Various aspects are known regarding the impact of vocabulary teaching on word knowledge, word association, word family, reading comprehension, different kinds of reading, cognitive and psychological factors of learners. But the implementation of theoretical knowledge and the impact of applied theory based knowledge on teachers and the students cooperation towards developing a rich repertoire of vocabulary has not been properly investigated. The goal of this study is to analyze the diverse vocabulary learning strategies, effective teaching style, and the implementation of theoretical knowledge at the secondary school level. This paper will follow up on analytical studies that investigate the content and context embedded learning and the instructions through theories for getting the authentic proof of the students achievement in vocabulary learning. This study will also suggest some guidelines to follow to facilitate the students effectively. This paper will focus on analyzing various strategies in terms of teaching and learning vocabulary, especially at the secondary school level. Tushar Sinha "Implementation of Theories into Practice and Strategies Considering Compatibility in Teaching Vocabulary at the Secondary School Level" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41147.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/english/41147/implementation-of-theories-into-practice-and-strategies-considering-compatibility-in-teaching-vocabulary-at-the-secondary-school-level/tushar-sinha
This study investigates teaching/learning vocabulary. Mainly, studying the techniques used by EFL teachers in teaching vocabulary and also learners’ strategies to learn vocabulary. The particular research parameter that will be used in this study is the questionnaire for gathering data; the researchers are going to describe the phenomena under investigation. Students’ questionnaire was supposed to examine the strategies that are adopted by learners for learning vocabulary in English. In addition to that there was teachers’ questionnaire that is supposed to examine the techniques, which are used by teachers in teaching new vocabulary. The study reveals how secondary school learners use a variety of vocabulary learning strategies. Students as teachers preferred many of these strategies and techniques that help a lot in pushing the process of learning and teaching vocabulary forward. Overall students and teachers know high frequency vocabulary and how to use it.
This study investigates teaching/learning vocabulary. Mainly, studying the techniques used by EFL teachers in teaching vocabulary and also learners’ strategies to learn vocabulary. The particular research parameter that will be used in this study is the questionnaire for gathering data; the researchers are going to describe the phenomena under investigation. Students’ questionnaire was supposed to examine the strategies that are adopted by learners for learning vocabulary in English. In addition to that there was teachers’ questionnaire that is supposed to examine the techniques, which are used by teachers in teaching new vocabulary. The study reveals how secondary school learners use a variety of vocabulary learning strategies. Students as teachers preferred many of these strategies and techniques that help a lot in pushing the process of learning and teaching vocabulary forward. Overall students and teachers know high frequency vocabulary and how to use it.
Embarking The Six Thinking Hats in EFL Students’ Dissertation Writing at Saida University
Dr. Nadia Ghounane & Dr. Hanane Rabahi,
Saida University, Dr. Moulay Tahar & Maghnia University Centre, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Is there any instructional method to teach content through English as a foreign language?
Different Approaches to an Instructional Model
Manuel F. Lara Garrido - lara25@bepnetwork.com
This presentation is about what aspects should we consider when learning vocabulary from a foreign language. Besides, it is mentioned some vocabulary learning strategies for training our students in the foreign language classroom.
Embarking The Six Thinking Hats in EFL Students’ Dissertation Writing at Saida University
Dr. Nadia Ghounane & Dr. Hanane Rabahi,
Saida University, Dr. Moulay Tahar & Maghnia University Centre, Algeria
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Is there any instructional method to teach content through English as a foreign language?
Different Approaches to an Instructional Model
Manuel F. Lara Garrido - lara25@bepnetwork.com
This presentation is about what aspects should we consider when learning vocabulary from a foreign language. Besides, it is mentioned some vocabulary learning strategies for training our students in the foreign language classroom.
Abstract
One of the objectives of teaching a foreign language is to enable the learners to become autonomous, that is the ability to continue learning the foreign language without the teachers’ assistance. Autonomous learners are learners who are responsible for their own learning. Thus, it is very important for the learners to learn and understand how to become autonomous learners. The present paper deals with the discussion of how to promote learners’ autonomy.
