This document provides information about Shubham Bhalla's one month vocational training at the Technical Training Institute of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Kanpur, India from July 1-20, 2015. It includes a certificate signed by two HAL managers confirming he successfully completed the training. The acknowledgement section thanks the managers for their guidance during the training period.

1. Submitted to
Technical Training Institute
HAL-TAD, Kanpur
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For
BATCHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Training period: 1st
july – 20th
july 2015

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SHUBHAM BHALLA, student of VeltechDr. RR & Dr. SR
Technical University, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil nadu pursuing B.Tech in Aeronautical
Engineering, has completed his vocational training successfully in HINDUSTAN
AERONAUTICAL LIMITED, Transport Aircraft Division, Kanpur during the period from
1st july to 20th july 2015.
DATE: 20TH JULY 2015
PLACE: KANPUR
Mr. RAM AWTAR Mr. VINOD KUMAR SHARMA
Chief Manager (Training) H.R. officer (Training)
Technical Training Institute Technical Training Institute
HAL-TAD, KANPUR HAL-TAD, KANPUR

3. Acknowledgement
I take the opportunity to express our gratitude to all concerned people whole have
directly or in directly contributed toward completion of this project. I am very thankful to
Mr. RAM AWTAR, chief Manager (TRAINING), HAL-TAD Kanpur, for arranging the
training in efficient way and give me the opportunity to enhance the knowledge and
skills.
I express my gratitude towards Mr. Abhishek Nigam (Dy. Manager-design), Mr.
Narandra Singh (manager-design) for his valuable guidance throughout the training
period.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
(Mr. NARANDRA SINGH) (Mr. Abhishek Nigam)
(MANAGER-DESIGN) (Dy. Manager-DESIGN)

4. CONTENT
S.No. Topic Page
1 History of HAL
2 HAL IN INDIA
3 HAL PRODUCT
4 HAL-TAD, Kanpur
5 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE AT HAL-TAD, KANPUR
6 Aircraft overhauling at HAL-TAD, Kanpur
7 Aircraft Design Process
Conclusion
Reference

5. HISTORY OF HAL
HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED (HAL) came into existence on 1st October 1964.
The company traces its roots to the pioneering effort of an industrialist with
extraordinary vision, the late Sath Walchand Hirachand, who set up Hindustan Aircraft
Limited at Bangalore in association with the government of Mysore in 23 December
1940. The Government of India became one of the shareholder in the company holding
1/3 of its paid-up capital in March 1941 and took over the management in 1942.
In Dec 1945, the company was placed under the administrative control of Min. of
Industry & Supply. In January 1951, Hindustan Aircraft Private Limited was placed
under the Administrative control of Ministry Of Defence.
The Company had built aircraft and engines of foreign design under licence, such as
Prentice, Vampire and Gnat aircraft. In August 1951, the HT-2 Trainer aircraft, designed
and produced by the company under the able leadership of Dr. V.M.Ghatge flew for the
first time. Nearly 200 Trainers were manufactured and supplied to the Indian Air Force
and other customers. With the gradual building up of its design capability, the company
successfully designed and developed four other aircraft i.e.
 Two seater Pushpak suitable for flying clubs
 Krishak for Air Observatory Post (AOP) role
 HF-24 Jet Fighter (Marut) and
 HJT-16 Basic Jet Trainer (Kiran)
Meanwhile, in August 1963, Aeronautics India Limited (AIL) was incorporated as a
Company wholly owned by the Government of India to undertake the manufacture
of the MiG-21 aircraft under licence. In June 1964, the Aircraft Manufacturing Depot
which was set up in 1960 as an Air Force unit to produce the Airframe for the HS-748

