A B S T R A C T
During the different period of architectural design, designers attempt to achieve high level of life quality for all users. Architecture and urban planner want to provide a style of design which not only achieves different function for different users with respect to their ethnicity, ability, age, sex, capability, position, and life style but also improve friendly environment throughout responsive legislation based on long-term planning. Although, the styles are considered some indicators, it is ignored the other important characteristics. Therefore, the existing styles never achieve standard level of satisfaction of different people. The goal of the research is to introduce meta-postmodern style as supplement stylistic approach. The style tries to consider all important indicators that create a strategic long-term planning for different generations. Various characteristics of new style can be applied to improve the quality of human life and provide a health, livable and sustainable planning for all users.
A B S T R A C T
Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn’t adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
A B S T R A C T
During the different period of architectural design, designers attempt to achieve high level of life quality for all users. Architecture and urban planner want to provide a style of design which not only achieves different function for different users with respect to their ethnicity, ability, age, sex, capability, position, and life style but also improve friendly environment throughout responsive legislation based on long-term planning. Although, the styles are considered some indicators, it is ignored the other important characteristics. Therefore, the existing styles never achieve standard level of satisfaction of different people. The goal of the research is to introduce meta-postmodern style as supplement stylistic approach. The style tries to consider all important indicators that create a strategic long-term planning for different generations. Various characteristics of new style can be applied to improve the quality of human life and provide a health, livable and sustainable planning for all users.
A B S T R A C T
Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn’t adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Urban design is concerned with the arrangement, appearance and function of our suburbs, towns and cities. It is both a process and an outcome of creating localities in which people live, engage with each other, and engage with the physical place around them.
A B S T R A C T
This article aims at following the traces of the transformation of public sphere in Turkey through its manifestations on urban public spaces with the case study of Taksim Square. In this attempt, the article illustrates how Taksim square, as a public space, has been shaped by struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, national, supranational and global scales. Through this way this article also aims at understanding how these contestations at different scales are affecting people, individually and collectively, from daily life practices to political integration. The article also discusses that our daily life practices and preferences are political decisions and our participation in public sphere occurs through those daily actions of the personal spheres. Therefore, the article suggests that a paradigm shift is needed in the design and production of the built environments that will facilitate the coexistence of multiple counter publics.
A B S T R A C T
The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context.
Journal Of CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 37-50.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-4
www.ijcua.com
Here is the full set of notes as in topics of urban designing. this work is done by 2013-2018 architecture batch (SDPS college of architecture). hope it will help you find yours.
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civej
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city. What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically.
The concept of knowledge-based urban development has first come to the urban planning and development agenda during the very last years of the 20th century as a promising paradigm to support the transformation process of cities into knowledge cities and their societies into knowledge societies
Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments:
Effect of gentrification in the process of sustainable urban revitalization
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
E mail: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)1-9
Urban design is concerned with the arrangement, appearance and function of our suburbs, towns and cities. It is both a process and an outcome of creating localities in which people live, engage with each other, and engage with the physical place around them.
A B S T R A C T
This article aims at following the traces of the transformation of public sphere in Turkey through its manifestations on urban public spaces with the case study of Taksim Square. In this attempt, the article illustrates how Taksim square, as a public space, has been shaped by struggles between different ideologies, discourses, political decisions and daily activities taking place at personal, interpersonal, local, national, supranational and global scales. Through this way this article also aims at understanding how these contestations at different scales are affecting people, individually and collectively, from daily life practices to political integration. The article also discusses that our daily life practices and preferences are political decisions and our participation in public sphere occurs through those daily actions of the personal spheres. Therefore, the article suggests that a paradigm shift is needed in the design and production of the built environments that will facilitate the coexistence of multiple counter publics.
A B S T R A C T
The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context.
Journal Of CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 37-50.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-4
www.ijcua.com
Here is the full set of notes as in topics of urban designing. this work is done by 2013-2018 architecture batch (SDPS college of architecture). hope it will help you find yours.
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civej
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city. What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically.
The concept of knowledge-based urban development has first come to the urban planning and development agenda during the very last years of the 20th century as a promising paradigm to support the transformation process of cities into knowledge cities and their societies into knowledge societies
Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments:
Effect of gentrification in the process of sustainable urban revitalization
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
E mail: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)1-9
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
Welcome to a world where completing your architecture assignments with precision and excellence is not only achievable but also hassle-free. At ArchitectureAssignmentHelp.com, we understand the challenges students face when tackling complex architectural concepts within tight deadlines. That's why we're here to offer you comprehensive assistance that goes beyond just getting the work done – we're dedicated to helping you truly understand and excel in your assignments.
Our platform is tailored to meet the specific needs of architecture students like you. Our team consists of seasoned architectural experts who bring both academic knowledge and practical experience to the table. Whether you're struggling with conceptual design, in-depth analysis, or visual presentations, we've got you covered.
