A B S T R A C T
Aesthetics as a discipline was originally part of philosophy and cosmology, primarily it was used to create a holistic picture of the world. Throughout history, subject and tasks of aesthetics as a discipline have been changing in different historical, cultural, religious and artistic discourses, nature and the beauty of objects intentionally produced by man, but doubts in division of aesthetic experiences in comparison to these variants of beauty. One of the cities where started to rebuild in North Iraq after the Saddam Hussein s regime was Erbil. This fact has evidently started to come out as a problem of urban conservation that results in the loss of architectural and social values of the historical settings. New building in a historical settlement is an urban conservation problem that forms out a methodology of analyzing and evaluating the existing built fabric with a typological study, making an interpretation of it commenting on the legal regulations and introducing new principles that are based on the synthesis of the past and today for providing historical continuity and preserving urban identity despite the continuous change. The study revealed that by using local and traditional elements in modern architecture there is a possibility to protect historical building.
A B S T R A C T
Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn’t adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.
Modernization the process of social change and development with reference to ...shakirsoc
Modernization the process of social change and development with reference to economic development
by shakir ullah M.Phil sociology the university of agriculture peshawar pakistan
How does the study of Urban Geography contribute to our understanding of the nature of the city? of the possibilities of the ideal city? How does theology interface with urban geography?
A B S T R A C T
Historical cities due to its magnificent building in its context have tremendous influence on formation of city identity, which is created through the interaction of natural, social and built elements. Unfortunately modernization after the industrial revolution couldn’t adapt itself to vernacular area, owe to the fact that cities began to lose their identity and sense of belonging to the environment. New technology of construction lets the cities to expand itself outside, but in this transformation, some factors which have an influence on the identity of the city have been forgotten. In this research it is aimed to analysis Physical and social factors which are causing the loss of identity in the city of Famagusta (Gazimagusa). Both qualitative and qualitative methods have been used in this research and the adopted techniques are personal observation, sketches, and comparing new development part of the city with traditional part. The research will try to answer the question of why urban sprawl could not maintain the identity of the city of Gazimagusa?). This research revealed that Globalization by neglecting historical housing principles is the main factor which threatening identity of the city.
Modernization the process of social change and development with reference to ...shakirsoc
Modernization the process of social change and development with reference to economic development
by shakir ullah M.Phil sociology the university of agriculture peshawar pakistan
How does the study of Urban Geography contribute to our understanding of the nature of the city? of the possibilities of the ideal city? How does theology interface with urban geography?
Introduction to Dr. Yasser Elsheshatwy’s edited book “Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope in a Globalizing World” published by Routledge (2004). It introduces critical assessments of contemporary Middle East cities.
Definition of Social Change, Characteristics of Social Change, Causes of Social Change, Causes of Social Change in Bangladesh, Evolution of Social Change are described in this presentation.
The Instrumentality of Appearances in the Pursuit of a Legible.docxcherry686017
The Instrumentality of Appearances in the Pursuit of a Legible Urban Order
Patrik Schumacher, London 2014
Published in: Yoshio Futugawa (Editor), Zaha Hadid, Exhibition Catalog for the exhibition ‘Zaha Hadid’, at the
Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery, published by GA (Global Architecture), Tokyo, Japan
Introduction: The fundamental question of architecture’s purpose
The most striking feature of the work of Zaha Hadid and Zaha Hadid Architects is its unusual, intense,
memorable appearance, often referred to as “iconic”. Our work is certainly visually stimulating, inspires
curiosity, and seems to radiate an enigmatic beauty. But is this all? Can this be its raison d'être? How can we
justify the pursuit of beauty? Architecture and urban design surely should not be treated as a visual art
delivering a mere visual feast or attention grabbing spectacle! Is this intense and costly investment in the
spectacular visual appearance of the built environment not an unjustifiable indulgence? Is our work really
this superficial? Where is the concern for function here? How does the intense appearance of our work relate
to the fundamental social purposes the built environment is meant to serve?
It is the first general goal of this essay to explain why appearances and aesthetic values matter and how they
function to facilitate the most profound societal purposes of the built environment. A second, more specific
goal is to explain why our work looks the way it looks and how and why the visual, formal-aesthetic
expression of our work - our style - evolved during the 30 years covered in this exhibition. This second goal
will involve a discussion of the transition from Deconstructivism to Parametricism.
The Meaning of Beauty: The Hidden Efficacy of Aesthetic Values
The concept of beauty is shrouded in mystery. Architectural theory should not only lift the veil of mystery but
explain why this sense of mystery exists. The first point to make here is the pervasiveness of aesthetic
judgments - intuitive judgement on the basis of appearance – in our daily lives. We navigate our physical and
social environment largely on the basis of intuitive appeal and repulsion.
What is beautiful? Whatever appeals at first sight. Being impressed by beauty is a gut reaction. However, this
immediate gut reaction operates according to an underlying rationality. Aesthetic responses – including the
aesthetic responses to cities and buildings – are a form of instant, intuitive evaluation. The recognition of
beauty within a built environment is the recognition of the vitality of this environment, on the basis of its
mere appearance, prior to a more in-depth experience and verification of its vitality or functionality. Aesthetic
responses have specific advantages and disadvantages in comparison with evaluations based on careful
examination and analysis. Aesthetic responses are less reliable but much faster than knowledge based
responses. Aesthetic values, ...