6. transport aircraft was transferred to AIL. Soon thereafter, the Government decided to
amalgamate Hindustan Aircraft Limited, with AIL so as to conserve resources in the field
of aviation where the technical talent in the country was limited and to enable the
activities of all the aircraft manufacturing units to be planned and co-ordinated in the
most efficient and economical manner.
Amalgamation of the two companies i.e. Hindustan Aircraft Limited and Aeronautics
India Limited was brought about on 1st Oct 1964 by an Amalgamation order issued by
the Government of India and the Company after the amalgamation was named as
"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)" with its principal business being design,
development, manufacture, repair and overhaul of aircraft, helicopter, engines and
related systems like avionics, instruments and accessories.
Today, HAL has 19 production unit and 9 Research and Design center in 7 location of
India. The company has an impressive product track record
12 type of aircraft manufactured with in-house R&D and 14 types produced under
license. HAL has manufactured over 3550 aircraft 3600 engines and overhauled over
8150 aircraft and 27300 engines. HAL has been successful in numerous R&D program
developed for both Defense and Civil Aviation sector. HAL has made substantial
progress in its current project.
- DHRUV, which is advance light helicopter (ALH)
- TEJAS, light combat aircraft (LCA)
- IJT, Intermediate Jet Trainer
HAL has played a significant role for India’s space program by participating in the
manufacture of structures for Satellite Launch Vehicles like
- PSLV
- GSLV
- IRS
- INSAT

7. HAL has formed the following joint venture (JVs)
- IRAL (Indo-Russian Aviation Limited)
- Sneema HAL aerospace Pvt. Ltd.
- BAEHAL software limited
- SAMTEL HAL Display System Limited
- HALBIT Avionics Pvt. Ltd.
- INFOTECH HAL Ltd.
Apart from these seven, other major diversification project are Industrial Marine Gas
Turbine and airport services. Several Co – production and joint ventures with
international participation are under consideration. HAL’s supplies/ services are mainly
to Indian Defense Services, Coast Guards and BSF (Border Security Force). Transport
Aircraft and Helicopters have also been supplied to airlines as well as State
Government of India. The company has also achieved a foothold in export in more than
30 countries, having demonstrated its quality and price competitiveness. HAL has won
several International & National Awards for achievement in R&D, technology,
managerial performance, Export, Energy conservation, Quality and Fulfillment of Social
Responsibilities.
HAL was awarded the “INTERNATIONAL GOLD MEDAL AWARD” for Corporate
Achievement in Quality and Efficiency at the International Summit (Global Rating
Leaders 2003), London, UK by M/s Global Rating, UK in conjunction with the
International Information and Marketing Centre (IIMC).HAL was present the
International – “ARCH OF EUROPE” Award in Gold category in recognition for its
commitment to quality, leadership, technology and innovation. At the national level, HAL
won the “GOLD TROPHY” for the excellence in public sector management, institute by
the standing conference of public Enterprises (SCOPE)
The company scaled new height in the financial year 2006-07 with a turnover of Rs
7783.61 crores

8. Sl. R & D Centre Activity
1 Aircraft R&D Centre, Bangalore Design and Development of Fixed Wing
aircraft (LCA, IJT, MTA, FGFA, UAV)
2 Rotary Wing Aircraft R&D Centre,
Bangalore
Design and Development of Rotary Wing
aircraft (ALH, LCH, LUH, MLH, NRUAV)
3 Mission & Combat Systems R&D
Centre, Bangalore
Mission systems, Aircraft upgrades and
technology development
4 Aero Engine R&D Centre, Bangalore Small, Medium Engines & Test Bed design
5 Strategic Electronics R&D Centre,
Hyderabad
Avionics Items.
6 Transport Aircraft R&D Centre,
Kanpur
Development & Modification/ upgrades of
Transport Aircraft
7 Aircraft Upgrades R&D Centre, Nasik Aircraft/ System Upgrade Work on Russian
Aircraft
8 Aerospace Systems & Equipment
R&D Centre, Lucknow
Development of Mechanical, Hydraulic and
Electrical accessories.
9 Gas Turbine R&D Centre, Koraput Design Improvement of Russian Engines
10 Central Materials & Processes
Laboratory & NDT Centre, Bangalore
Development of Materials, Castings, Forgings
& New Processes

9. HAL IN INDIA
HAL Bangalore is the corporate office. In 1940 it was established name as AMD
(Aircraft Maintenance Department / Aircraft Manufacturing Department) by Hirachand
Walchand. In 1964, named changed as AIL (Aeronautics Hindustan Limited) and then in
1968 again name changes to HAL (HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED). It has 8
sub division
1. Aircraft division
2. Engine division
3. Overhaul division
4. Aerospace division
5. Helicopter division
6. Aircraft system and testing division
7. Industrial and Marine Gas turbine division
8. Foundry & Forge division
HAL Nasik is MIG complex
HAL Korwa is Instrument division
HAL Lucknow is accessories division
HAL Koraput is engine overhaul division
HAL Kanpur is Transport Aircraft Division

