In metaphase 1 of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes line up side by.pdf
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In metaphase 1 of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes line up side by side along the equator so that (a) crossing-over (exchange of DNA regions) can occur between the homologous pairs and (b) the homologous chromosomes can be pulled to opposite poles during anaphase 1. In mitosis, by contrast, homologous chromosomes line up single-file along the equator. What benefits are derived from these two different ways that homologous chromosomes are positioned at metaphase in meiosis and mitosis? Solution The equatorial arrangement of chromosomes make the cell divisions to occur more symmetrically. This chromosomal alignment is the keyspot of metazoan cell divisions. The spindle fibers in both mitosis and meiosis relocate the metaphase plates if they are not properly arranged. Homologous chromosomes functions differently in both mitosis and meiosis. The homologous chromosomes in mitosis do not pair with eachother like they do in meiosis. They line up independently at the equatorial plate whereas in meiosis they occur in pairs. The chances of chromosomes to cross one another by mitotic recombination is very rare..
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10.1 meiosis
Chromosomes replicate and pair up during meiosis. Crossing over can lead to an exchange of DNA between homologous non-sister chromatids. This produces new combinations of alleles and chiasmata may form at points of exchange. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and random orientation leads to independent assortment. Sister chromatids then separate in meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells each with a unique combination of alleles.
Topic 4 2 doc
Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from a diploid cell for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division and results in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation in the gametes. Errors in chromosome separation during anaphase can lead to non-disjunction and an abnormal number of chromosomes in resulting gametes. Karyotyping is a prenatal test that analyzes chromosome number and structure to screen for disorders like Down syndrome caused by non-disjunction.
Translocation
1) A reciprocal translocation occurs when pieces of two non-homologous chromosomes are exchanged without loss of genetic material.
2) In a translocation heterozygote, the chromosomes involved in the translocation cannot pair normally during meiosis I. Instead, they form a cross-shaped structure called a quadrivalent.
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Meiosis is a two-step cell division process that produces four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original diploid cell, for sexual reproduction. Meiosis I reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid through homologous chromosome separation. Meiosis II then separates sister chromatids to produce four haploid cells with unique combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes. This genetic diversity ensures no two siblings are genetically identical.
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The document provides notes on meiosis and the origins of genetic variation. [1] Meiosis involves two divisions that produce gametes and involves processes like chromosome pairing, separation of homologous chromosomes, and cytokinesis. [2] Genetic variation arises from independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over during prophase I, and random fertilization. [3] Nondisjunction can also occur, resulting in aneuploidy like trisomy which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
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Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced for sexual reproduction. It involves two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossover can occur, resulting in genetic recombination. The homologous chromosomes then separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then divides the resulting cells again without crossover, producing four haploid daughter cells each with one representative from each chromosome pair. The main difference between the two divisions is that genetic recombination occurs during meiosis I but not during meiosis II.
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10.1 meiosis
Chromosomes replicate and pair up during meiosis. Crossing over can lead to an exchange of DNA between homologous non-sister chromatids. This produces new combinations of alleles and chiasmata may form at points of exchange. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and random orientation leads to independent assortment. Sister chromatids then separate in meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells each with a unique combination of alleles.
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Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from a diploid cell for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division and results in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation in the gametes. Errors in chromosome separation during anaphase can lead to non-disjunction and an abnormal number of chromosomes in resulting gametes. Karyotyping is a prenatal test that analyzes chromosome number and structure to screen for disorders like Down syndrome caused by non-disjunction.
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1) A reciprocal translocation occurs when pieces of two non-homologous chromosomes are exchanged without loss of genetic material.
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Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced for sexual reproduction. It involves two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossover can occur, resulting in genetic recombination. The homologous chromosomes then separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then divides the resulting cells again without crossover, producing four haploid daughter cells each with one representative from each chromosome pair. The main difference between the two divisions is that genetic recombination occurs during meiosis I but not during meiosis II.
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Ex2
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1. The cell is going through meiosis.2. From the above diagram, it.pdf
The cell is undergoing meiosis. Genetic recombination has occurred as the homologous chromosomes paired up and crossed over. The diagram shows evidence of this crossing over. The cell is now in anaphase, as the homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides due to the spindle apparatus, while the sister chromatids remain attached.
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Please answer the question carefully.How does mitosis differ from .pdf
Please answer the question carefully.
How does mitosis differ from meiosis? Where do they occur in the body and what is their
purpose?
Solution
Mitosis ---> somatic cell division & produces two identical daughter cells with equal number of
chromosomes (cytokinesis & karyokinesis). The purpose of this division is to increase body mass
and body volume through vegetative growth
Meiosis ----> a reduction division occurs in reproductive germ cells in which allosomes
determine sex determination (purpose) finally generates half of the chromosomes in daughter
cells
Mechanism and differences in division:
a. Mitosis- replicated Chromosomes and sister chromatids pulled to the opposite poles of the cell
b. Meiosis I- Two chromosomes in each bivalent attached to the spindle fibers and pulled to the
opposite pole with the centromeres.
c. Meiosis II- Sister chromatins including individual chromosomes are separated and moved to
opposite poles of the cells using spindle fibers.