Determining the Position of Culture-Centered Design in Complementation of Urb...Parisa Aminsobhani
Modern society, according to a single linear view of modernity, is founded upon the concept of
progress in a linear trajectory; it has “backward” on the one side and “civilized, developed society” on
the other. According to this point of view, the societies, whether want it or not, having no choice
except moving away from backwardness towards progress and development. The overall rate of
societies’ civility and urbanization is measured on the extent to which they are similar to the first
developed cities in the world. However, the criticism made are that the legacy of the communities,
mostly formed by culture, is consciously or unconsciously deleted or overlooked through this
measurement. In order to compensate for the loss caused by modernity, the roles of designers as
the critics and promoters of modern perspective, become significant with regard to the profound
attention to culture. It takes a step towards experiencing and culture-making. The present paper has
been prepared based on the results from the research on environmental design project of River
Valley of Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad in Tajrish Square; and it aims to provide a procedure to
increase the cultural functions in the environment. The study indicates that the aesthetic and
symbolic functions are neglected in the regional environmental design; and at lower level, the
practical functions are seen as sufficient. Due to the profound attention to culture, the design studies
suggest the image analysis method and Kansei Engineering throughout the present research. The
case study on River Valley Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad shows that applying this method has been
successful in experiencing the design of products and environment and systematically leads the
designers’ mind to cultural considerations.
A B S T R A C T
Aesthetics is the philosophical study of art and natural beauty and it is indicated by the feelings of pleasure or displeasure which comes from visual and aural elements and artifacts. Hence, aesthetics depends on animate or inanimate organization which can be perceived either subjectively or objectively. This aesthetic element is uniquely present in the traditional buildings and modern buildings of southwestern part of Nigeria. This study is set out to evaluate and bring into lime light the aesthetic characteristics of traditional buildings and that of the modern buildings, how one style or aesthetic element gradually prevail over or transform to another, reasons and consequences of one completely predominating another in Yoruba region of Nigeria. Moreover, this study therefore, is divided into four parts, which are: (a) overview of the history of modern and traditional Architecture of Yoruba land (b) aesthetic characteristics or indicators of traditional and modern architecture in Yoruba land, (c) the differences between the aesthetic of both style of Architecture and what is responsible for this change or transformation in their aesthetic value. The research concludes with recommendations of synchronizing both style of architecture design in getting an optimum aesthetic value, and offers a room for further research and development of a consistent and notable architectural typology for southwest Nigeria.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
A B S T R A C T
For centuries the aesthetic significance of space organization has been one of the significant subjects of study for most artists, architects, urban designers and philosophers. Cities which experience diverse stages of growth transmit dissimilar aesthetic values due to their locations, culture, history and background. This research will try to take out the aesthetic values of the traditional European cities through the literature on aesthetic of urban design. Accordingly, this study reflects the term urban aesthetics in spatial organization. It tries to answer the question of how space organization can lead to the aesthetic understanding of a place. The methodology for this study developed based on grounded theory study and qualitative assessments of European cities thorough the literature review. Overall, the study assessed integration, visual connectivity, vitality, spatial quality, as the main factors in shaping the aesthetic quality of the urban environment in European traditional cities. At the end, it proposed the findings to apply in contemporary urban designing.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 66-75. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3659
Introduction to Dr. Yasser Elsheshatwy’s edited book “Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope in a Globalizing World” published by Routledge (2004). It introduces critical assessments of contemporary Middle East cities.
Definition of Social Change, Characteristics of Social Change, Causes of Social Change, Causes of Social Change in Bangladesh, Evolution of Social Change are described in this presentation.
The Instrumentality of Appearances in the Pursuit of a Legible.docxcherry686017
The Instrumentality of Appearances in the Pursuit of a Legible Urban Order
Patrik Schumacher, London 2014
Published in: Yoshio Futugawa (Editor), Zaha Hadid, Exhibition Catalog for the exhibition ‘Zaha Hadid’, at the
Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery, published by GA (Global Architecture), Tokyo, Japan
Introduction: The fundamental question of architecture’s purpose
The most striking feature of the work of Zaha Hadid and Zaha Hadid Architects is its unusual, intense,
memorable appearance, often referred to as “iconic”. Our work is certainly visually stimulating, inspires
curiosity, and seems to radiate an enigmatic beauty. But is this all? Can this be its raison d'être? How can we
justify the pursuit of beauty? Architecture and urban design surely should not be treated as a visual art
delivering a mere visual feast or attention grabbing spectacle! Is this intense and costly investment in the
spectacular visual appearance of the built environment not an unjustifiable indulgence? Is our work really
this superficial? Where is the concern for function here? How does the intense appearance of our work relate
to the fundamental social purposes the built environment is meant to serve?
It is the first general goal of this essay to explain why appearances and aesthetic values matter and how they
function to facilitate the most profound societal purposes of the built environment. A second, more specific
goal is to explain why our work looks the way it looks and how and why the visual, formal-aesthetic
expression of our work - our style - evolved during the 30 years covered in this exhibition. This second goal
will involve a discussion of the transition from Deconstructivism to Parametricism.
The Meaning of Beauty: The Hidden Efficacy of Aesthetic Values
The concept of beauty is shrouded in mystery. Architectural theory should not only lift the veil of mystery but
explain why this sense of mystery exists. The first point to make here is the pervasiveness of aesthetic
judgments - intuitive judgement on the basis of appearance – in our daily lives. We navigate our physical and
social environment largely on the basis of intuitive appeal and repulsion.