Key words: autonomous learner, learning theory, learning
strategy
Basic concepts of methodology method, method, principle. Didactics what do we teach is the content of the training. Methodology how do we teach teaching methods and techniques. The concept of method is derived from the Greek Latin word metodos method , which means the way to a particular goal, method. The narrow and broad meanings of the term can be found in various literatures. The term “methodology†in the narrow sense refers to a concept related to the specific teaching process of education. Jurayeva Yulduz Ruzikulovna "Methodology of Foreign Language Teaching" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46480.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/46480/methodology-of-foreign-language-teaching/jurayeva-yulduz-ruzikulovna
Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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through reading comprehension along with its theoretical
consequences will be discussed.
Vocabulary instruction at the secondary school:
In this section, we will focus on several findings on teaching
vocabulary. From the result of several studies based on
competency of high school students, it is clear and proved
that maximum studentsface multiplecomplexitiesregarding
understanding semantic facts and in comprehending texts
because of the lacking of proper guidance regardinglearning
strategy and also, they have poor knowledge of theories
behind effective vocabulary learning. In elementary school,
most of these students don’t receive a rich and appropriate
guideline, so that, they suffer a lot even in reading simple
comprehension passages.
According to ‘Research toPractice’ (BaumannandKame’enui
2004), teachers should focus on some vital areas to facilitate
effective vocabulary instructions in the classroom:
Skillfully helping the students to use their existing
vocabulary knowledge to learn new words.
Concentration on learning independent and specific
words to enhance the ability to comprehend texts.
Focusing on varied strategies to grow the interest level
of the learners.
Research always suggests that self-reading and
extensive reading help learners broadening their
vocabulary boundary. Teachers need to create a
supportive atmosphere to inspire them in reading more
and more of their own.
These components help students learning academic and
specialized vocabulary to build up background knowledge,
develop comprehensibility, providing supports in time of
reading and writing, develop a conceptual framework,helps
in the cognitive development of words-learning, helps
understanding words and concepts.
There are lots of theories and techniqueswhichhelptoboost
up the learners’ active repertoire. According to Saussure's
work, language is made up of signs and each sign has two
aspects. 1. The signifier and 2. The signified. The signifier
refers to the letters that make up the shape and sound of a
word, for example, ‘d-o-g’ withitscorrectpronunciation.The
signified indicates the mental concept that we have in our
minds when we see or hear this word.For example,whilewe
see this word, immediately we start imagining a four-legged
animal, often kept as a pet.
According to Hairrell, Rupley, and Simmons’ ideas, there are
three key strategies for the developmental factors of
elementary and secondary school learners regarding
vocabulary learning. These are given below:
1. Understanding the context to guess the meaning of the
unknown words.
2. Try to understand the meaning.
3. Practicing drills to internalize language items.
Besides these strategies, ‘academic or non-academic-text
reading, extensive reading, and incidental learning’broaden
vocabulary boundary.
The theories of Teaching and learning vocabulary:
These theories are identified by the ILA (International
Literacy Association). Some detailed informationabout each
theory is provided below:
Social constructivism or sociocultural theory:
Sociocultural theory is familiar with its Vygotskian
perspectives, ZPD (zone of proximal development),
scaffolding, psychological aspects, and inner speech. ZPD
points to the zone that deals with what learners can do or
not. Learners can reach the level of critical thinking stage
with the help of scaffolding. Scaffolding virtually helps
learners in a daily-life conversation as an instant supportive
tool. This is the process of learning vocabulary, where the
learners act practically. Here, social interaction is a key
source in terms of attempt, practice, and scaffolded support.
Schema or the psycholinguistic theory:
This theory illustrates the cognitive approach which fosters
the learnersacquiringnewvocabularyitemswithconceptual
realization and various mental processes like encoding,
rearranging, and restring information. The psycholinguistic
theory prefers more on the individuals’ effort on making
predictions in time of reading texts. Learners’ background
knowledge deals with their conceptual abilities to reach a
comprehensive level.