The cells of the reproductive organs (Eg: ovaries ad testes) undergo meiosis. Meiosis is a type of
nuclear division, which produces four haploid cells from a single diploid cell. Meiosis is divided
into two phases, meiosis I (one diploid nucleus to two haploid nuclei) and meiosis II (two
haploid nuclei to four haploid nuclei). Meiosis I and meiosis II are subdivided into four phases
again namely, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Thus, meiosis is divided into eight
phases. The phases of meiosis I are prohase-i, metaphase-I, anaphase-I and telophase-I.
Similarly, the phases of meiosis-II are prohase-II, metaphase-II, anaphase-II and telophase-II.
Prophase is the first phase of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis. During this phase,
cohesion that is present throughout the length of the chromatids is removed except at the
centromere. The chromatids become more visible during this phase. In meiosis, the sub stages of
prophase-I include, leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesis.
During the metaphase, two chromatids are formed from each chromosome by longitudinal
splitting. These chromatids form the chromosomes of daughter cells.
During anaphase, centromeres are pulled and the chromatids become separated and move
towards the opposite poles. These chromatids now are the chromosomes of the daughter cells,
and are pulled towards the centrioles by means of spindle fibres.
During “metaphase I and II” the chromosomes align at the midway between the two opposite
spindle poles.
In the stage of telophase, cytoplasmic division of the cell takes place (cytokinesis) during which
each of the daughter cell receives one of the daughter nuclei. The interval between each division
is called interphase.
During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes align during the prophase. These chromosomes
crossover at some point and rejoin to form recombinant chromatids, and move towards the
opposite poles during anaphase. The chromosomal crossover occurs during metaphase-I of the
meiosis,
In mei.
Lesson-4-Meiosis-and-Human-Life-Cycle.pptx
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossover can occur, generating genetic diversity. The paired chromosomes then separate, reducing the number of chromosomes by half. In Meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells each containing a single set of chromosomes. This ensures fertilization restores the diploid number. Errors in meiosis can result in conditions like Down syndrome due to an extra chromosome 21.
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Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from diploid sex cells. It occurs in two stages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. The homologous chromosomes then separate, resulting in two haploid cells. These cells undergo Meiosis II, where the sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells total. Meiosis ensures genetic diversity in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.
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1) Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
2) During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation. The chromosomes then segregate so that each gamete receives one chromosome of each type.
3) Errors in chromosome segregation during meiosis can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to conditions like Down syndrome if not corrected at fertilization.
Unit 3 meiosis
1) Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
2) During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation. The chromosomes then segregate so that each gamete receives one chromosome of each type.
3) Errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidy, where a gamete gains or loses a whole chromosome, such as occurs in Down syndrome where a third copy of chromosome 21 is present.
Meiosis
The document summarizes the two phases of meiosis: phase 1 and phase 2. Phase 1 separates homologous chromosomes, with homologous pairs arranging on the metaphase plate and then separating toward opposite poles to form two haploid cells. Phase 2 then separates sister chromatids within each cell, with the chromatids separating toward opposite poles to produce four haploid daughter cells from the original parent cell.
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be.pdf
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact? basal surface
basement membrane tight junctions apical surface gap junctions Which of the following
relationships between a tissue and its general function is not correct? Epithelial: control Nerve:
control Connective: support Muscle: movement Goblet cells are found in which of these
epithelia. Stratified squmous Simple squmaous Transitional Simple columnar
Solution
1. apical surface
The stomach surface is lined with mucus secreting columnar epithelial cells. A single
cell structure consists of three surfaces-apical, lateral and basal.
The apical surface faces the intestinal lumen. Extending from the apical surface are
numerous fingerlike projections (100 nm in diameter) called microvilli, referred as the brush
border due to their appearance. Microvilli greatly increase the area of the apical surface,
enhancing the absorptive and transportive capacity of the intestinal epithelium. Overlying the
brush border, are the oligosaccharide side chains of integral membrane glycoproteins,
glycolipids, and enzymes (glycocalyx) catalyzing the final digestion of ingested carbohydrates
and proteins. The resultant monosaccharides and amino acids produced are transported across the
intestinal epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream.
The lateral surface encloses tight junctions, adherens junctions, spotdesmosome, gap
junction, intermediate filament, and hemidesmosome.
-Tight junctions, prevent diffusion of substances between the intestinal lumen and the blood via
the extracellular space between cells. They function as a selective and semipermeable barrier
between apical and basolateral compartments of the epithelial layer. They facilitate the passage
of small ions and water-soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing the
passage of luminal antigens, microorganisms and their toxins.
-Gap junctions are door-like connections between each epithelial cells.They allow movement of
small molecules and ions between the cytosol of adjacent cells.
-The remaining three types of junctions, adherens junctions, spot desmosomes, and
hemidesmosomes are critical to cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
The basal surface of the epithelial cells is the basal lamina, consisting of a fibrous
network of collagen and proteoglycans that supports the epithelial cell layer.