We take pride in delivering plagiarism-free, original content that aligns with your academic requirements. Our user-friendly process ensures that you get the support you need efficiently: simply submit your assignment details, receive a competitive quote, and let our experts work their magic. Plus, with 24/7 customer support, you're never alone in your academic journey.
Join the ranks of successful students who have not only improved their grades but also gained a deeper understanding of architectural principles. Don't let assignments hold you back – let ArchitectureAssignmentHelp.com be your partner in achieving academic excellence. Visit us today and experience the difference firsthand!
Integration of Urban Design and Industrial Estate Planning, a Case Study: Med...drboon
There is no clear sense of urban design direction and even though considerable progress has been made in social and economic aspects, the quality of physical urban environment is still relatively low. While there are numerous studies commenting on urban design elements in city centre, little was written on the design elements of industrial areas. This paper will try to compare two industrial estates (KIM I and KIM II) in Medan, Indonesia as a case study. The aim is to have some assessment of how some urban design elements are being applied in both areas. To do this, urban design elements from Lynch (path, edge, district, node and landmark) and design guidelines from The Ministry of Industry were combined and used for analysis. From the comparison, KIM I development was more ad hoc and KIM II has more complete facilities and more friendly. Urban development in these cases continues to face the issues of accommodating economic development with a more balanced approach which includes promoting environmental sustainability, reconciling old and new development as well as matching development plans with economic expansion.
A presentation of the International Master in architecture 2013 at Associated Faculty of Architecture of the KU Leuven, LUCA, Campus Sint-Lucas, Brussels and Ghent, Belgium
Bab Al-Bahrain Avenue is one of the liveliest streets and its location is in the intermediate of the historical part that gave the avenue a strong historical dimension in the urban context of Manama city, Kingdom of Bahrain. Moreover, the avenue has economic and cultural significance activities. The socio-economic value of Bab-AL Bahrain and the gold market make them the busiest streets in Manama. The existing users of the avenue are variable between residences, local visitors and tourist. Unfortunately, with the rapid urban developing for the Manama City in general and Bab Al Bahrain area, and the changing for the economic base for most of the original families they moved to other suitable places to them while new non-Bahraini replaced them. As a result, the sense of identity and belonging is not considerable. Consequently, the identity for these areas is in its way to disappear. This research analyzed the street furniture condition and focused on the act of street furniture role in revitalizing Bahraini identity in such an area. Moreover, the research draws the point of revitalizing the sense of belonging for the residences, which will influence positively upon the open spaces’ conditions and the visual quality.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
A B S T R A C T
Aesthetics as a discipline was originally part of philosophy and cosmology, primarily it was used to create a holistic picture of the world. Throughout history, subject and tasks of aesthetics as a discipline have been changing in different historical, cultural, religious and artistic discourses, nature and the beauty of objects intentionally produced by man, but doubts in division of aesthetic experiences in comparison to these variants of beauty. One of the cities where started to rebuild in North Iraq after the Saddam Hussein s regime was Erbil. This fact has evidently started to come out as a problem of urban conservation that results in the loss of architectural and social values of the historical settings. New building in a historical settlement is an urban conservation problem that forms out a methodology of analyzing and evaluating the existing built fabric with a typological study, making an interpretation of it commenting on the legal regulations and introducing new principles that are based on the synthesis of the past and today for providing historical continuity and preserving urban identity despite the continuous change. The study revealed that by using local and traditional elements in modern architecture there is a possibility to protect historical building.
Case Law Analysis - Intellectual PropertyIn this unit, you will .docxcowinhelen
Case Law Analysis - Intellectual Property
In this unit, you will select a case law pertaining to the topic of intellectual property.
Each case law analysis allows you to express yourself as clearly and fully as possible in dissecting a court decision. The purpose of the assignment is two-fold:
1. To give you the opportunity to read a real court decision.
2. To challenge you to think about how you would have decided the case. In your case law analyses, you must be able to navigate the court's decision and summarize it; you are not expected to act as a judge or an advocate.
Using your selected court decision, prepare an analysis that responds to the following:
1. Articulates the importance, context, purpose, and relevance of law in a business environment:
. Identify the parties who are before the court.
. Provide a brief background to the problem. Summarize the facts in no more than 2–3 paragraphs.
. Identify what is the specific disagreement between the parties.
. Explain the ruling of the court in no more than 1–2 paragraphs.
· Evaluates key judicial concepts that influence the decisions related to business:
. Was there a dissenting opinion? If so, explain why some of the judges or justices disagreed with the majority in the decision.
. Do you agree with the court's decision? Why or why not?
You may choose any court case, either state or federal, as the basis for your case law analysis; however, the case should be applicable to the assignment topic. The recommended Web sites for researching and locating a case are listed in the Resources area.
