiz No. 4, tiene un límite líqu
Correlation survey and depth measurement in underground metal minesSafdar Ali
This document discusses various methods for correlation surveys and depth measurement in underground metal mines. Correlation surveys are essential for correctly locating underground workings, combining adjacent areas and seams, and connecting underground passages. Key methods discussed include direct traversing through inclined adits, magnetic methods using compasses or theodolites, optical methods, and shaft plumbing techniques like the single wire or two wire methods. Instruments mentioned that can be used include steel tapes, invar tapes, electronic distance meters, plumb wires, lasers, gyroscopes, and total stations. The document also provides examples and details on specific techniques like the two shaft single wire method, exact alignment method, and Weisbach triangle method.
This document discusses blasting rock through the use of explosives. It provides an overview of blast design and the types of explosives commonly used, including dynamite, slurries, and ANFO. It explains concepts like burden, stemming, and delay devices. The goal of the document is to provide guidance on designing blast hole layouts and calculating explosive amounts for effective blasting of rock.
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
Ensayo de corte directo no drenado para suelos finosEduardo Coaquera
Ensayo realizado en POCOLLAY - TACNA , para un suelo fino en el cual se determino el angulo de friccion y cohesión de un suelo con el equipo de corte directo
Mechanized shaft sinking methods such as shaft drilling, shaft boring, raise boring, and box-hole drilling have advantages over conventional drill-and-blast methods including higher sinking rates, improved safety, and reduced costs. Shaft boring machines excavate the full shaft diameter simultaneously while shaft drilling reams the shaft from an initial pilot hole. Recent developments include the vertical shaft sinking machine for shallow depths and soft rocks, and the shaft boring machine paired with pilot hole drilling for deep shafts in hard rock. Mechanized methods allow for simultaneous excavation, mucking, and ground support.
This lab report examines rock cores to determine their Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Solid Core Recovery (SCR), and Total Core Recovery (TCR). The RQD, SCR, and TCR are calculated for two rock core boxes based on measurements of core piece length, discontinuity type, and core box recovery length. For both core boxes, the RQD is found to be in the "good" range, indicating good rock mass quality. The SCR and TCR are also high, showing good core recovery. The report analyzes the cores to evaluate the rock properties and conditions.
Stress is a concept fundamental to Rock Mechanics principles and applications. There is a pre-existing state in the rock mass and we need to understand it, both directly, and as a stress state applies to analysis and design.
Este documento trata sobre la resistencia al esfuerzo cortante de los suelos. Explica los mecanismos de resistencia al corte, incluyendo la fricción entre partículas, la cohesión y la superposición. También describe el criterio de ruptura de Mohr-Coulomb y diferentes ensayos de laboratorio como el ensayo de corte directo y el ensayo triaxial para medir la resistencia al corte.
This document discusses a full-scale test conducted on the environmental impact of installing diaphragm wall trenches for underground metro stations in Amsterdam. The test monitored ground deformations, pile settlements, and impacts on pile bearing capacity during the sequential excavation and concreting of adjoining diaphragm wall panels. Test results were used to validate 3D finite element models that were developed to predict environmental impacts. The full-scale test was performed at a construction site with soil conditions representative of the area and provided valuable data on diaphragm wall installation processes.
Schlumberger - Drilling and Measurement Segment - Internship PresentationZorays Solar Pakistan
I learnt about all the Drilling and Measurement equipment and procedures. During the internship period, I had to survey few technical modules which were specific to Drilling and Measurment segment, which included
• an introduction to Drilling & Measurment segment and its core services
• interpretation of Direction & Inclination terminologies
• learning of Telemetry procedures and working of Measurement While Drilling tools
• understanding of Surface System structure.
Why we need a Water Saturation vs. Height function for reservoir modelling.
Definitions: Free-Water-Level, HWC, Net, Swirr
Several case studies showing applications to reservoir modelling.