2. epithelial:control
Epithelial cells line the body cavities and surface of organs and blood vessels. Their functions
include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing.
3. simple columnar
Goblet cells are found scattered among the epithelial cells, mostly in the respiratory and
intestinal tracts. These cells are simple columnar epithelial cells with a narrow base and
expanded apical portion (glandular shape). They secrete mucus which protect against stress and
chemical damage, and destroy the microorganisms and particulate matter..
Write the interface (.h file) of a class Accumulator containing A d.pdf
Write the interface (.h file) of a class Accumulator containing: A data member named sum of
type integer. A constructor accepting no parameters. A function named getSum that accepts no
parameters and returns an integer. A function named add that accepts an integer parameter and
returns no value.
Solution
Accumulator.h
class Accumulator{
private:
int sum;
public:
Accumulator();
int getSum();
void add(int x);
};.
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This document discusses genetics and chromosomes. It states that genetics deals with heredity and variation, and chromosomes carry genes and transfer characteristics from one generation to the next. It describes that chromosomes exist in pairs and come in different types depending on the position of the centromere. Each species has a constant number of chromosomes maintained through meiosis. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits. Crossing over occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments, producing genetic variation in populations.
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Meiosis is a two-step cell division process that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. This ensures that offspring have half the chromosome number of the parents. Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, while Meiosis II separates sister chromatids. The independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over between nonsister chromatids introduce genetic variation between gametes. This genetic variation provides material for natural selection and allows species to adapt to changing environments.
Please answer the question carefully.How does mitosis differ from .pdf
Please answer the question carefully.
How does mitosis differ from meiosis? Where do they occur in the body and what is their
purpose?
Solution
Mitosis ---> somatic cell division & produces two identical daughter cells with equal number of
chromosomes (cytokinesis & karyokinesis). The purpose of this division is to increase body mass
and body volume through vegetative growth
Meiosis ----> a reduction division occurs in reproductive germ cells in which allosomes
determine sex determination (purpose) finally generates half of the chromosomes in daughter
cells
Mechanism and differences in division:
a. Mitosis- replicated Chromosomes and sister chromatids pulled to the opposite poles of the cell
b. Meiosis I- Two chromosomes in each bivalent attached to the spindle fibers and pulled to the
opposite pole with the centromeres.
c. Meiosis II- Sister chromatins including individual chromosomes are separated and moved to
opposite poles of the cells using spindle fibers.
The cells of the reproductive organs (Eg: ovaries ad testes) undergo meiosis. Meiosis is a type of
nuclear division, which produces four haploid cells from a single diploid cell. Meiosis is divided
into two phases, meiosis I (one diploid nucleus to two haploid nuclei) and meiosis II (two
haploid nuclei to four haploid nuclei). Meiosis I and meiosis II are subdivided into four phases
again namely, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Thus, meiosis is divided into eight
phases. The phases of meiosis I are prohase-i, metaphase-I, anaphase-I and telophase-I.
Similarly, the phases of meiosis-II are prohase-II, metaphase-II, anaphase-II and telophase-II.
Prophase is the first phase of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis. During this phase,
cohesion that is present throughout the length of the chromatids is removed except at the
centromere. The chromatids become more visible during this phase. In meiosis, the sub stages of
prophase-I include, leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesis.
During the metaphase, two chromatids are formed from each chromosome by longitudinal
splitting. These chromatids form the chromosomes of daughter cells.
During anaphase, centromeres are pulled and the chromatids become separated and move
towards the opposite poles. These chromatids now are the chromosomes of the daughter cells,
and are pulled towards the centrioles by means of spindle fibres.
During “metaphase I and II” the chromosomes align at the midway between the two opposite
spindle poles.
In the stage of telophase, cytoplasmic division of the cell takes place (cytokinesis) during which
each of the daughter cell receives one of the daughter nuclei. The interval between each division
is called interphase.
During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes align during the prophase. These chromosomes
crossover at some point and rejoin to form recombinant chromatids, and move towards the
opposite poles during anaphase. The chromosomal crossover occurs during metaphase-I of the
meiosis,
In mei.
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The human life cycle involves both mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs during development and tissue repair, producing genetically identical cells. Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction and reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, generating genetically diverse gametes through independent assortment and crossing over. Fertilization of an egg and sperm fuses their haploid cells to form a diploid zygote, continuing the life cycle.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes like sperm and egg cells. It involves two divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variation between daughter cells and is essential for sexual reproduction.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half and produces gametes like sperm and egg cells. It involves two cell divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis introduces genetic variation between daughter cells and is essential for sexual reproduction.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossover can occur, generating genetic diversity. The paired chromosomes then separate, reducing the number of chromosomes by half. In Meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells each containing a single set of chromosomes. This ensures fertilization restores the diploid number. Errors in meiosis can result in conditions like Down syndrome due to an extra chromosome 21.