10. I. Manufacturing and Maintenance unit
 HAL Bangalore
 HAL Nasik
 HAL Koraput
 HAL Kanpur
 HAL Lucknow
 HAL Hyderabad
 HAL Korwa
II. Design centers
 Bangalore
 Hyderabad
 Nasik
 kanpur
III. Liaison offices
 Mumbai
 Delhi
 Chennai
 Visakapatnam
 London
 Moscow

11. HAL PRODUCT
AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND DEVEOPED BY HAL
HT-2 - Piston engine trainer
Pushpak - light aircraft for flying clubs
Krishak - air observation post
Marut (HF-24) - ground attack jet fighter
Marut trainer - operational trainer
Kiran MK I, MK IA and MK II - basic jet trainer
BASANT - agriculture aircraft
AJEET - light fighter
HPT- 32 - piston engine trainer
HTT-34 - turboprop variant
Aircraft produce under license at HAL:
Percival Prentice - trainer
Vampire - fighter, bomber
Gnat - interceptor
MIG-21 c FL - interceptor
MIG-21 bis - ground attack
Jaguar - multi-role fighter
MIG-27 - ground attack
AVRO (HS-748) - medium transport
DORNIER (DO-228) - light transport
CHETAK - utility helicopter
CHEETAH - R&O/ light logistic helicopter

12. HAL-TAD, KANPUR
Transport Aircraft Division (TAD) of HAL was set up in 1960 to manufacture the HS-748,
a medium haul turbo-prop passenger transport aircraft. Over the year, it has vastly
developed its infrastructure and capability and undertaken the manufacture of variety of
aircraft and structural assemblies and component for both domestic and international
market. The total number of aircraft delivered are as follows:
S.No. PRODUCT PERIOD QUANTITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
HS-748 aircraft
Glider
Basant aircraft (HA-31)
HPT-32 aircraft
ATP Tail-plane
Dornier-228 aircraft
1960-83
1963-86
1975-78
1983-98
1987-95
1985 onwards
89
164
19
142
24
125
Along with the manufacturing activities TAD has developed extensive facilities for repair,
overhaul and modification of these aircraft as well as for about 400 types of retables
fitting on these aircraft.
Apart from the above, division is doing Depot Level Maintenance of engines and
hydraulic system of unmanned air vehicles (UAV), Searcher-I, Searcher-II and Heron
since JAN’2004 under transfer of technology Agreement with Malat division of Israel.
Aircraft Industries and Servicing of AN-32 & Canberra aircraft at its detachment
workplace at Agra from 200 onward.
Research and Development (R&D) center located in this division carried out product
updation, role modification and other R&D activities. Over the year it has vastly
developed its capabilities and is today considered a pioneer in the field of manufacture

13. and overhaul of transport category aircraft in the country. The plant accommodates
73500 sq. meters and the total strength of kanpur division employees are 2200.
In HAL kanpur division, following are the facilities are available:
Machining Facility:
5 axes 3 spindle heavy-duty Gantry type CNC profiler, 3 axes CNC milling machine,
vertical machining center, horizontal machining center, Turning, Milling, grinding,
Thread Rolling, Honing etc.
Composites/Plastics:
1. Hot air autoclave
2. Vacuum forming
3. Deep drawing machine
Sheet metal, welding and surface treatment:
1. Rubber press, break press, pipe bending machine, routers, horizontal stretching
machine.
2. Gas, Argon and Spot Welding
3. Anodising, Chrome plating, copper plating Electro chemical milling, control
temperature paintings
Assembly and Paint Hangar:
1. Large and spacious hangars for assembly, overhaul, repair and maintenance of
transport aircraft
2. Exclusive paint hangar with dust free and controlled environment

