The document discusses the IMRaD format for structured academic writing. IMRaD is an acronym that stands for Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion. Each section serves a specific purpose: the Introduction provides background and states the research question/hypothesis, the Method describes how the study was conducted, the Results presents what was found, and the Discussion analyzes and interprets the results. The document provides guidance on what information should be included in each section to clearly explain the research process and findings.

1. The IMRaD Format
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

2. IMRaD is an acronym for
Introduction
Method
Results
and
Discussion

3. Theses structured using the
IMRaD format are usually short
and concise. The language will be
as plain and as unambiguous as
possible. There is no place in this
type of writing for personal views
and fanciful language

4. Introduction
Use the introduction to show that you are
knowledgeable about your field of study and existing
research. Your introduction should contain:
•A summary of existing research on the subject
•Your thesis statement, hypothesis or research
question
•Theory (if relevant)
•An introduction to the field, the current situation
or to prevailing practice

5. Introduction
The introduction should explain what
we know, and what we are uncertain
about. It should explain and summarize,
summarize, but it should also ask
questions, clarify, compare
etc. Everything you write here must
relate to your research question.

6. Introduction
• provide research question
• explain the significance
• review of background or
known information on your
topic

7. Method
Use your method chapter to show that you
arrived at your results by applying valid and
reliable methods. Explain what you did;
your research, treatment or professional
intervention, and how you did it.
Account for …
Document …
… for what you did and did not do

8. Method
Your method part shows how
you arrived at your results

9. Method
• describe your methods for
gathering information
• explain your sources of
information, both primary and
secondary

10. Results
A relatively large part of your paper/thesis should
be devoted to your results (findings, data,
empirical evidence). In this section you should:
Present the findings
Organize, classify, analyze and (if relevant)
categorize
Explain and interpret (e.g., differences between
various studies)
Assess and evaluate .

11. Results
Your results = the essence of your
paper. The Introduction and
Methods chapter should build up to
your Results by showing how you
arrived at your results (Methods)
and their significance
(Introduction).

12. Results
• describe what you found out
from your research.
• develop each point
thoroughly, as this is the main
section of your research paper

13. Discussion
In this part you discuss the results of your study/project.
Is it possible to generalize?
 Make comparisons with other studies
 Are there alternative explanations?
 What are the strong and weak aspects of your paper?
 What are the practical implications?
 Is more research needed?
 Make recommendations (to be applied in practice).

14. Discussion
• explain the significance of
your findings
• describe how they support
your thesis
• discuss limitations of your
research

15. For your conclusion:
What answer(s) have you found
to your research question? If you
have a hypothesis, has it been
strengthened, weakened or
falsified?

16. For your conclusion:
Do not introduce issues here
that have not been mentioned
earlier. If the results of your
study do not allow you to draw
any conclusions, you can end
with a summing up.

17. The IMRaD Format

18. I. Title Page
II. Dedication
III. Acknowledgement
IV. Abstract - A paragraph of not
less than 150 words and not
more that 200 words with a
brief discussion of the
following:

19.  General research problem,
purpose, and objective
 The respondents
 The research method and design
 Summary of the specific findings
 Conclusion derived from the
findings
 Recommendations based on the
conclusion and findings

20. V. Introduction – Not less than 3 but
not exceed 7 pages that includes the
following:
• Thesis statement
• Research questions
• Significant of the study
• Theoretical framework leading to
conceptual framework
• Statement of the research title
leading to the research paradigm

21. VI. Methods – Not less than 1 but not more
than 3 pages that includes the following:
• The research purpose or objective
along with the specifics
• Selection of participants
• Data gathering tools
• Statistical treatment including formula
• Statistical data analysis procedures
• Ethical considerations

22. VII. Results – Not less than 5 pages
to include the following:
• Presentation of computed data
into tables or graphs using the
specific objectives as your
sequence guide

23. VIII. Discussion – not less 5 pages
and not more than 10 to include the
following:
• Identify recurring patterns from
the data and state them as
findings
• Place all specific patterns and
create the general findings

24. IX. Conclusion – Discuss the
summary of the research and
important points. Include the
pros and cons during the
conduct of the research. A part
of not more than 1 page.

25. X. References – use APA
(American Psychology
Association) format