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This document discusses genetic inheritance and cell division. It covers topics like duplicating genetic information in DNA, the structure of chromosomes, the cell cycle phases including interphase and mitosis, cancer and how it relates to the cell cycle, and the two types of cell division - mitosis which produces identical daughter cells and meiosis which reduces the chromosome number to produce gametes like eggs and sperm. The key stages of meiosis including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I and telophase I are compared to the stages of mitosis.
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– Male and female gametes fuse together during fertilization to form a zygote. The chromosome number is halved during the formation of gametes by the process of meiosis. This maintains the chromosome number generations after generations. Meiosis leads to genetic diversity which is very essential for evolution.
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Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from diploid sex cells. It occurs in two stages, Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. The homologous chromosomes then separate, resulting in two haploid cells. These cells undergo Meiosis II, where the sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells total. Meiosis ensures genetic diversity in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.
Unit 3 meiosis
1) Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
2) During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation. The chromosomes then segregate so that each gamete receives one chromosome of each type.
3) Errors in chromosome segregation during meiosis can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to conditions like Down syndrome if not corrected at fertilization.
Unit 3 meiosis
1) Meiosis is a cell division process that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells for sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
2) During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, resulting in genetic variation. The chromosomes then segregate so that each gamete receives one chromosome of each type.
3) Errors in meiosis can result in aneuploidy, where a gamete gains or loses a whole chromosome, such as occurs in Down syndrome where a third copy of chromosome 21 is present.
Meiosis
The document summarizes the two phases of meiosis: phase 1 and phase 2. Phase 1 separates homologous chromosomes, with homologous pairs arranging on the metaphase plate and then separating toward opposite poles to form two haploid cells. Phase 2 then separates sister chromatids within each cell, with the chromatids separating toward opposite poles to produce four haploid daughter cells from the original parent cell.
Similar to In metaphase 1 of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes line up side by.pdf (20)
1. The cell is going through meiosis.2. From the above diagram, it.pdf
1. The cell is going through meiosis.2. From the above diagram, it.pdf
Please answer the question carefully.How does mitosis differ from .pdf
Please answer the question carefully.How does mitosis differ from .pdf
More from info961251
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be.pdf
With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact? basal surface
basement membrane tight junctions apical surface gap junctions Which of the following
relationships between a tissue and its general function is not correct? Epithelial: control Nerve:
control Connective: support Muscle: movement Goblet cells are found in which of these
epithelia. Stratified squmous Simple squmaous Transitional Simple columnar
Solution
1. apical surface
The stomach surface is lined with mucus secreting columnar epithelial cells. A single
cell structure consists of three surfaces-apical, lateral and basal.
The apical surface faces the intestinal lumen. Extending from the apical surface are
numerous fingerlike projections (100 nm in diameter) called microvilli, referred as the brush
border due to their appearance. Microvilli greatly increase the area of the apical surface,
enhancing the absorptive and transportive capacity of the intestinal epithelium. Overlying the
brush border, are the oligosaccharide side chains of integral membrane glycoproteins,
glycolipids, and enzymes (glycocalyx) catalyzing the final digestion of ingested carbohydrates
and proteins. The resultant monosaccharides and amino acids produced are transported across the
intestinal epithelium and eventually into the bloodstream.
The lateral surface encloses tight junctions, adherens junctions, spotdesmosome, gap
junction, intermediate filament, and hemidesmosome.
-Tight junctions, prevent diffusion of substances between the intestinal lumen and the blood via
the extracellular space between cells. They function as a selective and semipermeable barrier
between apical and basolateral compartments of the epithelial layer. They facilitate the passage
of small ions and water-soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing the
passage of luminal antigens, microorganisms and their toxins.
-Gap junctions are door-like connections between each epithelial cells.They allow movement of
small molecules and ions between the cytosol of adjacent cells.
-The remaining three types of junctions, adherens junctions, spot desmosomes, and
hemidesmosomes are critical to cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
The basal surface of the epithelial cells is the basal lamina, consisting of a fibrous
network of collagen and proteoglycans that supports the epithelial cell layer.
2. epithelial:control
Epithelial cells line the body cavities and surface of organs and blood vessels. Their functions
include secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing.
3. simple columnar
Goblet cells are found scattered among the epithelial cells, mostly in the respiratory and
intestinal tracts. These cells are simple columnar epithelial cells with a narrow base and
expanded apical portion (glandular shape). They secrete mucus which protect against stress and
chemical damage, and destroy the microorganisms and particulate matter..
Write the interface (.h file) of a class Accumulator containing A d.pdf
Write the interface (.h file) of a class Accumulator containing: A data member named sum of
type integer. A constructor accepting no parameters. A function named getSum that accepts no
parameters and returns an integer. A function named add that accepts an integer parameter and
returns no value.
Solution
Accumulator.h
class Accumulator{
private:
int sum;
public:
Accumulator();
int getSum();
void add(int x);
};.
You are carrying out PCRs in lab. Why do you not need helicase, SSB,.pdf
You are carrying out PCRs in lab. Why do you not need helicase, SSB, primase, ligase, sliding
clamp?