14. Servicing of Rotables
1. Mechanical items like propellers, landing gears, actuators, wheel, brake etc.
2. Instrument items like fight instruments, fuel quantity and fuel flow system,
pressurization system
3. Electrical items like alternator, inverters, motors, regulators, control and
protection units etc.
4. Avionic items pertaining to communication, navigation and intercom system,
weather radar and antenna.
Quality Control Facilities
1. 3-D co-ordinate measuring machine
2. Computerized cable loom tester
3. Universal testing machine
4. Accelerated weathering tester
5. Hot and cold chamber
6. Particle counter
7. Nikon inverted microscope
8. Omnimet image Analyser
9. Cold light rigid Endoscope
10.Flexible Boroscope
11.Chemical testing facility
12.NDT facility
Design and Development
1. Role modification
2. Upgrades
3. Repair schemes

15. Services
Upgradation of aircraft and role equipment integration
The transport aircraft R&D center is involved in carrying out aircraft upgrade,
modification and role equipment integration. Our major projects in the past include:
1. Mid-life upgrade of HS-748 Navigation & communication system
2. Integration machine wing fuel tank of HPT-32 aircraft replacing rubber flexible fuel
tank
3. Integration of TCAS, MOD’S’, EGPWS on Boeing, HS-748, Do-228 and AN-32
aircraft
4. Integration of maritime radar Elta and Supermarec radar on DO-228 aircraft.
5. Integration of search light pod, gun pod and IR/UV scanner on DO-228 aircraft
6. Modification on DO-228 aircraft for high altitude operation & para dropping/ para
jumping
Aircraft overhaul, repair and modification
 Extensive facilities and expertise are available for the overhaul, repair,
maintenance and modification of
i. HS-748 medium capacity aircraft
ii. DO-228 light transport aircraft
iii. HPT-32 basic trainer aircraft
iv. Servicing of AN-32
v. Servicing of Canberra aircraft
vi. Depot level maintenance of Un-manned Air Vehicles (UAV-
Searcher-I, Searcher-II and Heron)
 Services offered include major overhauls, scheduled and unscheduled
maintenance, repairs, embodiment of SB's, cabin refurbishing etc.
 Runway adjacent hangars
 Full range of facilities for quality control, inspection and testing

16.  Site repair and retrieval of damaged aircraft
Aircraft Painting
 Exclusive Paint hangar with dust-free and controlled environment can
accommodate aircraft up to 50 seater capacity. Expertise is available for various
types of aircraft painting systems like Poly-urethane, Epoxy, Cellulose, etc.
 Full range of facilities for testing of paint, paint thickness measurement
Rotables Overhaul And Repair
 Extensive facilities for over 400 types of Rotables of different aircraft including
HS-748, DO -228, HPT-32 and other medium category aircraft
 Rich experience of overhauling more than 50,000 Rotables in the past
 Competent and qualified workforce to meet the exacting requirement of the
Aviation industry
 Shops built to clean room specifications and equipped with the complete range of
Test Equipment
Range of rotables which can be overhauled and repaired include the following
 Mechanical items like propellers, landing gears, actuators, wheel-brake
assembly, hydraulics, fuel and de-icing systems and accessories
 Instrument items like flight instruments, fuel quantity and fuel flow system,
pressurisation system instruments, Autopilot and all types of pressure switches
and gauges
 Electrical items like alternators, invertors, motors, regulators, control and
protection units, booster pumps, actuators, fans, batteries and voltage regulators
 Avionic items pertaining to communication, navigation, and intercom systems,
weather radar and antenna

17. Future Plans
 Series production of 73 Intermediate Jet Trainer aircraft (HJT-36 “SITARA”) for
Indian Air Force against agreement signed in March, 2010. Production started.
Delivery is scheduled to be commenced from March, 2013.
 Production of Turbo Prop Trainer aircraft (HTT-40) as a replacement plan of
HPT-32-Deepak, aircraft supplied to Indian Air Force. Project is presently at
Design phase.
 Series production of 100 seater Multi Role Transport aircraft will be taken up by
TAD Kanpur. The aircraft is under co-design and development at HAL's Aircraft
Research and Design Centre, Bangalore in association with Russian partners.
 Production of 14 seater Saras aircraft.

18. AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE AT HAL-TAD, KANPUR
 DORNIER DO-228
The 19 seater HAL - DO - 228 aircraft is a highly versatile multi-purpose light transport
aircraft. It has been developed specifically to meet the manifold requirements of utility
and commuter transport, third level services and air-taxi operations, coast guard duties
and maritime surveillance.
The Dornier Do 228 is a twin-turboprop STOL utility aircraft, manufactured by Dornier
GmbH (later DASA Dornier, Fairchild-Dornier) from 1981 until 1998. In 1983, Hindustan
Aeronautics (HAL) bought a production licence and manufactured 125 aircraft for the
Asian market sphere.