What is beautiful? Whatever appeals at first sight. Being impressed by beauty is a gut reaction. However, this
immediate gut reaction operates according to an underlying rationality. Aesthetic responses – including the
aesthetic responses to cities and buildings – are a form of instant, intuitive evaluation. The recognition of
beauty within a built environment is the recognition of the vitality of this environment, on the basis of its
mere appearance, prior to a more in-depth experience and verification of its vitality or functionality. Aesthetic
responses have specific advantages and disadvantages in comparison with evaluations based on careful
examination and analysis. Aesthetic responses are less reliable but much faster than knowledge based
responses. Aesthetic values, ...
Determining the Position of Culture-Centered Design in Complementation of Urb...Parisa Aminsobhani
Modern society, according to a single linear view of modernity, is founded upon the concept of
progress in a linear trajectory; it has “backward” on the one side and “civilized, developed society” on
the other. According to this point of view, the societies, whether want it or not, having no choice
except moving away from backwardness towards progress and development. The overall rate of
societies’ civility and urbanization is measured on the extent to which they are similar to the first
developed cities in the world. However, the criticism made are that the legacy of the communities,
mostly formed by culture, is consciously or unconsciously deleted or overlooked through this
measurement. In order to compensate for the loss caused by modernity, the roles of designers as
the critics and promoters of modern perspective, become significant with regard to the profound
attention to culture. It takes a step towards experiencing and culture-making. The present paper has
been prepared based on the results from the research on environmental design project of River
Valley of Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad in Tajrish Square; and it aims to provide a procedure to
increase the cultural functions in the environment. The study indicates that the aesthetic and
symbolic functions are neglected in the regional environmental design; and at lower level, the
practical functions are seen as sufficient. Due to the profound attention to culture, the design studies
suggest the image analysis method and Kansei Engineering throughout the present research. The
case study on River Valley Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad shows that applying this method has been
successful in experiencing the design of products and environment and systematically leads the
designers’ mind to cultural considerations.
A B S T R A C T
Aesthetics is the philosophical study of art and natural beauty and it is indicated by the feelings of pleasure or displeasure which comes from visual and aural elements and artifacts. Hence, aesthetics depends on animate or inanimate organization which can be perceived either subjectively or objectively. This aesthetic element is uniquely present in the traditional buildings and modern buildings of southwestern part of Nigeria. This study is set out to evaluate and bring into lime light the aesthetic characteristics of traditional buildings and that of the modern buildings, how one style or aesthetic element gradually prevail over or transform to another, reasons and consequences of one completely predominating another in Yoruba region of Nigeria. Moreover, this study therefore, is divided into four parts, which are: (a) overview of the history of modern and traditional Architecture of Yoruba land (b) aesthetic characteristics or indicators of traditional and modern architecture in Yoruba land, (c) the differences between the aesthetic of both style of Architecture and what is responsible for this change or transformation in their aesthetic value. The research concludes with recommendations of synchronizing both style of architecture design in getting an optimum aesthetic value, and offers a room for further research and development of a consistent and notable architectural typology for southwest Nigeria.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
A B S T R A C T
For centuries the aesthetic significance of space organization has been one of the significant subjects of study for most artists, architects, urban designers and philosophers. Cities which experience diverse stages of growth transmit dissimilar aesthetic values due to their locations, culture, history and background. This research will try to take out the aesthetic values of the traditional European cities through the literature on aesthetic of urban design. Accordingly, this study reflects the term urban aesthetics in spatial organization. It tries to answer the question of how space organization can lead to the aesthetic understanding of a place. The methodology for this study developed based on grounded theory study and qualitative assessments of European cities thorough the literature review. Overall, the study assessed integration, visual connectivity, vitality, spatial quality, as the main factors in shaping the aesthetic quality of the urban environment in European traditional cities. At the end, it proposed the findings to apply in contemporary urban designing.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 66-75. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3659
Dr. Sara Diamond, President and Vice-Chancellor OCAD University. This talk will provide a case study of a six year path of change and adaptation on the part of Ontario College of Art & Design (OCAD) University – a 135 year old institution. OCAD University is located in Toronto, the largest city in Canada in the downtown core, adjacent to the Art Gallery of Ontario.
The world is an exquisite tapestry of cultures and landscapes from across time and space,
making its vast diversity even more stunning. Recognizing how geography intersects with
culture is critical in understanding global society. World Cultural Geography provides an
engaging examination of these connections as it probes into different regions' histories
across human civilization and history. In this article, we'll examine its importance and discuss
why studying World Geography broadens our perspective of global affairs.
Neuroergonomics urban design sociogenesis by Stefano Serafini
Algorithmic Sustainable Design. Theoretical key concepts by Antonio Caperna
A kind introduction to complexity by Alessandro Giuliani
Abdulrahman A AlymaniAbdulrahman A Alymani2 A cit.docxannetnash8266
Abdulrahman A Alymani
Abdulrahman A Alymani
2
A city’s image, including its spatial meaning, spatial structure and spatial identity is the product of both the immediate sensation as well as that of memory of bygone experiences which the cityscape could be read. Kevin Lynch (1960) puts across five elements that can be used to describe an urban system. Lynch’s five elements are paths, districts, edges, landmarks and nodes. According to Lynch, people in urban systems orient themselves to the urban situations through mental maps. Normally, people form clear mental maps of urban surroundings. This is important in counteracting the ever present fear of disorientation. The five elements that Lynch proposes can be defined as follows:
Paths: Are the trails, sidewalks, streets and other channels through which people travel. Lynch made the observation that paths were usually the predominant features in people’s mental images and that other elements are related to and arranged along paths.