Solution
1. Helicase: Helicase is an eznyme that plays a crucial role in seperating the DNA double helix
by unwinding it.
2. SSB: It stands for Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein (SSB). It binds with high affinity to
single-stranded DNA and destabilizes helical duplexes. This helps DNA polymerases to bind to
substrates easily. SSB do not bind to double stranded DNAs.
3. Primase: Primase is an enzyme that synthesize primers (short stretches of DNA for the DNA
synthesis to proceed) in vivo. In In a PCR experiment, two specific primers are designed and
added in the reaction for amplifying specific sequences.
4. Ligase: This enzyme catalyze the DNA repair process by joining of ends of DNA molecules.
In these reactions, this enzyme links the phosphate to a neighboring sugar molecule, thus
forming the backbone of DNA.
5. Sliding clamp: This clamp protein binds to DNA polymerase (enyme synthesizing the DNA
chain), and prevents it from dissociation from the template. Thus it acts as a promoting factor in
DNA replication process. The clamp-polymerase interactions are stronger and more specific. It
increases the rate of reaction progression..
Write your own definition of cloning. No plagarism!SolutionClo.pdf
Write your own definition of cloning. No plagarism!
Solution
Cloning:-
Exact copying or Repilcating any thing is called as cloning.
Per supose in Biology Cloning is defind as --- A group of cells or organisms that are descended
from and genetically identical to a single progenetor, such as a bacterial colony whose members
arose from a single cell.
Write appropriate SQL DDL statements (Create Table Statements) for d.pdf
The document provides SQL DDL statements to define the schema for a relational database about researchers, experiments, microarrays, and the relationship between experiments and microarrays. It includes CREATE TABLE statements that define primary keys and foreign keys to link the tables for researcher name and ID, experiment ID and date, microarray ID and attributes, and a join table to contain the many-to-many relationship between experiments and microarrays.
Write a class called Student that extends the provided Person class..pdf
Write a class called Student that extends the provided Person class. Ensure that your student
class is a concrete class. The foo method for a person should display (to standard output) the
person\'s age and name in a nice way (e.g, \"Nigel\'s age is 14\"). When a person makes a noise it
is their name repeated N times where N is the person\'s age. public abstract class Person
implements Noisy Person Class public String name; 3 ublic int age; s public abstract void foo);
public interface Noisy 2 String noise) 1 public interface Noisy{ Noisy Interface 1 public
interface Comparable 2 i Comparable Interface int compareTo(Type other); 1 public class Date 2
int day, month, year; Date Class public Date(int d, int m, int y){ dayd; month - m; year-y;
Solution
public class Student extends Person{
Student(String name, int age){
this.name = name; // initialising the student properties
this.age = age;
}
public void foo(){
if(isNoisy()){ //check if person makes noise
for(int i=0 ; i< age; i++ ){
System.out.print(\" \"+name+\" \");
}
}else{
System.out.println(name+\"\\\'s age is \"+age);
}
}
}
// Note: Information about the Noisy class is required..
why NADH and FADH2 are a type of energy currencySolutionEnergy.pdf
why NADH and FADH2 are a type of energy currency
Solution
Energy used by the body for its many activities ultimately comes from the chemical energy in
our food.
The chemical energy in our food is converted to reducing agents NADH and FADH2 .
These reducing agents are then used to make ATP.
ATP stores chemical energy ,so that it is available to the body in a readily accessible form.
The energy needed by the body is coming from NADH and FADH2, that why they are type of
energy currency..
Who is D.L ShellSolutionHi friend,Donald L. Shell (March 1,.pdf
Who is D.L Shell?
Solution
Hi friend,
Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who
designed the Shell sort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the
University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the shell sort algorithm in the Communications
of the ACM in July that same year.
YOu can read on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Shell.
Which of the following correctly states the functions of the roug.pdf
Which of the following correctly states the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ? lipid
metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of the lipid components of lipoproteins
absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats. storage of calcium ions synthesis of the cell\'s
membranes
Solution
As per the given options rough endoplasmic reticulum functions are :-
2) Absorbtion, synthesis and transport of fats & 4) Synthesis of cell membranes
Generally, the eucaryotic cell contains two types of endoplasmic reticulum
i) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum why named as rough means it contains ribosomes on it so, the
surface of the reticulum looks rough. The main function of the rough ER is protein synthesis due
to the ribosomes.
Rough ER through the membrane contact sites contact with the other organells allowing the
transfer of lipids and other small molecules.
The intestinal cells, pancreatic cells, which involves in the absorption process contains more
rough ER why because the proteins synthesized by the Rough ER involved in the intracellular
transport of resynthesized lipids.So the rough ER indirectly helps in the absorption process.
ii)Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:-
Due to the absence of ribosomes it looks smooth so named as smooth ER. The main role is lipid
metabolism, and synthesis of carbohydrates and steroid harmones and storage of calcium ions
So, in the given question the first option(Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, synthesis of
lipid components of lipo proteins) indicates smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum functions
2nd option Absorbtion, synthesis and transport of fats indicates Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
functions
3rd Option Indicates(Storage of Calcium ions) smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum functions
4th Option is synthesis of cell membrane, For this function the main role of rough Endoplasmic
reticulum is during the lipid transport the replenishment of new membranes is done by the
morphological change of rough endoplasmic reticulum involved..