19. SPECIFICATION
S.No. Dimension
1 Normal seating capacity 15/19
2 Wing span 16.97 m
3 Overall length 15.04/16.56 m
4 Overall height 4.86 m
5 Propeller diameter 2.69 m
6 Propeller clearance 1.08 m
7 Cabin length 6.30/ 7.08 m
8 Cabin width 1.35 m
9 Cabin height 1.55 m
10 Passenger door 1.34x0.64 m
11 Cargo door 1.34x1.60 m
12 Take-off distance 655 m
13 Accelerated stop distance 762 m
14 Landing distance 536 m
15 Engine model GARRET TPE 331-5-252D
16 Take-off power 2x715 SHP; flat rated to ISA+18°C
17 Fuel capacity 2850 lit (2250 kg)
18 Fuel consumption 213 kg/hr (max range cruse 1000ft)
19 Max landing weight 6100 kg
20 Max zero fuel weight 5590 kg

20. 21 Max payload 1903 kg
22 Rate of climb 97 m/sec
23 Max cruse speed 428 km/hrs
24 Max range 333 km/hr
25 Max take-off weight 6400 kg
Avionic instrument in DO-228
1. MSS-500 (maritime surveillance system)
2. Maritime situational awareness utilizing SATCOM and AIS
i. AIS INFO contain a number of parameter
(a) Ship ID
(b) Speed over ground
(c) True heading
(d) Rate of turn
(e) Destination ETA
(f) Position
(g) Course over ground
(h) Navigation system
ii. IAF DO-228 avionic upgrade
(a) RAM indicator
(b) EGPWS ASSY
(c) GPS ANNUNCIATOR
(d) AHRS CCU
(e) WXR INDICATOR
(f) TCAS VSI
(g) FDR LAMP
(h) EHSI

21. 3. Glass cockpit
4. Four 8x6 inch LCD display
5. ISIS (integrated standby instrument system)
6. FMS (flight management system) coupled with autopilot
7. Engine indication and crew alerting system
8. EGPWS
9. TCAS-II
10. AHRS
11. DADC
ROLE
 Maritime Surveillance
 Pollution Prevention
 Troop Transport
 Aerial Survey
 Search and Rescue
 Commuter Transport
 Calibration of airport NAV-COM Aids
 Remote Sensing Applications
 Causality Evacuation
 Executive Transport
 Cargo & Logistics Support

22.  IJT
i. HJT-36 “SITARA”)
The Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT) christened as HJT-36 is indigenously designed and
developed by HAL to replace ageing fleet of KIRAN Jet Trainer aircraft in service with Indian Air
Force for Stage II training of its pilots. IJT will be fitted with AL-55i Jet engines produced in
house at Engine Division Koraput. IJT incorporates the simplicity necessary for ease of
conversion from Basic Piston Trainer and the sophistication required for quick conversion to the
complexities of an Advanced Jet Trainer.
Specification of HPT-36
S.No. Dimension
1. Crew 2
2. Wing span 10.0 m
3. Length 11 m
4. Height 4.40 m
5. Empty weight 4250 kg
6. Max. take-off weight 5400 kg
7. Max. usable fuel(without drop tank) 900 kg

23. 8. Max. usable fuel (with drop tank) 1370 kg
9. Fuselage length 11.00 m
10. Max. width (without intake) 1.00 m
11. Max. height 1.82 m
12. Turbo fan with thrust >17 kN at SLS,ISA
13. Bypass ratio ~0.55
14. SFC <0.72 kg/hr
15. Max rate of climb >1500 m/min
16. Max permitted load factors +7.0/-2.5 g
17. Stall speed <185 km/h
18. Take-off distance <500 m
19. Landing roll <500 m
20. Max speed/ Mach no. 750 kmph / 0.75
Roles
 Pilot Training
 General flying
 Navigation formation flying
 Instrument & cloud flying
 Basic air to ground & air to air weapon aiming
 Tactical flying
 Night flying
ii. HPT-32 “Deepak”