Districts: Are areas having similar characteristics. Districts can be medium or large areas, which people mentally go ‘inside of’ and/or regard them to have some shared identifying character. Districts appear to have ‘thematic continuities,’ that is, distinctive physical characteristics that can include building, symbol, form, detail, texture and space.
Edges: Are the separating lines between districts. They can be seen as penetrable or impenetrable barriers closing a district off from another. Edges can also be seams, lines connecting or joining two regions together.
Landmarks: Are physical components characterized with singularity. Landmarks have a memorable and/or unique aspect. Landmarks can be huge, for example hills, spires and towers, which are normally seen from distance and from many angles, over the top and above other smaller elements. Landmarks can also be small, for example trees, signs and sculptures that are mainly visible only from certain approaches and in restricted localities.
Nodes: Are a city’s strategic spots, in which people can go into, and form intensive foci through which an observer is travelling.
Reference
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city (Vol. 11). MIT press.
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The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
Proclaiming Colonial Urban Heritage: Towards an Inclusive Heritage-interpretation for Colombo’s Past
* Professor Dr. Harsha Munasinghe Image result for research orcid
School of Architectural Studies, George Brown College, Toronto, Canada
E-mail: hmunasinghe@georgebrown.ca
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 13 April 2021
Accepted 18 July 2021
Available online 26 July 2021
Keywords:
Urban Heritage;
Colonialism;
Contested-Past;
Historic-City;
Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
SIMURG_CITIES: Meta-Analysis for KPI's of Layer-Based Approach in Sustainability Assessment
1 * PhD Candidate. Burcu Ülker Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Alaattin Kanoğlu Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Özlem Özçevik Image result for research orcid
1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Kırklareli University, Turkey
2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Turkey
3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
E-mail 1: burcuulker@klu.edu.tr, E-mail 2: alaattin.kanoglu@alanya.edu.tr
E-mail 3: ozceviko@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 6 March 2020
Accepted 20 June 2020
Available online 5 July 2020
Keywords:
SIMURG_CITIES;
Performance-Based Design and Building;
Competitiveness;
Competition by Design;
Innovativeness;
Interoperability; KPIs;
Sustainability; Smart Cities;
Meta-Analysis.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
“SIMURG_CITIES” is the research and development project that is developed under the main project named SIMURG: “A performance-based and Sustainability-oriented Integration Model Using Relational database architecture to increase Global competitiveness of Turkish construction industry in industry 5.0 era”, is a relational database model that is currently being developed in a dissertation for performance-based development and assessment of sustainable and sophisticated solutions for the built environment. This study aims to analyze the key performance indicators (KPIs) at «Cities Level» for the smart city concept that is referred to as «Layers» in the master project. KPIs for the concept of a smart city are determined by using the meta-analysis technique. Hence, the three most reputable urban journals issued from 2017 through 2020 are reviewed in this study. In addition to this, models of smart city frameworks/assessment tools/KPIs are reviewed within the context of this paper; environment, economy, and governance were found to have domain themes on urban sustainability according to the literature review. Consequently, efficient and integrated urban management, environmental monitoring and management, public and social services of urban development, and sustainability are found to be the most important dimensions in urban and regional planning. SIMURG_CITIES evaluation models for urban projects can use the findings of this paper.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 59-76.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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Zhino Hariry 57
values is brought about by changes in taste and
preferences as they shift towards international
products. Thus aesthetics values are likely to
change in favor of international products, views
and life styles. Contrasting ideas were however
given by Villaincourt (2007) showed that deeply
rooted cultures such as the Chinese, Arabic and
Islamic and their associated aesthetic values are
not easily affected by globalization. This shows that
there is no consensus about the impact of
globalization on aesthetic values. The idea is how
to explain narratives of each society through their
architecture increase aesthetical value of it. This
study therefore attempts to examine the influence
of globalization on distracting traditional aesthetic
values in relation to Erbil.
The theme of this research deals with the
distinguishing and analyze of traditional and
modern characteristics in some cultures in the
whole globe then focused on the old town of Erbil.
The aesthetic concept and practices of any
cultures yesterday is a kind of critical attitude
toward creating various method of designing in
future. This analysis was to evaluate negative
impacts on the modern architecture in relation to
the local culture, religion and environment. The
case study was selected areas influenced by the
development of modern buildings in Erbil city, as
one of the ancient cities in Middle East. The
research was to know how the modernity has
influence on aesthetic of traditional buildings and
damage their identity in there.
The conceptual framework of this study is based on
the diagram shown in figure 1. It can be noted that
the effects of globalization on aesthetic values
depends on whether globalization is or not
compatible with tradition. Foremost, it can be
noted that globalizations is as a result of events or
activities which can either be spectacular or non-
spectacular. Thus the adoption, implementation or
importation of these spectacular activities or
events results in globalization. The effects of
globalization are categorized on the basis that they
are compatible or not compatible with tradition.
However, irrespective of the level of compatibility,
there is always social understanding and
interpretation that is derived from globalization. It is
the resultant outcome of social understanding and
interpretation of globalization that poses effects on
aesthetic values. Society then perception of the
town is therefore influenced by the effects of
globalization on aesthetic values. Such effects can
either bring positive or negative distractions on
people’s perceptions. The difference between the
left side and the right side of the diagram rests on
the impact of globalization, that is, whether it is
compatible or not compatible with tradition. The
other main problem which globalization is that it
can negatively distract the aesthetic value of
traditional spaces when it is not compatible with
traditions in the eye of spectacular. Then as the
solution it can conserve aesthetic value of
traditional spaces by appropriate globalization in
the same time with the traditions.