Your analysis should be no more than two pages, double-spaced. References and citations are to adhere to APA formatting and style guidelines. Prior to submitting your assignment, be sure to review the scoring guide to ensure you have met all of the grading criteria.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Community Driven Urban Design: Social Practice Tactics for
Addressing Issues of the Built Environment
ABSTRACT:
Several professionals in the field of architecture and urban design employ creative tactics focused on social impact, civic
dialogue, and grass roots placemaking. Drawing on socially responsible urban design theory, as well as principles of arts-
based civic engagement and social change, these efforts have gained momentum in the 21st century due to a variety of
economic, governmental, social and technological factors. This research capstone will include an extensive literature
review through two courses – PPPM 523 Urban Revitalization and an independent reading course on “bottom-up”
urban design with Professor Philip Speranza – as well as web-based document analysis of select case studies. The
purpose of this study is to locate these tactics within current urban redevelopment policy and arts-based community
development theory, and outline elements of best practice as a means of advancing the field of community driven urban
design.
KEYWORDS:
Urban revitalization, urban designers, built environm.
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
More from Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 46
on quality of human life. Although, there are
many benefits in being adapted with the
progressive modern cities and building, the
trend had been provided many problems
during this blind imitation. Glassy high rise
building and homogenized apartments was
seen everywhere in the cities regardless
environmental and cultural factors of the
metropolitans. According to the
disadvantages of the style, architecture and
urban planning understand that their design
should be considered all important values. So,
postmodern style tried to make integration
between past and present but the style caused
many disadvantages like lack of diversity and
consideration future people. Architecture and
urban design are more than science or art.
They can be defined a language that can
reflect spiritual, social, cultural and
environmental characters, national identity of
a specific region by symbolic meaning, and
prestige of structures. Design can have deep
influence on various aspects that they contain:
a) psychological, and health aspect of human;
b) our natural, physical and built environment;
c) social and cultural characteristic; d) cost of
life; e) health and needs of future generation.
Therefore, in the following context of the study
have been attempted to introduce a new
stylistic approach which based on long term
vision in order to make sustainable future cities.
The cities are designed based on strategic
meta-postmodernism style to support high
quality of human life for present and future
people. Meanwhile, the style try to provide post
nationality which is mean space and city not
only sustain sense of place for their local
people but also there are attractive and
memorable for strange people. The graph is
illustrated the structure of the study to consider
the important indicator of design which have
deep effect on improving the quality of life for
all generation.
Fifure 1. Structure of the Study.
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 47
2. Modern Style
Architecture and urban planning started to
give up the traditional styles and start to create
further form in constructions at the beginning of
20th century with respecting to distribution
Western modern architecture and from which
underpinned many significant concerns in our
world. After industrialization, the building was
made more affordable and stronger by using
new technology. The new technique created
an opportunities for designer to construct wider
spaces and taller building. Also, by using new
technology, mass production of materials
became easier and more inexpensive. In
addition, the new methods increased the
speed of construction process.
On the other hand, Morgan (1914) stated that
the introduction of modern period organized
fast urbanization and construction in cities.
Therefore, more homogenized cities and
continuity structure was appeared and the
cultural, traditional and vernacular
architecture was disappeared in designing.
Because the architecture only accepted the
modern style in their design and abandon the
traditional styles without any consideration. It
was the time to face with many disadvantages
such as designer try to construct affordable
building and public areas regardless
considering climatic characteristic. In
consequent, people should cost more but
received less profits or efficient (Mokhtarshahi,
2009). Also, ignoring the climatic factors will
enhance environmental pollution in long term
that it is able to decrease the human health
and more compromising life of future
generation. Moreover, aesthetical
characteristics are other crucial parameters in
architectural design but the consideration was
neglected in the built environment and
constructions (Schoon, 1992). It is so clear that
identity plays a significant role in civic life and
individuals’ culture however cities, spaces and
building can’t achieve sense of belonging for
the users (Fig.1).
Figure 2. Homogenized Building Create an Ugly
City and Lack of Sense of Place for Users (URL
1).
Thus, losing sense of place leaded to decrease
social participation/ communication, safety
and lack of identity increased social conflict,
crime and transgressions in towns. According
to advantages and disadvantage of this era of
architectural design has been illustrated in
Table1. To sum up, designer tried to make
integration between past and present so post-
modernism style started to overcome the
objectives of the designs.
Distribution Modern Design
Advantage Disadvantage
Stronger and more affordable
buildings
Constructed wider and taller
building
Speed in construction process
Continuity structure and homogenized cities
Disappear cultural & traditional architecture
More cost and less proficient
Polluted environment
Disappear sense of belongingness
Increase social problems and crime
Table 1. The advantage and disadvantage of Modern style.
3. Postmodern Style
As it is mentioned in previous section, city
governors and architects attempt to re-survive
city identity by applying post-modern style in
architecture and urban forms (Harvey, 1989).