To determine a field’s hydrocarbon in place, it is necessary to model the distribution of hydrocarbon and water
throughout the reservoir. A water saturation vs. height (SwH) function provides this for the reservoir model. A
good SwH function ensures the three independent sources of fluid distribution data are consistent. These being
the core, formation pressure and electrical log data. The SwH function must be simple to apply, especially in
reservoirs where it is difficult to map permeability or where there appears to be multiple contacts. It must
accurately upscale the log and core derived water saturations to the reservoir model cell sizes.
This presentation clarifies the, often misunderstood, definitions for the free-water-level (FWL), transition zone
and irreducible water saturation. Using capillary pressure theory and the concept of fractals, a convincing SwH
function is derived from first principles. The derivation is simpler than with classical functions as there is no
porosity banding. Several case studies are presented showing the excellent match between the function and
well data. The function makes an accurate prediction of water saturations, even in wells where the resistivity
log was not run, due to well conditions. Logs and core data from eleven fields, with vastly different porosity and
permeability characteristics, depositional environments, and geological age, are compared. These
demonstrates how this SwH function is independent of permeability and litho-facies type and accurately
describes the reservoir fluid distribution.
The function determines the free water level, the hydrocarbon to water contact (HWC), net reservoir cut-off,
the irreducible water saturation, and the shape of the transition zone for the reservoir model. The function
provides a simple way to quality control electrical log and core data and justifies using core plug sized samples
to model water saturations on the reservoir scale. The presentation describes how the function has been used
to predict fluid contacts in wells where they are unclear, or where the contact is below the total depth of the
well. As the function uses the FWL as its base, it explains the apparently varying HWC in some fields and how
low porosity reservoirs can be fully water saturated for hundreds of feet above the FWL.
This simple convincing function calculates water saturation as a function of the height above the free water level
and the bulk volume of water and is independent of the porosity and permeability of the reservoir. It was voted
the best paper at the 1993 SPWLA Symposium in Calgary.
This document discusses several mining equipment technologies: a double ended ranging drum shearer with drums at the front and rear of the body; a roadheader excavation machine with a boom-mounted cutting head and conveyor; a mechanized roof bolter used to install bolts in mines; a hydraulic face drilling rig for precise, automated drilling; environmental telemonitoring systems; and in-pit crushing and conveying systems. For each technology, several advantages are listed but not described. The document also includes references but no other content.
Rock mass classification or rock mass rating of rock materials in civil and m...Ulimella Siva Sankar
1. Rock mass classification systems provide a methodology to characterize rock mass strength using simple measurements and allow geologic data to be converted into quantitative engineering parameters.
2. The most widely used systems are RQD, RMR, and Q-system which evaluate factors like rock quality, joint conditions, and groundwater to determine an overall classification.
3. Classification systems estimate the rock mass strength and deformability, which can then be input into numerical models to design underground mine openings and support requirements.
The document discusses mudline suspension systems used for offshore drilling. It describes how the system allows the weight of the well to be transferred to the seabed and provides a disconnect capability. Key components include butt-weld subs, shoulder hangers, split-ring hangers, mudline hangers, and temporary abandonment caps. The system also allows the well to be temporarily abandoned when drilling is finished and reconnected later for completion.
This document provides an overview of geomechanics concepts for petroleum engineers. It discusses stress and strain theory, elasticity, homogeneous and heterogeneous stress fields, principal stresses, and the Mohr circle construction. It also covers rock deformation mechanisms including cataclasis and intracrystalline plasticity. Key concepts are defined such as normal and shear stress, elastic moduli like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, elastic stress-strain equations, and strain measures including conventional, quadratic, and natural strain.
This document discusses rock density and porosity, which are key factors in estimating hydrocarbon potential. It defines density, porosity, and their relationship. Density is the mass per volume of a substance, while porosity is the nonsolid or pore volume fraction. There is an inverse relationship between density and porosity - as porosity increases, density decreases. The document also discusses different measurement techniques, both in the laboratory and in situ, and provides examples of how density changes with depth and can be impacted by pore pressure.