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Globalization
Effects on Traditional Aesthetic (Developed by
Author).
The main objective of the study is to examine the
influence of globalization on distracting traditional
aesthetic values in relation to Erbil. Other objectives
of the study are;
1. To analyze the nature and extent to which
globalization is influencing aesthetic values
in Erbil.
2. To identify strategies that can be used to
harness the benefits offered by
globalization without compromising the
aesthetic values in Erbil.
3. To analyze the effect of using foreign
elements or another cultural methods on
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Zhino Hariry 58
losing aesthetical value of historical
settlements?
With regards to the above mentioned objectives
the study will therefore strive to answer the following
research questions;
1. What is the influence of globalization on
distracting traditional aesthetic values in
relation to Erbil?
2. What is the nature and extent to which
globalization is influencing aesthetic values
in Erbil?
3. What strategies can be used to harness the
benefits offered by globalization without
compromising the aesthetic values in Erbil?
4. What is the effect of using foreign elements
or another cultural methods on losing
aesthetical value of historical settlements?
In order to the above questions, we can argue that
if various natural environments, cultural principles
and moral foundations are taken into
consideration in each culture then a different
aesthetical value will be produced and it will give
identity to each culture. Aesthetic of architecture
loses its value while memory originality and
traditions will not consider. Architecture is the
carrier of culture. Through architecture it's possible
to measure many things about a culture, such as
lifestyle, artistic sensibilities and social structure.
Big explosion in modernity sometime deformed the
aesthetic of architecture in some cultures. To give
the identity of architecture in each culture their
nature and way of life especially before industrial
revolution could be take into account, then
aesthetical value of their architecture will appear.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Traditional Architecture
Traditional architecture can be defined as a
building strategy that utilizes certain cultural
symbols of particular people in a given place (Marc
Antonio, 2015). Traditional architecture can be
decomposed into classical architecture and
vernacular architecture. The value of traditional
architecture lies in the fact that it is recognizable
and has a greater ability to communicate
substantial information especially cultural values.
On the other hand, modern architecture refutes
the idea of traditional architecture communicating
information. Modern architecture is based on the
belief that emotional responses can be stimulated
without using any content and that anything that is
not permanent cannot learned from previous
generations or be utilised in educating future
generations (Marc Antonio, 2015).
Allsopp (1977) in the book (A Modern Theory of
Architecture), defined vernacular architecture as a
branch of traditional architecture that promotes
humble causes of the society. According to
Rapoport (1969) the monument- buildings of the
grand design tradition- are built to impress either
the populace with the power of the patron, or the
peer group of designers and cognoscenti with the
cleverness of the designer and good taste of the
patron. The folk tradition, on the other hand, is the
direct and unself-conscious translation into physical
form of a culture, its needs and values – as well as
the desires, dreams, and passions of a people. It is
the world view writ small, the “ideal” environment
of a people expressed in buildings and settlements,
with no designer, artist, or architect with an axe to
grind (although to what extent the designer is really
a form giver is a moot point). The folk tradition is
much more closely related to the culture of the
majority and life as it is really lived than is the grand
design tradition, which represents the culture of the
elite. The folk tradition also represents the bulk of
the built environment. (Rapoport, 1969; 2)
Vernacular architecture is a generalized way of
design derived from folk architecture. It may be
seen as the development of the “natural‟
architecture of a region which is definable in terms
of climate, culture and materials. Of its own nature,
however, vernacular architecture is limited to that
which can properly be expressed ‘in the
vernacular’. It can be used for spiritual,
monumental and utility buildings but limits of
propriety are set taste and judgment. Scale is a
crucial factor. Vernacular architecture is congenial
to people and sympathetic to environment.
(Allsopp, 1977; 8)
2.1.1 Aesthetic of traditional architecture
The aesthetics of traditional spaces was in their own
places before industrial revolution when the size of
buildings were regular, in human scale and closed
to each other, the buildings were more sustainable.
They constructed to compatible with environment,
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Zhino Hariry 59
the local and natural materials were used. Industrial
revolution distracted the cities when it randomly
distributed inside the big cities it damaged the
identity of those cities which have rich histories and
traditions then affected the aesthetic value of
originality. All those have influence on theorists and
scientists to rethink and redesigning new urban
fabrics by refusing all old spaces and traditional
objects and making new rules to control on
urbanization development process that was known
as modernism. This modernism had no exact
solution even it damaged more the cities.
2.1.2 Traditional Aesthetic Values in Diverse
Cultures
The local architectural identity of any particular
society is an important life container which reflects
among other its cultural values and meanings that
evolve over time. Different aesthetic values are
found in varied cultures around the world that have
been formed by various natural environments,
cultural principles and moral foundations, In the
study we are going to define traditional art in
diverse cultures in the globe.
In India, art and relationships between the physical
and the spiritual states are manifested in many
types of expression including painting, sculpture,
literature, dance, Architecture and music. In India,
aesthetic value has evolved through interpretation
and representation of spiritual and religious
iconography. (Puja Nanda, 1995)
In Chinese history, aesthetics were a more
intellectual continuation with thinkers like Confucius
dedicating himself to the study or art and human
nature. As a result, classical Chinese art occurs
largely independently of the philosophy of
aesthetics and religion. In Western churches, the
aspiration for heaven was often symbolized by a
stretching vertical tower, and since the nearest
Chinese equivalent was the pagoda, the resulting
form of Saint Joseph’s Cathedral would have
appeared as a logical synthesis and many of their
buildings have been influenced by their old
paintings.