Architecture understood that the structure
should contain cultural and social values so
they attempted to make integration between
past and present. Cities should develop the
sense of place in the built environment by
applying human’s culture and traditional
indicators. The idea of post-modernism was
applying urban process and constructions to
increase livability throughout traditional
environment. The style wants to increase local
sense of place by embedding culture and
regional architecture (Harvey, 1993). However,
the style of design doesn’t have long term
4. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 48
vision so some important indicators are ignored
such as future generation, the anticipated
consequences like increase older population
and some of the important human’s
requirements. Also, creativity and innovation
gave up design through the postmodern style.
Calinescu (1987) mentioned that the style is
meaningless because it uses empirical
knowledge. Lack of long term vision cause
urban sprawl, lose wild life and agricultural
ground, health communication, and social
segregation in the cities. On one hand,
designer focused on cultural and social
activities by integrating past and present on
the other hand they couldn’t overcome
objectives because of lack of strategic
planning. In the study will be introduced a new
approach to the new style in design based on
make sustainable cities with making strategic
harmony between past, present and future.
4. New Stylistic Approach to the Sustainable
Long-term Planning
Sustainability is a global process to support an
enduring future where environmental and
social factors have a parallel process with
economic dimensions (Newman, 2002). On the
other hand sustainability is defined by the
World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987) that the present people
can meet their own requirements without
ignoring the needs of future population to
meet their fundamental needs. The study
carefully has improved all of the significant
dimension in planning to define sustainable
planning with increasing quality of life for future
and current generation without compromising
the sense of place for present people.
4.1 Meta-postmodernism Style
The new style tries to consider the significant
characteristic of planning to create long term
planning and develop greenery spaces,
legibility, complexity, diversity, visual quality,
personalization, accessibility, coherence,
attractiveness, affordability, safety, comfort,
cleanliness, inclusivity, adaptability, availability,
and vitality in our environment. The style
planning wants to increase health contribution,
user satisfaction, various activities,
infrastructure necessities, rise of sense of
belonging or individual identity, and
aesthetical perception for current and future
generations. Therefore, the Meta-postmodern
style means after postmodernism that the new
approach focuses on environmental, physical,
cultural, social, economic, technological and
political dimensions which are defined in the
following sections.
4.1.1 environmental/natural characteristics
Topography is the initial survey to indicate the
general shape of the city or land which to
identify suitable planning for the land such as
drainage design for flat land or comfortable
planning for steep land. Topography plan
provide slope analysis to make advantages for
the design (Beer, Higgins, 2000). The slope of
land might be steep, moderate, and flat that
an appropriate design can moderate hazard
factors and take opportunities from this factor.
Topography has deep influence on receiving
suitable sun radiation and wind to increase
comfortable temperature in public and private
spaces of the city. Also, it can be exploited for
achieving visual and sensory characteristics by
creating aesthetical and recreational places.
Moreover, the character can impact on
suitable access and circulation for the users by
a good planning.
Table 2 shows the relationship between the
advantage of topography and the
dimensional of sustainability.
Topography
Visual and Sensory (health
characteristics)
Suitable sun radiation, wind and
drainage design (comfortable space
temperature)
Access and circulation
(community)
Environment Social Economic Environment Social Economic Environment Social Economic
√ √ √ √ √ √
Table 2. Integration between Topography Characteristics and Dimension of Sustainability.
Considering local climate is other important
consideration to achieve comfortable outdoor
and indoor spaces. The utilize local climate
characteristics is not a contemporary
innovation. Consideration of the data back to
much many years ago that unfortunately it is
ignored these days in our designing. Ignored
local climate in designing has caused increase
air pollution due to rise of co2 emission, urban
heat island, and decrease energy
5. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 49
consumption. Our designing based on local
climate could provide interior and exterior
comfortable space; heating protection in
different seasons and using solar energy for day
lighting according to suitable orientation. The
most significant factors in considering local
climate are human comfort not only at outdoor
spaces where is limited for air controlling also at
indoor spaces for decreasing energy cost. Air
movement, humidity and solar radiation are
climatic factors to influence on human comfort
(Beer, Higgins, 2000).
Figure 3. Climate Factors and Human Comfort
(Beer, Higgins, 2000)
Suitable space or building orientation,
receiving natural lighting, appropriate shading
elements for cooling hot climate, decreasing
air pollution are crucial factors which achieved
by considering solar radiation. Air movement is
measured by considering the speed of wind
and prevailing wind which are important for
decreasing hot temperature and air pollution.
Measuring the annual rainfall can have deep
effect on controlling humanity. Carful
considering local climate characteristics in
urban and building designing have deep
influence to decrease air pollution, fuel energy
consumption by achieving passive solar
energy and cost of energy. Also, the data
increase human comfort for outdoor activity
and recreational spaces.