24. HPT-32 is fully aerobatic piston engine basic trainer with side by side seats for instructor
and pupil. It can be used for a wide range of training including instrument navigation,
night flying and formation flying or weapon training.
The first prototype made its initial flight on Jan 6th 1977. The third flown on July 31st
1981 represent the production refinement. HAL-TAD kanpur has manufactured 142
aircraft’s.
Specification of HPT-32
S.No. dimension
1. Crew 2
2. Wing span 9.50 m
3. Length 7.72 m
4. Height 2.88 m
5. Wheel track 3.45 m
6. Propeller diameter 2.03 m
7. Propeller ground 0.24 m
8. Aspect ratio 6
9. Operating empty weight 906 kg

25. 10. Crew weight(including parachutes) 174 kg
11. Fuel (max. useable with integral function) 172 kg
12. Fuel (max. useable with flexible) 151 kg
13. Max. take-off weight 1270 kg
14. Max landing weight 1270 kg
15. Max speed at S.L. 264 km/h
16. Stall speed (clean) 115 km/h
18. Stall speed (with flap) 110 km/h
19. Take-off distance 450 m
20. Landing distance 512 m
Role: Offering a wide range of operational flexibility, at the minimum cost, the aircraft
caters to variety type of role including:
1. Ab-intio training
2. Instrument flying
3. Night flying
4. Formation flying
5. Observation
6. Liaison
7. Sport flying

26. Aircraft overhauling at HAL-TAD, Kanpur
HS-748 (AVRO)
Transport aircraft division of HAL was set up in 1960 for manufacture and overhaul of
HS-748. This aircraft was manufacture under the license of UK company named
“HAWER SIDDELEY”. The common named of aircraft is AVRO on the name of A.V.
REO and company. HAL TAD kanpur has manufacture 86 HS-748 during the period
1960-1983 for Indian Air Force, Indian Airline and Civil customer.
S.No. Dimension
1. Crew 3
2. Capacity 40–58 passengers
3. Payload 5,136 kg
4. Length 20.42 m
5. Wingspan 31.23 m
6. Empty weight 12,327 kg
7. Max. takeoff weight 21,092 kg
8. Power plant 2 × Rolls-Royce Dart RDa.7 Mk 536-2
turboprop, 2,280 ehp (1,700 kW) each
9. Cruise speed 244 kn, 452 km/h
10. Range 926 nm, 1,715 km) (with max payload)
11. Service ceiling 7,620 m
12. Wing loading 274 kg/m²

27. 13. Power/mass 0.161 kW/kg
14. Height 7.57 m
15. Wing area 77 m²
16. Incidence angle 3o
17 Dihedral angle 7o
18 Wheel base 20’1”
19. Main wheel tyre pressure 65/85 psi
20. Nose wheel tyre pressure 55 psi
21. Jet thrust 485 lbs
22. Water methanol capacity 2*30 imp. Gal
23. Fuel capacity 2*570 imp. Gal
Work task In HS-748
Basically three task take place for HS-748
(A) OVERHAULING
In this process the firstly overview of snags sent by customer is taken into account and
afterward new list is prepared by HAL’s investigators
(B) SERVICING
In HAL-TAD Kanpur, 3rd level of servicing of AVRO is carried out. 3rd level service refer
to the completion of 1500 hrs/ 4 year (which ever first).
(C)GROUND RUN
In this checking engine power, electrical and avionic system are checked under ground
running condition.
(D)Test flight
The C.T.P. (Chief test pilot) of the division checks the aircraft in air as a flying trail.