Dual-coding theory:
There are two mental systems or codes, which help in
processing linguistic outputs. The verbal code helps in
generating language and the nonverbal code expresses in
referring to nonlinguistic objects. In other words, gestures
can be termed as non-verbal codes. When both codes get
connected, cognition occurs automatically. Vocabulary
practices emphasize the concretenessandimageryofwords,
such as the use of diverse modalities or the extraction of
mental images are rooted in DCT.
Motivation theory:
Motivation plays a vital role to make learners engage with
the texts they read. They can only be able to grow their
interest when they feel curious about the content and the
subject matter. Teachers should believe in their reading
abilities by providing autonomy in case of choosing reading
materials. Otherwise, teachers should provide interesting
texts. Giving compliments can help to raise motivation and
interest. For doing so, teachers may offer external rewards
for the little success of the students. The main intention is to
enhance students’ interest. Word-learning games and
technology-based activities are some of the vital methods
which also help to foster word-learning.
Digital mode of instruction:
At the secondary school level, numerous experiments have
been conducted on computer-mediated instruction in the
second language (L2) vocabulary instruction and so many
positive effects have come up which influence the students
to build up vocabulary. Electronic flashcards, digital word
games, annotations, learning through visual contents are
proved as the best way of teaching vocabulary. These types
of digital mediums help in learning through multiple
exposures of words in different contexts and also help
students entering into the vastsourcesofa digital mediumof
learning.
“The integration of sound, pictures, animations, and videos
plays an important role in vocabulary acquisition (Chun &
Plass, 1996; Chun & Payne, 2004).” When the words are
represented with images, learning fosters more quickly and
possesses a shape into the learners’ brain. “Thecombination
of a text and its' visual is more effective in teaching
vocabulary than the simple definitions of words alone
(Akbulut, 2007; Nikolova, 2002; Jones & Plass, 2002).”
Multimedia learning influences students with great interest
and it helps comparatively less capable students for
remembering the word structure, phonological structure,
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and semantic features especially in time of reading and
analyzing an L2 text. It promotes learning and helps to
decode the semantic complexity with automatic L2-L1
translation.
Practical strategic findings:
If we talk about learning a second language, then vocabulary
is the key component to achieve a level of the target
language. Vocabulary canbeconsideredwithan exampleofa
train. Vocabulary is as many compartmentsofa trainand the
train itself is considered as a language. Vocabulary is the
crucial pre-requirements in writtenandoral communication
and a vehicle for fluent reading. Wilkins(1972:11)uncovers
the significance of vocabulary learning and uses it in a very
straightforward statement as "with grammar very little can
be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothingcan beconveyed."
There are lots of theories that work behind the various
techniques and strategic implementation in the field of
teaching vocabulary. Students preparing academic study
might do with nearly 600-word families covering various
disciplines while students aiming to pass their first-level
examination should understand at least 5000 words, half
receptive and half productive.
Teachers may help in choosing interesting and attractive
texts. They can arrange enormous practice activities in the
classroom. Studentsshouldpracticethegivenlanguageinput
until they become able to recall and use it automatically. As,
language is a complex system and vocabulary is the key
component of it, proper guided instruction is needed in the
field of teaching and learning vocabulary.
Word Processing mechanism inside the learners’ brain and
practical techniques of the teachers:
Memorization techniques and meaningful tasks:
The recently applied methodologies have experienced so
many fruitful outcomes and put importance on the need for
meaningful activities in the classroom for certain reasons:
for realism, for authenticity, for satisfying the need of
engaging learners in activities. And, these activities will
assist them to be more self-reliant and also help them to
store information in LTM (long-term memory).
The keyword technique /imagery:
The ability to produce mental images leads to the keyword
technique. Sometimes there are some associated words are
found with the keywords which are pronounced and spelled
similarly in the MT (mother tongue). If the images are very
much content-specific, learners can easily recall the
associated words for them. But, the research could not
consider this idea prominent than other techniques (Gairns
and Redman, 1986: 92).