Local Climate
Decrease air
pollution, urban
heat island
Achieving passive
solar energy
Increase
recreational activity
in outdoor spaces
Decrease cost of
energy and fuel energy
consumption
Environm
ent
Social
Economic
Environm
ent
Social
Economic
Environm
ent
Social
Economic
Environm
ent
Social
Economic
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Table 3. Integration between Local Climate Characteristics and Dimension of Sustainability
Vegetation, relative ecological value,
biodiversity and wildlife are the significant
information to have deep influence on energy
consumption, air quality, and provision
aesthetical consideration or urban
morphology (Laurie, 1979). Plants and greenery
properties can decrease the effect of hot
temperature and control solar glare as shading
elements. The natural properties on one hand
has influence on humidity by providing air
movement on the other hand can be utilized
to control the speed of wind. Additionally,
greenery area not only can provide the
Oxygen which is necessary for human life but
also decrease CO2 capacity in air which
increases air quality and human health.
Moreover, vegetation and biodiversity
property achieve more health communities,
urban vitality and aesthetical characteristics or
visual quality as decorative elements in cities. It
is so clear that noise pollution have deep effect
on psychological people health that the
greenery belt reduce noise level in building
and build environment. Table 4 shows
relationship between the natural indicators like
plants, biodiversity, and wildlife properties with
dimension of sustainability in order to increase
quality of human life and their civic life.
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 50
Vegetation, Relative Ecological Value, Biodiversity and Wildlife
health communities,
urban vitality
Increase air quality
and decrease sound/
air pollution
Energy consumption
(control air movement,
solar glare)
Visual and aesthetical
consideration (urban
morphology)
Environme
nt
Social
Economic
Environme
nt
Social
Economic
Environme
nt
Social
Economic
Environme
nt
Social
Economic
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Table 4. Integration between Plants, Wildlife Properties and Dimension of Sustainability.
Soil and water quality are the other significant
sources to improve plants, wildlife, ecological
and biodiversity values which have deep
influence on the quality of individual life. The
soil information defines the bearing capacity of
the site to provide suitable bed for growing
different vegetation, agricultural productions,
and land management practices.
Conservation of water resources, greenery
properties, natural habits, landscape
characteristics, visual qualities will be provided
by considering soil information (Courtney,
Trudgill, 1984). Additionally, water quality
provides fertile land for growing vegetation,
shaping landscape, controlling flood.
Moreover, water provides visual and
aesthetical characteristics as well.
Geology (Water, Soil)
Increase agricultural
land for providing food
requirement
Growing the quality of
vegetation, relative
ecological value,
biodiversity & wildlife
Increasing water and
soil quality
Visual & aesthetical
consideration (urban
morphology)
Environmen
t
Social
Economic
Environmen
t
Social
Economic
Environmen
t
Social
Economic
Environmen
t
Social
Economic
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Table 5. Integration between Water and Soil Quality and Dimension of Sustainability.
Additionally, the designer should consider the
items that are given below:
Interconnected streets with friendly
pedestrians and cyclists, to avoid car-
dependency for users;
Suitable and enough garages and parking
spaces;
Providing seasonal strategy, lighting and
furniture in sidewalks to encourage people
for walking;
Waste management and recycling bins;
Use of recycling and renewable material;
Utilization renewable and endless energy;
Increase quality of parks and conservation
of lands to define and connect
neighborhoods and districts with highly
sense of belonging
Improve the fuel efficiency of public
transportation, improved regulations due to
construction environmentally friendly
transportation systems.
4.1.2 Physical Characteristics
Urban and building form has impact influence
on the quality of urban life that the suitable
urban form will be achieved by providing
strategic planning, socio-economic planning
and making harmony between the built
environment with local and regional
environmental realities. Applied suitable form in
our designing has deep effect on energy
consumption and CO2 emission. Size of city and
building is other physical characteristics to
7. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 51
achieve the best balance of economies,
measuring spatial accessibility, effect on
intensity and scale of environmental elements
(Atkinson, 1993). Optimum the size of building
and cities influence on controlling population
size, consumption level of primary resources, air
pollution, decrease environmental
degradation, rising human health and safety,
conserving ecological factors, and urban
efficiency. For example, Height of building is
the other elements that the feature impacts on
air quality, urban heat island, and safety.
Controlling densification of build environment
has high connected with different problems
including infrastructure overload,
overpopulation, congestion, air pollution,
urban heat island, demand energy for cooling,
health hazards, lack of public and green space
and environmental degradation (Hardoy et al.,
1990). In addition, excessive energy use and
high carbon emission rates can be decreased
by changing the urban structure to achieve
sustainability by the restructuring of urban
mobility systems and transport planning, and
harmonization between the built environment
and natural environment. Suitable urban
structure is applied to create short journeys,
easy access to environmentally and socially
sustainable opportunities. Also, an appropriate
urban structure provide ‘concentrated
decentralization’ by improving architectural
design, the use of mixed land use and
intensification strategies. The consideration has
deep influence on achieving energy savings,
urban energy efficiency, better access to
nature and green space, and social and
aesthetic improvements.