Nurek rockfill dam (300 m). Problem of seismic safety of dam (4 p.)Yury Lyapichev
Serious problem of dam seismic safety was tried to be solved by reinforced concrete belt-elements incorporated in the upper part of upstream zone & clay core. But due to large construction settlements of this zone & core this solution was useless & expensive
Este documento presenta la clasificación de dos suelos según el Sistema Unificado de Clasificación de Suelos (SUCS). El primer suelo se clasifica como suelo arcilloso (CL) debido a que más del 80% pasa el tamiz No. 200, tiene un límite líquido de 25% y un índice de plasticidad de 15. El segundo suelo se clasifica como suelo arenoso arcilloso (SC) dado que más del 60% pasa el tamiz No. 200 pero más del 90% pasa el tamiz No. 4, tiene un límite líqu
Correlation survey and depth measurement in underground metal minesSafdar Ali
This document discusses various methods for correlation surveys and depth measurement in underground metal mines. Correlation surveys are essential for correctly locating underground workings, combining adjacent areas and seams, and connecting underground passages. Key methods discussed include direct traversing through inclined adits, magnetic methods using compasses or theodolites, optical methods, and shaft plumbing techniques like the single wire or two wire methods. Instruments mentioned that can be used include steel tapes, invar tapes, electronic distance meters, plumb wires, lasers, gyroscopes, and total stations. The document also provides examples and details on specific techniques like the two shaft single wire method, exact alignment method, and Weisbach triangle method.
This document discusses blasting rock through the use of explosives. It provides an overview of blast design and the types of explosives commonly used, including dynamite, slurries, and ANFO. It explains concepts like burden, stemming, and delay devices. The goal of the document is to provide guidance on designing blast hole layouts and calculating explosive amounts for effective blasting of rock.
numerical study and analytical solution of P-wave attenuation insensitive und...Hamed Zarei
1) The document analyzes P-wave attenuation in underground rock structures through both analytical and numerical methods.
2) Analytical and numerical results show that any vacuum or cavity in rock mass greatly increases P-wave attenuation, while rock material with mechanical strength properties in a virtual space decreases attenuation and increases wave energy transmission.
3) Key parameters analyzed include the density and properties of virtual spaces and joints, and results show that factors like cavity thickness and density contrast have significant effects on wave attenuation.
Intelligent back analysis using data from the instrument (poster)Hamed Zarei
This document presents a model using artificial neural networks for back analysis of tunnel monitoring data from the Chehel Chai water conveyance tunnel in Iran. Input data from 27 parameters across 3 categories were used to train a neural network model on results from 18 convergence stations. The trained model was then able to accurately estimate rock mass elasticity and in situ stress values based on new monitoring data, demonstrating its effectiveness for intelligent back analysis of future tunnel monitoring results.
The document discusses brittle fracture and stress-controlled failure in tunneling. It describes how stresses concentrate and relax around underground excavations, which can lead to problems like spalling and rockbursts. Spalling occurs when stresses concentrate and exceed the rock strength, causing slabs or wedges to detach from the tunnel walls or roof. Rockbursts are sudden violent failures caused by the buildup and release of strain energy. The document examines failure mechanisms from both phenomenological and mechanistic perspectives, discussing theories like Mohr-Coulomb criteria and Griffith crack propagation theory. It emphasizes that brittle rock strength is stress-dependent and damage initiates at stresses well below peak strength.
The document discusses the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) for excavating tunnels in weak rock. Some key points of the NATM include: (1) controlling ground deformations by applying early temporary support like rock bolts and shotcrete, (2) using flexible support that deforms with the ground, and (3) closing the tunnel invert quickly to form a load-bearing ring. The NATM also emphasizes monitoring ground movements and revising support as needed to maintain stability. While economical by matching support to conditions, the NATM requires cooperation between engineers to determine daily support requirements.