In Islamic art traditions, there is a long running
debate about producing representational art.
Those opposed to the artistic expression of natural
forms argue that, since God created all things
perfectly, human imitation is weak and offensive.
As a result, most works of Islamic art are non-
representational, including mosaics, mosques, and
calligraphy.
In contrast with Islamic, in many western traditions
creating imitations of Gods creations was viewed
as homage and warship. (Paul Ford, 2009)
Figure 2. a) Famous Akshardham temple in Delhi, b)
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart at Dali. c) Non-
representational art in Islamic culture. d) St. Peter's
Basilica, Vatican.
Overall, the following table reveals Aesthetic
characteristics of diverse cultures in a traditional
architecture. It also reveals common indicators of
Islamic, chines and western architecture from
aesthetic point of view.
Table 1. Aesthetic characteristics of diverse cultures
in a traditional architecture (Shokrpour and
Fahherian, 2015; Zhiping, n.d; Dinstict Build, n.d)
2.2 Aesthetic of Modern Architecture
Continuous technical progress in science and
technology and division of work introduced new
dimensions to the social life and a permanent
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Zhino Hariry 60
change to the customs and traditional cultures, in
parallel it is resulting from political tensions and
social conflicts. Hence, the modernity is not the
technological and scientific revolution; it is a game
to include it in the scenery of life and daily social
dimension (Afaya, 1998). Modernization theory
according to Habermas is an analysis and
evaluation of modern forms of social life.
Habermas explains that modernity is more than a
period. It indicates the social, political, cultural and
psychological conditions that arise from certain
historical procedures. Modernity in this sense is
related to, but distinct from, the various aesthetic
works and styles that fall under the label
‘modernism’ (Finlayson, 2005).
On the other hand the historical analysis of
Habermas’s point of view indicated that,
modernization directs to the release of subjects
from traditional roles and values and to their
expanding dependence on communication and
discourse to correlate actions and formulate social
order (Finlayson, 2005). Modernity is an era of
continuous transformation that affects all
characteristics of knowledge. Modernity is not a
concept but rather a statement classification. It’s a
story that specifies historical transformation across
the range of disciplines, periods and locations
(Simon, 2005). After industrial revolution large
number of new countries had been established by
major powers without considering the populations
ethnical and cultural backgrounds. It was one of
the most historical events that had changed the
world’s history and established a new basis for
transforming local architectural heritages for the
earth’s nations. But since the new boarders didn’t
consider the cultural and ethnical boarders of the
people, the new architecture has been created by
the new imposed realities.
Figure 3. a) Modern Architecture, France, Le
Corbusier, Villa, Savoye. b) Avant-garde in Russia,
Nikolai Ladovsky . c) Lever House in New York -
1951.d) Louis Kahn National Assembly Building,
Dhaka. e) Modern Commercial Building in Erbil.
2.2.1 Aesthetic in Modernity
The term ‘modern architecture’ has more than one
meaning. It can be understood to refer to all
buildings of the modern period regardless of their
ideological basis, or it can be understood more
specifically as an architecture conscious of its own
modernity and striving for change. It is in the latter
sense that it has generally been defined in histories
of contemporary architecture, and the present
book follows this tradition. Already in the early
nineteenth century, there was wide dissatisfaction
with eclecticism among architects, historians, and
critics. This well documented attitude justifies a
history of modern architecture concerned primarily
with reformist, ‘avant-garde’ tendencies, rather
than one that attempts to deal with the whole of
architectural production as if it operated within a
non-ideological, neutral field. It is in the space
between the idealist utopias of the historical avant-
gardes and the resistances, complexities, and
pluralities of capitalist culture. Though not
attempting to be in any way encyclopedic, the
narrative follows an overall chronological
sequence, and tries to be, perhaps, less certain in
its outcome and less triumphalist than those of most
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previous histories of modernism. The Modern
Movement was both an act of resistance to social
modernity and an enthusiastic acceptance of an
open technological future. It longed for a world of
territorial and social fixity, while at the same time
embracing, incompatibly, an economy and
technology in changing. It shared this belief in a
mythical ‘third way’ between capitalism and
communism with the Fascist movements of the
1930s, and though it would be completely wrong to
brand it with the crimes of Fascism, it is surely no
accident that the period of its greatest intensity
happened together with the anti-democratic,
totalitarian political movements that were such a
dominant feature of the first half of the twentieth
century. Nowadays postmodern has attempted to
bring back the traditions in old town and conserve
it with modernism.
2.2.2 Modern Aesthetic Value in Diverse Cultures
In west
Modern architecture started after 1920 with using
steel and concrete as material and cubic simple
shapes they rejected traditional neoclassical
architecture especially the ornaments became the
crime in modern architecture.
The diversity of artistic movements that
characterized the pre-revolutionary avant-gardes
in Russia, The first time modern methods of
skyscraper construction were implemented
presenting the historian with a bewildering array of
acronyms. Support for the revolution came from all
artistic factions, including the most conservative,
each faction identifying with its aims. For those
avant-garde artists and architects who joined the
revolution, the Utopian fantasies of the period
before the First World War seemed about to
become a historical reality. The revolution released
an explosion of creative energy, in which the paths
opened up by the pre-war European avant-gardes
were redirected towards the achievement of
socialism.
In America the modern upheaval followed Europe,
the main aesthetic elements were lightness, and
transparency which using glasses were became
common especially in skyscrapers. The first high-rise
office building by SOM was Lever House in New
York (1951). This was one of four American buildings
which were the first to realize Mies van der Rohe’s
and Le Corbusier’s pre-war visions of the glass
skyscraper.