4.1.3 Cultural Characteristics
According to Rapoport (1997), the way of life,
human value and behaviors, culture, human
activities, and religious are significant values to
express identity of built environment. People
come from different country can be
distinguished or defined by their culture
because culture have deep relationship with
the individuals’ lifestyle and their behavior.
Culture firstly sustain the identity of people
which bring sense of belonging for individuals,
secondly culture is the fundamental element to
design a place for living because it can control
their behavior, thirdly, the vital role of culture is
to give meaning to a place as a framework
that the place becomes memorable for
people (Rapoport, 1995). Unfortunately, after
globalization the fundamental factor was
ignored because of increase immigration so
lack of identity and sense of belonging was
occurred and the consequences caused
many problems in cities. Therefore, designers
understand that they should make a
relationship between past with the current and
future especially in historical and traditional
environment where totally reflect the culture
and identity of the settlements. Designer should
be responsible in designing the built
environment towards past, current and future
generations. Contextual design is a major
discussion between all designers to consider
the visual, spatial characteristics and the local
needs in designing our surrounding. Contextual
design try to represent the sense of belonging
and identity of our environment for local
people also it focus on contemporary design to
consider the aesthetical characteristics for
stranger and future population. The design
identifies the historical and cultural values,
scale, proportion, balance, rhythm, details,
orientation and sitting location in streetscape
and cityscape. Distinctiveness, visual
appropriateness, and attractiveness are
created through considering cultural values by
contextual design.
4.1.4 Social Characteristics
When the city provides social cohesion for
different people and mix use land for health
communication, social characteristics will be
achieved. Social justice is a process of
developing a community to provide through
diversity and mixed use land where people
share their values and challenges in equal
opportunities. In order to create livable city
with health communication, the most
important characteristic is provision inclusive
and accessible design. Accessible/ inclusive
design attempts to support individual’s
requirement regardless their alibies. Also, mixed
use land try to provide a place for all users with
respect to their capabilities like their incomes
(diversity). The width of trails, quality of
pavements for making comfortable travelling,
regular maintenance, inclusive facilities, safe
environment, access to adjacent surfaces with
different levels, free-barrier routes, and
measuring the slope of gradient ground are the
most important indicators should be
considered to provide a comfortable access
for all users with respect of their abilities.
Moreover, social justice is the fundamental
8. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 52
consideration for social characteristics that it
will be provided throughout intensification of
activities and using of mix use land. Mix use
landing and densities of different activities
provide diversity, flexibility and the level of
urban vitality because the place can apply
different use for various users with respect to
their position, gender, race, income, ethnicity
and lifestyle. Meanwhile, accessible, available
and adequate infrastructure like
transportation, parking spaces and
connectivity of roads are able to improve
social sustainability in the cities. Strong
infrastructure promotes the level of individuals’
satisfaction for participating and more
communication. Moreover, settlement systems
can achieve the sustainability goals
throughout balanced integration of settlement
systems with nature (Atkinson, 1992). For
instance the system can provide easy access
to green environments, the conservation of
rural and agricultural land, spatial equity in
infrastructure and service provision and the
avoidance of the spatial displacement.
Additionally, land use management control
demand for residential units, improving rural
land on the urban edge, and conserving green
and open space (Mathey, 2000). Also density,
proximity, mixed use, continuity, clustering,
concentration, nuclearity, and centrality are
the dimensions to manage an appropriate
pattern of land use (Galster et al., 2001). The
defined indicators improve social
communication and inclusion in different scale
for people.
4.1.5 Economic Characteristics
It is obvious that economic situation of the
society has fundamental effect on designing
outside and inside of built environment (Lang,
1994). Maclennan, and William (1990)
mentioned that affordability is a controversial
concern to give the standard level and quality
to all persons with low/ middle incomes.
Affordability is not creating a place with low
quality however it tries to consider long time
costs and standard quality level of life for all
users. Architecture and urban designer have
deep influence in providing affordability in
different scale such as affordable housing,
easy access or proximity to health center,
employment, education, all services, and
consideration energy cost in housing because
everyone has equal right to use these
necessities. Additionally, land marketing has
caused many objectives for especially low
income people. However, land capacity can
balance the cost differences between land
values and individual income, and
unsustainable urban land market could have a
highly harmful effect on urban sustainability.
Also, passive solar heating system, natural
cooling techniques and systems for natural
lighting are three categorizes of passive solar
systems to create comfortable temperature
and decrease life cycle of cost (LCC).
4.1.6 Technological Innovation
The issue of technological revolution has been
a major concern in urban development
because technology can bring advantages
and disadvantages for the cities. by improving
technology, the industrial factories, mass
production of machines and cars, increase
urbanization and urban immigration promoted
by technology that the mentioned
consequence invite air, water and noise
pollution in the towns. on the other hand,
designer try to use the revolution in positive way
for example, producing recycling material with
high speed; use of endless energy instead of
fuel such as P.V. panels; green public
transportation and building; safe environment
and eco-friendly environment. Therefore, the
innovation not only provides many aesthetical
considerations but also achieves all dimension
of sustainability.