Tunnelling & underground design (Topic5-hard & weak rock tunnelling)Hamed Zarei
The document discusses different methods for excavating tunnels in rock, including drill-and-blast and mechanical excavation using tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Drill-and-blast involves drilling holes, loading them with explosives, and detonating them in a sequence according to a blast design. TBMs can excavate continuously using a rotating cutter head equipped with cutting tools. Factors that influence the performance of each method include rock properties, drilling/cutting rates, tool wear, and downtime. The goal is to optimize the energy used and fragmentation produced during excavation.
This document discusses various tunnelling methods for soft ground, including cut and cover, shield tunnelling using compressed air or slurry, and earth pressure balance tunnelling. Cut and cover involves excavating a trench and placing pre-cast concrete segments, and was used for 75% of the Canada Line project in Vancouver. Shield tunnelling methods provide constant support to the advancing tunnel face. Compressed air shields fell out of favor due to health and safety issues, while slurry shields use bentonite slurry to support the face but require expensive separation plants. Earth pressure balance tunnelling was developed to address limitations of slurry shields, supporting the face through pressure control without slurry or separation plants.
Tunnelling & underground design (Topic3-geotechnical data baseline reports)Hamed Zarei
This document discusses risk management in tunneling projects. It begins by providing context on managing hazards in tunneling projects such as contractual disputes, unforeseen conditions, and equipment failures. It then discusses how contracts are used to manage financial risk and trends toward design-build contracts with tight schedules and budgets. An example is given of the St. Gotthard tunnel project that went over budget and late due to pressure to meet deadlines. The document outlines the risk management process of identifying hazards, analyzing probability and consequences, evaluating risk, and implementing risk reduction measures. It discusses owner-contractor roles and responsibilities in risk management as well as types of tunneling contracts and approaches to construction delivery such as design-build. The document concludes
The Gotthard Base Tunnel project in Switzerland faced significant geological uncertainties and challenges during construction. Known risks included water inflows and weak ground conditions in brittle fault zones, squeezing ground in weak rock masses, and potential rockbursts in deep, high-stress sections. Unknown risks that emerged included unexpectedly thick and extensive buried valleys during the construction of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel, which caused a major flood during construction. For the Gotthard Base Tunnel, running ground conditions in water-saturated dolomite formations and the crossing of subhorizontal faults near Faido presented challenges that led to project delays and cost overruns. Addressing these complex geological conditions and unknowns required extensive geological investigations and flexible tunnel construction
Tunnelling & underground design (Topic1-introduction to the tunnelling industry)Hamed Zarei
This document provides an overview of past and present tunnelling projects and challenges. It discusses the stuck Bertha tunnel boring machine in Seattle which has been stuck since 2013 due to overheating. It also discusses cost overruns and litigation on the Seymour-Capilano Twin Tunnels project in BC. Finally, it provides details on the course topics, lectures, and assignments for an introduction to tunnelling class.
53. Core Discing
Fig. 5 Discing between 1,920 and 1,931.2 m depth. The core is
oriented with depth increasing from top to bottom and from left to
right
53
60. منابع:
In situ stress Marek Cała – Katedra Geomechaniki,
Budownictwa i Geotechniki
In Situ Stresses &
Stress Measurement
Dr. Erik Eberhardt
Insitu Stress Measurements
U.Siva Sankar
Sr. Under Manager
Project Planning
Singareni Collieries Company Ltd
Stress measurements in
deep boreholes using the
Borre (SSPB) probe
J. Sj .oberg*, H. Klasson
SwedPower AB, Lule ( a, Sweden
Accepted10 July 2003
Geotechnisches Ingenieurbüro
Prof. Fecker & Partner GmbHStress-relief Methods
In situ rock stress determinations
in deep boreholes at the
Underground Research
Laboratory
P.M. Thompson, N.A. Chandler