Bangladesh Where secondary spaces are grouped
round a central volume, as in Byzantine and
centralized Renaissance churches. (Alan
Colquhoun, 2002)
The modernity in eastern countries reflects a direct
influence by the Western Architecture. Modernity in
Iraq as particular area in east was founded in 1921
after collapsing the Ottoman Empire. It has applied
central decision making process where all town
plans and development strategies had been
decided by the central authorities in Baghdad. All
these plans had totally ignored the local
architecture of Kurdistan. The result of ignoring
Kurdish architectural heritage in education and
practice is the stagnation of developing a modern
style of local Kurdish architecture that could
support a sustainable development of the city.
The following table reveals aesthetic characteristics
of diverse cultures in modern architecture. It also
tried to find the common indicators of modern
eastern, Russia and western area of the world.
Table 2. Aesthetic characteristics of diverse cultures
in modern architecture (Shokrpour and Fahherian,
2015; Zhiping, n.d; Dinstict Build, n.d)
3. METHODOLOGY
This study is an explorative study that involves the
comparisons of traditional and modern aesthetic
values. Thus the study will employ an inductive
approach that involves the use of a combination of
previous studies and secondary information such as
figures and pictures to reinforce obtained
arguments. Theoretical and empirical gaps and
findings and the developed model will therefore be
used to provide answers to the research questions.
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Zhino Hariry 62
Based the finding from literature review on the
Modern architecture features, the following model
will be used to analysis the influence of
globalization on aesthetic values. As it is reveaed in
following figure form and elements are the most
important factors on shaping the identity of
architecture.
Figure 4. Modern architecture assessment model
(Developed by Author).
The above features will be used to assess the extent
to which traditional Erbil aesthetics values have
been changed to reflect modern architectural
aesthetic values, designs or architecture. Thus a
close reflection or resemblance of these features
entail that aesthetics values in Erbil have been
significantly influenced by globalization. The
decision criteria is based on the extent to which
prevailing Erbil aesthetics designs are matching the
above 10 features of western aesthetic
characteristics.
4. Aesthetic Values In Case of Erbil
There are numerous assertions about the impacts of
globalization on traditional heritages. Insights
provided by Sumarni (2014) revealed that global
changes have greatly disregarded historical or
heritage and social values. Thus emphasis being
placed on the conservation of cultural heritages is
slowly declining. Meanwhile, globalization is
regarded as a source of both economic growth
and development but it has imposed impacts on
town planning. One of the areas under which
globalization is being critiqued in Kurdistan is that
most Kurdish buildings have greatly assumed
western structures and designs (Bornberg, Tayfor
and Jaimes, n.d). It can be noted that not only
does globalization increase the prevalence of
office buildings, shopping malls or holiday resorts
but the rate and way in which cities have been
evolving. Most building features that are now being
found in modern buildings have significant
contrasting features with cultural values. Despite
such a change in building development, modern
architectural designs and buildings are still on the
verge of increasing world-wide.
Figure 5. Erbil-Tradition & Globalization View
(Andrew L., 2014).
4.1 Cultural Heritage of Erbil City
The city of Erbil is characterized by traditional
courtyard houses known as the Citadel which is
composed of about 350 medium sized houses, 500
courtyard houses and palace like structures
numbering 30 in total (Novacek and Karel, 2008).
The construction of Erbil City was mainly
characterized by the usage of bricks and
dominated by courtyard features. The buildings’
roofs were made using timber joists as shown
below.
Figure 6. Wooden planked ceilings (Akram and
Franco, 2016).
In addition, the plastering of houses in Erbil was also
done using ‘’juss’’ but beautiful features and colors
were also used to enhance the appearance of the
houses. The most essential element in traditional
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Zhino Hariry 63
aesthetic of Erbil is that floral and bright colors were
dominantly used for decorative purposes. The type
of the roofs of Erbil houses were designed
irrespective of the number of house floors though a
significant number of houses has two floors as
shown below in figure 7.
Figure 7. Traditional Kurdish houses were
characterized by open courtyard (Akram, Ismail
and Franco, 2016).
The layout of the houses was always structured in a
manner that the entrance always lead to the
courtyard (Akram, Ismail and Franco, 2016). On the
other hand, differences were observed in terms of
the distance between upper and lower floors from
the courtyard. Such differences were made so as
to make a space provision for putting windows. A
distance of 1-1.5 separated the courtyard from
both the upper and lower floors (Akram, Ismail and
Franco, 2016) and this is exhibited in figure 8.
Figure 8. Raised terrace as a common feature of
Erbil houses.
Traditional aesthetic values were also observed in
arcaded terraces which were vast in number and
were a common characteristic in most Erbil houses.
The traditional element was further accompanied
by materials supplied from the Mosul such a grey
marble. Moreover, the building designs followed a
certain design pattern. For instance, rectangular or
shaped layouts were mainly used for the layout of
courtyards but the geometrical structure was
based on the structure of the courtyard. Traditional
Erbil houses were also characterized by a lot of
windows. Such windows were important for
ventilation and allowing daylight into the house
and this is shown below in Fig 9.
Figure 9. Several windows for ventilation and
natural daylight.
Spatial planning responsibilities were thus thrusted
into the hands of an ‘Usta’ also known as the
master designer. Major limitations in traditional Erbil
houses was space. This was contributed to the fact
that the shape of the plot on which the houses
were built also played a major role in the design
structure of the building. Regular shaped plots were
not suitable for building structures that had
asymmetrical plans. The most notable feature of
traditional Erbil houses is that they were built with an
emphasis on privacy. Doors were therefore placed
in a manner that contributes to the privacy of the
house.