What is isomerism How many kinds are there Define each kind and.pdf
What is isomerism? How many kinds are there? Define each kind and explain with examples?
What is isomerism? How many kinds are there? Define each kind and explain with examples?
Solution
The process of isomerism involves the isomers .These are basically defined as the molecules
which have the same molecular formula but they usually possess a different arrangement of the
atoms in space. They are of two types:
1.Constitutional isomers :They are defined as the compounds in which the various atoms are
connected or bonded in a different manner .They are also called as structural isomers
2.Stereoisomers:On the other hand ,they are the compounds which differ on the basis of
orientation in space.They are of two types
a)Enantiomers :They are the compounds which are usually a mirror image of one another and
thehese mirror images are also non-superimposable
b)Diastereomers :They are isomers which are not mirror images of one another.Moreover these
compounds are non-superimposable. They are of two types: cis and trans
->Cis-isomers are the isomers which usually contain atoms which are oriented on the same side
of a bond.
->On the other hand the Trans-isomers are the compounds that have atoms oriented on opposite
sides of a bond.
What is the definition of the words, and state the diffe.pdf
What is the definition of the words, and state the difference between them if there is:
1- D-Flip Flop
2- Register
3- Equality
4- Counter
5- Adder
6- Multiplexer
What is the definition of the words, and state the difference between them if there is:
1- D-Flip Flop
2- Register
3- Equality
4- Counter
5- Adder
6- Multiplexer
What is the definition of the words, and state the difference between them if there is:
1- D-Flip Flop
2- Register
3- Equality
4- Counter
5- Adder
6- Multiplexer
Solution
1. The D flip-flop tracks the input, making transitions with match those of the input D. The D
stands for \"data\"; this flip-flop stores the value that is on the data line. It can be thought of as a
basic memory cell. The Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of a
rising clock edge. (or falling edge if the clock input is active low).
2. A register is a group of binary cells suitable for holding binary information. A group of
cascaded flip flops used to store related bits of information is known as a register.
4. A counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular
event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. Each pulse applied to the
clock input increments or decrements the number in the counter.
5. An adder, also called summer, is a digital circuit that performs addition of n-bit binary
numbers.
6. A multiplexer (or mux) is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input signals
and forwards the selected input into a single line. A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select lines,
which are used to select which input line to send to the output..
Two sources of radio waves (call them 1 and 2) are separated by a dis.pdf
Two sources of radio waves (call them 1 and 2) are separated by a distance d along the a-axis in
the plane, and emit sinusoidal waves of the same wavelength A and frequency f in the N (+y), S
(-y), E (+x), and W (-x) directions. Suppose that we want to arrange the sources to broadcast a
signal in the E direction, but not the W. Can this be accomplished? If so, how? In not, why?
Solution
both the sources are identicle and emit in all direction N,S,E,W. by introducing a path difference
equal to half wave length the waves will have distructive interference and signal is destroyed but
this happens in both the direction E nd W equally.
Hence it is not possible to arrnge the sources such that we have signal only in E nd not in W, the
only way to achieve this is to shield the source in W direction or put reflectors in W direction so
that all W signal is reflected back to E.
Use the information in the table to select the image that represents .pdf
Use the information in the table to select the image that represents the structure of B-form DNA.
Solution
First one represents the B DNA
The structure identified by Watson and Crick, is known as B DNA and is believed to be the
idealised form of the structure adopted by virtually all DNA in vivo. It is characterized by a
helical repeat of 10 bp/turn by the presence of base pairs lying on the helix axis and almost
perpendicular to it, and by having well defined, deep major and minor grooves..
Triggers can only be used to update table values. PLSQL blocks have.pdf
Triggers can only be used to update table values. PL/SQL blocks have a section used to declare
variables. True False
Solution
Please find the answers below:
1) False; triggers are not only used to update the table values, but also they are being used in
many places like: generating derived column, enforcing referential integrity, imposing security
authorizations, etc...
2) True; PL/SQL has a dedicated section where the variables are being declared. The blocks
name is DECLARE block, which comes before the actual code of statements which is defined in
a BEGIN - END blocks..
TB is a major worldwide disease with new cases arising at an alarmin.pdf
TB is a major worldwide disease with new cases arising at an alarming rate, What factors can
account for this and what lays behind the trend of multidrug resistant strains of mycobacterium?
please cite reference.
Solution
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteriam tuberculosis. TB is one of the most common cause of
death due to infection of the mycobacteriam species.various factor have been found to develop
resistance against M. tuberculosis. resistance means simply afterwards that drug potency in terms
of pharmacological response will be decresed gradually and at certain level it will not active
against the strain. There are two types of resistance 1. natural resistance and second is aquired
resistance. natural resistance is found on wild strain. multidrug resistance is the phase in which
strain is not responsive against primary line therapy of disease.
factor which induced resistance
gene factor
In a recent year study suggest that the patient who shows the presence of HLA -DRB1 13 and
HLA-DRB 1 14 has two fold risk to develop resistance against strain.(Park et al.)