28. Aircraft Design Process
The aircraft design process is an engineering design process by which aircraft are
designed. These depend on many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand,
safety protocols, physical and economic constraints etc. For some types of aircraft the
design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities.
Aircraft design is a compromise between many competing factors and constraints and
accounts for existing designs and market requirements to produce the best aircraft.
Design constraints:
(a) Purpose: The design process starts with the aircraft's intended purpose.
Commercial airliners are designed for carrying a passenger or cargo payload, long
range and greater fuel efficiency whereas fighter jets are designed to perform high
speed maneuvers and provide close support to ground troops. Some aircraft have
specific missions, for instance, amphibious airplanes have a unique design that allows
them to operate from both land and water, some fighters, like the Harrier Jump Jet,
have VTOL (Vertical Take-off and Landing) ability, helicopters have the ability to hover
over an area for a period of time. The purpose may be to fit a specific requirement, e.g.
as in the historical case of a British Air Ministry specification, or fill a perceived "gap in
the market"; that is, a class or design of aircraft which does not yet exist, but for which
there would be significant demand.
(b) Aircraft regulations: Another important factor that influences the design of the
aircraft are the regulations put forth by national aviation airworthiness authorities.
Airports may also impose limits on aircraft, for instance, the maximum wingspan allowed
for a conventional aircraft is 80 m to prevent collisions between aircraft while taxiing.
(c) Environmental factors: An increase in the number of aircraft also means greater
carbon emissions. Environmental scientists have voiced concern over the main kinds of
pollution associated with aircraft, mainly noise and emissions. Aircraft engines have
been historically notorious for creating noise pollution and the expansion of airways over

29. already congested and polluted cities have drawn heavy criticism, making it necessary
to have environmental policies for aircraft noise. Environmental limitations also affect
airfield compatibility. Airports around the world have been built to suit the topography of
the particular region. Space limitations, pavement design, runway end safety areas and
the unique location of airport are some of the airport factors that influence aircraft
design.
Design aspects:
The main aspects of aircraft design are:
1. Aerodynamics
2. Propulsion
3. Controls
4. Mass
5. Structure
All aircraft designs involve compromises of these factors to achieve the design mission.
Wing design:
Fuselage:
Propulsion: The main parameters of engine design are:
 Maximum engine thrust available
 Fuel consumption
 Engine mass
 Engine geometry
The thrust provided by the engine must balance the drag at cruise speed and be greater
than the drag to allow acceleration. The engine requirement varies with the type of
aircraft. For instance, commercial airliners spend more time in cruise speed and need

30. more engine efficiency. High-performance fighter jets need very high acceleration and
therefore have very high thrust requirements.
Weight:
Structure:
Design process and simulation
1. Conceptual Design
The first design step, involves sketching a variety of possible aircraft configurations that
meet the required design specifications. By drawing a set of configurations, designers
seek to reach the design configuration that satisfactorily meets all requirements as well
as go hand in hand with factors such as aerodynamics, propulsion, flight performance,
structural and control systems. This is called design optimization. Fundamental aspects
such as fuselage shape, wing configuration and location, engine size and type are all
determined at this stage. Constraints to design like those mentioned above are all taken
into account at this stage as well. The final product is a conceptual layout of the aircraft
configuration on paper or computer screen, to be reviewed by engineers and other
designers.

31. 2. Preliminary design phase
The design configuration arrived at in the conceptual design phase is then tweaked and
remodeled to fit into the design parameters. In this phase, wind tunnel testing and
computational fluid dynamic calculations of the flow field around the aircraft are done.
Major structural and control analysis is also carried out in this phase. Aerodynamic flaws
and structural instabilities if any are corrected and the final design is drawn and
finalized. Then after the finalization of the design lies the key decision with the
manufacturer or individual designing it whether to actually go ahead with the production
of the aircraft. At this point several designs, though perfectly capable of flight and
performance, might have been opted out of production due to their being economically
nonviable.
3. Detail design phase
This phase simply deals with the fabrication aspect of the aircraft to be manufactured. It
determines the number, design and location of ribs, spars, sections and other structural
elements. All aerodynamic, structural, propulsion, control and performance aspects
have already been covered in the preliminary design phase and only the manufacturing
remains. Flight simulators for aircraft are also developed at this stage.

32. Conclusion
Hindustan Aeronautical Limited is a leading aerospace company of India engaged in
design, manufacture & overhaul of a variety of aviation products from basic air trainer
aircraft to highly sophisticated fighter, bomber, helicopters, transport A/C, power plant.
Since its inception in 1940, the company has grown into a giant aviation complex
spread all over India and employing a versatile work force of trained, highly skilled &
experienced persons. It enjoy a monopoly in India.
Recently a light combat aircraft (LCA) has been developed in the country with the
cooperation of various agencies. It is double that of MIG-21. With the advancement of
new technology & highly skilled scientists. A time will come when India too will have
stood in the world market of aircraft.
I hope it will show it’s ability for new technology in world level. It’s contribution in
defense is incredible.

33. Reference
www.hal-india.com
www.wikipedia.org