4.1.7 Political Characteristics
Governance and political consideration is the
most important part to achieve the mentioned
parameters by responsive legislation, strong
management, steady supervision, economic
responsibility like give fund for improving the
quality of building, use of effective and relative
communities, promotion of creative and
nonconventional solution-making. The
responsive legislation should control location,
heights, scale, human’s requirements in
different scales because as it is mentioned by
Elliott (1992), the regulation can improve or
decline the quality of cities and built
environment for their users. Local governance,
authorities and political leaders should attempt
to improve visual quality, urban health and
vitality by responsive and various long-term
services. The following Table (Table 6)
summarizes all characteristics of the meta-
postmodern style and it has been mentioned
to the significant points of each of indicators.
9. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 53
IndicatorsofMeta-postmodernStyle
environmental/natura
lcharacteristics Topography; Local Climate; Vegetation, Relative Ecological Value, Biodiversity and Wildlife; Geology
(Water, Soil)
Interconnected streets with friendly pedestrians and cyclists, to avoid car-dependency for users;
Suitable and enough garages and parking spaces;
Providing seasonal strategy, lighting and furniture in sidewalks to encourage people for walking;
Waste management and recycling bins;
Use of recycling and renewable material;
Utilization renewable and endless energy;
Increase quality of parks and conservation of lands to define and connect neighborhoods and districts with
highly sense of belonging
Improve the fuel efficiency of public transportation, improved regulations due to construction
environmentally friendly transportation systems.
Physical
Characteristics
Urban and building form has impact influence on energy consumption and CO2 emission.
Size of building and cities influence on controlling population size, consumption level of primary resources,
air pollution, decrease environmental degradation, rising human health and safety, conserving ecological
factors, and urban efficiency.
Controlling densification of build environment has high connected with different problems including
infrastructure overload, overpopulation, congestion, air pollution, urban heat island, demand energy for
cooling, health hazards, lack of public and green space and environmental degradation
Urban structure has deep influence on achieving energy savings, urban energy efficiency, better access
to nature and green space, and social and aesthetic improvements.
Cultural
Characterist
ics
Conservation of historical and traditional built environment
Applying contextual design to sustain sense of place/identity
Distinctiveness, visual appropriateness, and attractiveness are provided for local people as well as stranger
people.
SocialCharacteristics
Accessible design for all users with respect of their abilities by considering the width of trails, quality of
pavements for making comfortable travelling, regular maintenance, inclusive facilities, safe environment,
access to adjacent surfaces with different levels, free-barrier routes, and measuring the slope of gradient.
Social justice is provided by mix use landing and densities of different activities provide diversity, flexibility
and the level of urban vitality because the place can apply different use for various users with respect to
their position, gender, race, income, ethnicity and lifestyle.
Strong infrastructure promotes the level of individuals’ satisfaction for participating and more
communication.
settlement systems can achieve the sustainability goals throughout balanced integration of settlement
systems with nature
density, proximity, mixed use, continuity, clustering, concentration, nuclearity, and centrality are the
dimensions to manage an appropriate pattern of land use
Economic
Characteristi
cs
Affordable housing,
Easy access or proximity to health center, employment, education, all services.
Consideration energy cost in housing
Land capacity can balance the cost differences between land values and individual income,
Passive solar heating system, natural cooling techniques and systems for natural lighting are categorizes of
passive solar systems to create comfortable temperature and decrease life cycle of cost (LCC).
Technologic
al
Innovation
Producing recycling material with high speed;
Use of endless energy instead of fuel such as P.V. panels;
Green public transportation and building;
Safe environment and
Eco-friendly devices and services
Aesthetical considerations to improve urban morphology and visual quality
Political
Characteristi
cs
Responsive legislation
Strong management
Steady supervision
Economic responsibility like give fund for improving the quality of building
Use of effective and relative communities
Promotion of creative and nonconventional solution-making
Table 6. Indicators of Meta-Postmodernism and the Significant Points of Each Mentioned
Characteristics.
10. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 54
5. Conclusion
Modern and postmodern styles cannot
achieve individuals’ satisfaction in all
dimensions of human life. Although, each of
styles tried to create some indicators, these
styles ignored the other important
characteristics. Homogenized city, building
and lack of sense of belonging were the
outcomes of modern architecture design.
While, postmodernism try to survive sense of
place, the style ignored future generation and
diversity.
It is so obvious that all building and urban
designers attempt to achieve the strategic
sustainable planning for long-term vision.
Therefore, the introduced style is considered
the important indicators to achieve the high
level of human life and users’ satisfaction.