4.2 Modern Aesthetics in Erbil City
Modern Kurdish houses have changed
dramatically in terms of styles and designs and are
designed by Kurdish to suit their Arabic Kurds needs,
tastes and preferences. Thus building structures
have greatly changed from simple structured plans
to more diverse facades. Such changes can be
illustrated using Figure 10. From Figure 10 it can be
noted that there is a significant different in modern
architectural designs that are now being
developed in Erbil compared to the traditional
architectural designs. Modern building designs
have grown to encompass different shapes, sizes
and heights. This has also been facilitated by the
type of building materials that are now being used
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Zhino Hariry 64
nowadays. Modern buildings are now using
windows as part of the building designs compared
to traditional architecture were there were used of
ventilation purposes. Floor plans in modern
buildings are very creative and the usage of space
differs with the taste of the person though space
usage is now being limited due to increase in
demand and costs. Bold roof lines are now a
common feature in modern architectural designs
and this era of modern architecture can be known
as the post beam architecture which is focusing
mainly on the use of non-local materials.
Figure 10. Changes from traditional building to
modern building architecture.
5. Discussion
It can be noted that there are significant
differences that can be observed between
traditional and modern architecture in Erbil.
Foremost, it can be noted that traditional
architecture was mainly based on the use of local
materials while modern architecture mainly uses
foreign building materials. Colors and painting
were used to enhance the appearance and
beauty of the building designs in traditional
architecture while building designs and materials
are used enhance the appearance and beauty of
the building designs. Under traditional architecture,
buildings are built with a specific function in mind
such as privacy while modern architecture places
emphasis on beauty and attractiveness. Major
limitations during traditional architecture in Erbil are
space related while in modern architecture they
are cost related. The vertical expansion technique
in traditional architecture was used to save space
while in modern architecture it was used to
enhance the beauty of the building structure.
Table 4. Comparison between traditional and
modern architecture in Erbil (Developed by
Author).
Thus it can be concluded that there is a significant
difference in traditional aesthetic values that has
been caused by globalization in Erbil City.
Traditional aesthetic values have greatly shifted
from traditional heritage to reflect more of the
modern features in terms of both designs and
materials. Further conclusions can be drawn that
modern architectural designs place much
emphasis on beauty while traditional architectural
designs in Erbil City placed much emphasis on
function.
It can be noted that buildings in Erbil are not built
to reflect functions as postulated by the modern
aesthetic theory but however buildings are built in
relation to the environment so as to harness the
benefits posed by the environment. The structuring
is however mostly significantly to avoid adverse
impacts posed by weather conditions such as heat
waves in summer.
Building designs in the old town of Erbil are however
simple if form and design. This matches the modern
theory’s view which contends that there must be
simplicity in form and design. Simplicity in building
designs has however been a prevalent case in the
old town of Erbil. This entails that though this feature
resembles that of modern aesthetic views, it is a
strong element of traditional aesthetic designs in
Erbil.
Buildings in Erbil are not developed with any
emphasis to revamp outdoor space. This is because
much emphasis is placed on the interior part of the
building. Windows are not used as part of the
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Zhino Hariry 65
designing process but are there to enhance
aeration into the building. The focus is relatively
high when it comes to building materials. This is
because more foreign building materials are now
being imported from countries such as Spain,
Turkey and Italy such as glass and carbon. The floor
plans in Erbil buildings are not creative as they are
developed to reflect cultural tastes and
preferences. Using this analysis it can therefore be
noted aesthetics values have been greatly
affected by globalization in the area of building
materials but other areas of aesthetic values have
remained unaffected by globalization because of
the deep cultural and religious factors.
6. Conclusions
It can therefore be concluded that globalization
has insignificantly influenced traditional aesthetics
values in old town of Erbil. Also the nature and
extent to which globalization is influencing
aesthetic values in Erbil has grown significantly in
the area of building materials. Huge amounts of
building materials that are now being used in Erbil
are imported and these are negatively affecting
aesthetic values. Moreover, though globalization
has negatively affected aesthetic values in terms of
building materials and insignificantly affected other
aesthetic values, there are numerous strategies
that can be used to harness globalization initiatives
in architectures.
As the expected solution for our problem using the
following way of design could be increase the
aesthetic value of modernity within conservation of
traditional aspects. The modernism could be
survive and in the same time the aesthetic of
traditional architecture could be protected in such
ancient cities by using local and traditional
elements in modern architecture. This type of
designs reflected in many of famous architects for
example Frank Lloyd Wright is the most famous
architect who designed houses strongly influenced
by the traditional architecture, This form appeared
also in some works of Le Corbusier and Jeanneret
in which the pitched roof and the masonry wall,
outlawed in the 1920s. Yet these houses are no
mere return to vernacular models; natural materials
are reinterpreted in terms of Modernist aesthetics.
Vernacular references are less evident in the
Radiant Farm and a Village Coopératif (1934) two
linked (unrealized) projects in which modern
building technologies and Modernist aesthetics
were applied to agriculture (Colquhoun, 2002: 137).
5. Acknowledgment
This research did not receive any specific grant
from funding agencies in the public, commercial,
or non-for-profit sectors.
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Bornberg, R., Tayfor, M. A. and Jaimes, M. (n.d).
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Colquhoun, A. (2002) Modern Architecture. Oxford
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