Incomplete and inadequate mangment Review of literature suggests that the most powerful
factor of MDR-TB is a history of treatment of tuberculosis(diagnosis). TB patients get treated
with DOTS regimens not only through the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
(RNTCP), but also receive treatment from private medical doctors. Irregular, incomplete,
inadequate treatment is the commonest mean of acquiring drug resistant due to improper
mangment of drug mostly organism develop the resistnacce against drug eg. use of single drug to
treat tb is the fetal cause to develope resistance against organisms.it may be due to ignorance.
anothe common error in prescription error it may like additions syndromes.
Inadequate treatment compliance : the change over form has complied a significant effece in
development of drug resistance it was observed that only 44 per cent of the patients receiving
short-course treatment (n=2300) and 36 per cent of those receiving standard chemotherapy
(n=1000) completed 81 per cent or more of their treatment.
Noncompliance with prescribed treatment is often underestimated by the physician and is
difficult to predict. On the other hand, certain factors such as psychiatric illness, alcoholism, drug
addiction and homelessness do predict noncompliance .The drug defaulter, just like placebo
reactor is not a consistent or readily identified person demographic factors such as ,sex, age,
marital status,socio-economic status and education levelhave not been found to correlate with the
degree of compliance..
7. How did printing technology impact literacy and educationSol.pdf
7. How did printing technology impact literacy and education?
Solution
7. How did printing technology impact literacy and education?
Printing technology impacted literacy and education. Printing transformend the world and made
very important changes.
Previously people don\'t have much access to information. They used to write. So, the books are
expensive. In 15th century Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing machine and made it
available to world.
Not all are rich enough to buy hand written books till 15th century. As books are expensive so
does literacy. To learn to read and write, need to refer to books. When this printing machine
came to availability, books became cheap and affordable. Then on wards the barrier of high cost
had gone.
Source of knowledge are hand written papers or books besides people. Information is not so
much available. Again because of expensive things. When printing is available news papers
came into picture and from then on people had one more source of knowledge which is cheaper.
In this way printing technology impact literacy and education..
Question 1Theories of Law Subject__________ is a collaborative.pdf
Question 1////Theories of Law Subject
__________ is a collaborative effort of two or more agencies that provides resources, expertise,
and information with the goal of maximizing its capabilities to detect, prevent and respond to
terrorist activities.
State patrol
Federal investigations units
Fusion centers
DHS
2 points
Question 2
By 2008, the TSA had supplied about 43,000 __________ in an effort to secure air transportation
systems.
police officers
U.S. coast guard agents
border patrol agents
security personnel
2 points
Question 3
The average life expectancy of a police officer is __________ years old.
62
49
57
40
2 points
Question 4
The Department of Justice oversees all of the following agencies EXCEPT:
the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
the U.S. Marshals Service.
the Drug Enforcement Administration.
the Financial Crimes Network.
2 points
Question 5
The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is the concept of __________.
affirmative action
reverse discrimination
adverse impact
double marginality
2 points
Question 6
On average, about __________of full-time sworn personnel in a local police department are
female.
88.7%
10.2%
2.7%
11.3%
2 points
Question 7
The police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of __________.
omniscience
omnipresence
patrolling
fear
2 points
Question 8
Klockars defines the basic functions of policing as:
dealing with all those problems that may require the use of coercive force.
patrolling on foot throughout local neighborhoods.
arresting persons for crimes of vandalism.
arresting persons for violent offenses.
2 points
Question 9
The position of the Patrol Sergeant falls under the __________ in the chain of command from
Chief to Patrol officer.
Patrol Lieutenant
Operations Captain
Chief of Police
First Lieutenant
2 points
Question 10
The Supreme Court ruled that police may stop automobiles based on reasonable suspicion in all
of the following ways EXCEPT:
a crime was being committed.
a traffic violation occurred.
a random routine stop.
all citizens are subject to the stop.
2 points
Question 11
The __________ is considered one of the most important units in investigating terrorism in the
U.S.
FBI-Joint Terrorist Task Force
ATF
Department of Homeland Security
National Counterterrorism Center
2 points
Question 12
Studies have indicated that laws establishing administrative license revocations have helped
reduce alcohol-related crashes by __________ percent.
30
40
20
60
2 points
Question 13
Which of the following is NOT one of the FBI\'s post-9/11 priorities?
To protect civil rights
To combat terrorism against the United States
To protect the U.S. against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes
To monitor the flow of trade and travel
2 points
Question 14
__________ is the process of running an organization so that the organization can accomplish its
goals.
Bureaucracy
Management
Structure
Coordinating
2 points
Question 15
In the early days of policing in England, the watchmen in a.
Q Describe the 2 types of homologs. (1) Orthologs (2) ParalogsS.pdf
Q: Describe the 2 types of homologs. (1) Orthologs (2) Paralogs
Solution
1. Orthologs: These are genes found in different species that resulted from speciation of a
common ancestral gene. During this event of evolution, the orthologs retain their original
function.