Meta-postmodernism tries to provide a future
construction with integrating past and current
generations and they don’t ignore the
environmental characteristics. This study aims
to consider the most significant indicators of
meta-postmodern style as the fundamental
indicators in order to sustain identity for local
and future population and make attractive
and memorable places for stranger people. As
a result, the style improves livable city and
health communication to support different
generations under the use of these indicators
and their important points. The considered
indicators and their points have deep impact
on introduced style and their importance has
been considered and described. Considered
indicators provide all dimensions of
sustainability for different users with different
characteristics. Therefore, the style improves
the dimension of sustainability to achieve long-
term planning. The style design is considered
environmental/ natural, social, physical,
economic, political, cultural and technological
factors to achieve sustainable design with
long-term decision-support and problem-
solving for various people. Applying the
indicators of meta-postmodernism not only,
respects to various people with different race,
position, gender, and ethnicity without
compromising future requirements but also, it
can provide visual quality or aesthetical
considerations for present and future
generations. Thus, the style improves the
standard level of human life for all. This research
reveals that parameters and indicators that
have direct effect on urban vitality and urban
guilty life for all which are the main factors for
the style. Consequently, the research
introduced the style and their indictors to
improve awareness and reduce limitations in
existing styles of design.
6. Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere thanks to
Assist. Prof. Dr. Nazife Özay for her helpful critics
and technical coordination during the study on
this research. This research did not receive any
specific grant from funding agencies in the
public, commercial, or non-for-profit sectors.
References
Able, C. (1997) Architecture and identity.
Towards a global eco-culture, Architectural
Press, Oxford.
Atkinson, A. (1992) The urban bioregion as
'sustainable development' paradigm. Third
World Planning Review 14(4): 327-354.
Beer, A. R. and Higgins, C. (2000) Environmental
Planning for Site Development: A manual for
sustainable local planning and design, Taylor &
Francis Group, New York.
Calinescu, M., (1987) Five Faces of Modernity:
Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch,
Postmodernism. USA: Duke University Press.
Courtney, F.M. and Trudgill, S.T. (1984) The Soil,
an Introduction to Soil Study, Edward Arnold:
London.
Galster, G. and Hanson R., Ratcliffe, M.R.,
Wolman, H., Coleman, S., and Freihage, J.
(2001) Wrestling sprawl to the ground: defining
and measuring an elusive concept. Hous Policy
Debate 1.
Hardoy, J.E. and Cairncross, S. and
Satterthwaite, D. (1990) The Poor Die Young:
Housing and Health in Third World Cities,
Earthscan: London.
Harvey, D. (1989) From managerialism to
entrepreneurialism: the transformation of urban
governance in late capitalism, Geografika
Annaler.
Harvey, D. (1993) From space to place and
back again: reflections on the condition of
postmodernity, in: Bird, J., Curtis, B., Putnam, T.,
Robertson, G., & L. Tickner, L., Mapping the
Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change
(London, Routledge).
Heynen, H., and Henket, H.J. (2002) Back from
Utopia. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Uitgeverij
010 Publishers.
Lang, J. (1994) Urban Design: The American
Experience, Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York.
11. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 1(1), 45-55 / 2017
Mojdeh Nikoofam, Abdollah Mobaraki 55
Laurie, I., (1979) Nature in Cities: the Natural
Environment in the Design and Development of
Urban Green Space: Wiley, Chichester.
Maclennan, D. and Williams, R. (1990)
Affordable Housing in Britain and America.
York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Mathey, K. (2000) Urban agriculture, Trialog 65:
A Journal for Planning and Building in the Third
World: Special Issue, 2(5).
Mokhtarshahi, R. (2009) An Inquiry into Iranian
Architecture Manifestation of Identity,
Symbolism, and Power in the Safavid’s Public
Buildings, Published Ph.D. Thesis, Eastern
Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa,
Cyprus.
Morgan, M. (1914) Vitruvius: The ten books on
architecture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Newman, P. (2002) Sustainability and housing:
More than a roof over head, Paper presented
at the 2002 Barnett Oration, Melbourne, 31st
October.
Ozay, N. (2005) A comparative study of
climatically responsive house design at various
periods of Northern Cyprus architecture.
Elsevier, Building and Environment.
Rapoport, A. (1995) Culture, site layout and
housing. In A. Rapoport, Thirty three papers in
environment-behavior research. Newcastle
(UK): Urban International Press.
Rapoport, A. (1977) Human Aspect of Urban
Form Wheaton & Co Ltd., Exeter.
Schoon, I. (1992) Creative achievement in
architecture: A psychological study. Leiden
University: DSWO Press.
World Commission on Environment and
Development, (WCED, 1987), “Our Common
Future”. Retrieved 2 Nov, 2009 from, http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Common_Future
URL 1: Zigzag around the world. (2014) Amman:
The Ugly and The Beautiful,
www.zigzagging.net