2. Paralogs: These genes are resulted from duplication event with a genome. And during the
evolution, paralogs evolve to attain new function unlike orthologs..
Please fix the java code (using eclipse)package hw4p1;import jav.pdf
Please fix the java code (using eclipse)
package hw4p1;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MeanMedianHWv2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String[] arrDate = { \"\", \"\", \"\",\"\" };
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
Boolean day = true;
// Year
do
{
System.out.println(\"Enter a year (2016)\");
arrDate[0] = in.next();
if (!arrDate[0].equalsIgnoreCase(\"2016\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong Input. \'2016\' only! Try again.\");
}
else
{
arrDate[0] = \"2016\";
}
} while(!arrDate[0].equalsIgnoreCase(\"2016\"));
// Month
do
{
System.out.println(\"Enter a month (01)\");
arrDate[1] = in.next();
if (!arrDate[1].equalsIgnoreCase(\"01\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong Input. \'01\' only! Try again!\");
}
else
{
arrDate[1] = \"01\";
}
} while(!arrDate[1].equalsIgnoreCase(\"01\"));
// Day
do
{
System.out.println(\"Enter a Day (04-10)\");
arrDate[2] = in.next();
//if (arrDate[2] > 10 || arrDate[2] < 4)
if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"04\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong Inpit. \'04\' - \'10\' only! Try again!\");
}
//else if (arrDate[2] == 4)
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"05\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"06\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"07\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"08\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"09\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else if (!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"10\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Error! Invalid day. Try again!\");
}
else
{
arrDate[2] = \"04\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"05\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"06\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"07\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"08\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"09\";
day = false;
arrDate[2] = \"10\";
day = false;
}
} while (day);
do {
System.out.println(\"which data? \'w\' for wind, \'b\' for baro pressure, \'t\' for temp\");
arrDate[3] = in.next();
if (!arrDate[3]. equalsIgnoreCase (\"w\") && !arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"b\") &&
!arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"t\"))
{
System.out.println(\"Wrong input. \'w\' / \'b\' / \'t\' only! Try again\");
}
//while(!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"04\") && !arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"05\") &&
!arrDate[2].equalsIgnoreCase(\"05\"));
if (arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"w\"))
{
System.out.println(\"w\");
}
else if (arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"b\"))
{
System.out.println(\"b\");
}
else if (arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"t\"))
{
System.out.println(\"t\");
}
} while (!arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"w\") && !arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"b\") &&
!arrDate[3].equalsIgnoreCase(\"t\"));
in.close();
String Date = arrDate[0] +.
Overview You are tasked with writing a program called Social Security.pdf
Overview You are tasked with writing a program called Social Security that prompts the user to
enter the data (name and date-ofbirth)for a collection of people. The program will then process
this collection (array) of People (objects we create in another file) to determine who qualifies for
Social Security benefits. Specifications For our Social Security program we will need two java
files 1. Person java The person class which stores the data for a specific individual 2.
SocialSecurity.java (The driver) Details for these two class files appear below. Person ava UML
diagram name: String birthdate: LocalDate Person0 Person (newName: String, month: int, day:
int, year: int) NetName newName: String) void getName(): String set BirthDate month int, day:
int, year int) void get BirthDate 0 LocalDate toString(): String calculate Age(myBirth
LocalDate) int Person ava method description Two constructors 1. A Default constructor that
creates a Person whose name and birthdate are set to null. 2. A parameterized constructor that
accepts a String representation of the name, and three integers corresponding to the month, day,
and year in which the person was born. Setters and getters for the two instance variables. A
toString0 method that prints the person in the form dob
Solution
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.Period;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.Scanner;
class Person {
String name;
LocalDate birthdate;
public Person() {
super();
}
public Person(String name, int month, int day, int year) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.birthdate = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public LocalDate getBirthdate() {
return birthdate;
}
public void setBirthdate(int month, int day, int year) {
this.birthdate = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(\"MM/dd/yyyy\");
birthdate.format(formatter);
return \"Person [name=\" + name + \", birthdate=\" + birthdate + \"]\";
}
public int calculateAge() {
return Period.between(birthdate, LocalDate.now()).getYears();
}
public void qualifySSN() {
if(this.calculateAge()>66)
System.out.println(\"Qualifies for Social Security Benifits\");
else
System.out.println(\"Doesnot qualifies for Social Security Benefits\");
}
}
public class SocialSecurity {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length > 1)
System.out.println(\"Invalid number of command line arguments\");
int num = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
Person[] p = new Person[num];
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in).useDelimiter(\"\\\ \");
;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
System.out.println(\"enter persons name\");
String name = in.next();
System.out.println(\"enter date of birth in the format Month Day Year\");
String dob = in.next();
String[] temp = dob.split(\" \");
p[i] = new Person(name, Integer.parseInt(temp[0]), Integer.parseInt(temp[1]),
Integer.pa.
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