Rote learning:
It involves the process of reinforcement or repetition.
Allowing the learners to write down the items more than
once, which facilitates speed learning. Because it is proved
that repetitive actions help to remember permanently.
Repetitive exposure of language items helps in producing
mental images for the words. The value of rote learning is
connected with storing information into the LTM. This isthe
way of going into the deepest of a language item and
producing a visual effect by practicing it again and again
besides mapping a new semantic network with the
translation of the language items, especially, when it is the
case in FL (foreign language) words learning.
Recycling:
Because of irregular practice, memory traces automatically
fade away slowly. The instructors should create an
environment where the learners can practice the learned
knowledge. This process will help the teacher to justify and
recycle the learners’ achievement and progress. Monitoring
over the learners’ performance in the classroom should
properly be done to check whether a load of practice is
bearable to the learners or not. It is very important to
represent new inputs only after measuring the progress of
the learners.
Labeling:
The form of written storage also provides inbuilt revision
which helps in labeling objects. Positive encouragement
always helps to develop the students’ attitude towards
learning. As they learn new items, they can write them in
phonemic script onto labels which they can stick on the
respective objects in their home. Every time he or she will
open his door, wardrobe, and getintouchwiththenecessary
daily objects, they will see the label giving them the
visualization of the language items. The same technique of
labeling can be practiced in the classroom also.
Teaching vocabulary in context:
Harmer( 2007: 229) explains that learners need to see the
words in context to understand howtheyareusedthere.The
best way for them may be to read texts or listen to audio and
to see those language items in action. A major reason for
using texts in class for intensive reading and listening is to
provide them new input.
Techniques that can be implied in teachingvocabularyatthe
secondary level:
Visual technique: This technique is based upon employing
materials such as,
1. Realia: real objects, tickets, advertisements, forms,
brochures, etc.
2. Flashcards, posters, maps, puppets, charts, diagrams,
pictograms (Tanner and Green, 1998: 27), (drawing the
words for representing their meaning), etc.
3. Movies, videos, TV programs.
4. Facial expression and body language: We know that
communication is realizedthroughthreemainchannels;
verbal (7%), voice tonality (38%), and body language
(55%). These varieties of expressions should be
presented by the teachers for the advancement of the
learners.
5. Crosswords, puzzles, card games, board games,
scrabble- information-gap crosswords puzzle (Harmer
2007: 233).Mime/demonstration (Ellis and Tomlinson
1980: 85-86), acting out. Items: a hat, a cap,a cardigan,a
pair of shoes, a pair of shorts, a jacket.
6. Computer-based technology: the internet is the key to
vast sources where we can easily go for seeking the
meaning of information and the additional detailsabout
a fact. Teachers need to influence learners using digital
sources again and again. The study through the digital
medium has been described in detail in the earlier
section of this paper.
7. Audio soundtracks, plays, radio programs, videos are
interesting sources.
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8. Verbal technique: Definition of a word is inadequate to
flourish and reveal to convey the meaning. Providing
contextual information and word association is
necessary to teach a word.
Example (Ellis and Tomlinson, 1980: 85-87) including a
method:
Method:
Teaching Items: optimistic, pessimistic.
To introduce the new vocabulary, the teacher needs to walk
into the classroom and says, “Oh! the world is a terrible
place, everybody is evil and corrupt, and there are
selfishness and misery everywhere. I know you are all going
to fail in the exams, and then I will lose my job. He looks out
of the window and says, it's going to rain and I have got to
walk home today, and then go to a boring meeting five
kilometers away. I feel so miserable that I think I will go
home now and go to bed." Then he leaves the classroom and
immediately come back and start saying the opposite things
of what he already had said in the classroom. Now, he says
that, “the world is a glorious place with its rich natural
beauty, I am happy that you are going to pass the exams….”
He continues using the opposite key words of his past
sayings. Then the teacher writes on the board ‘pessimistic
and optimistic’ and says that, “when I first came into the
room today, I felt very unhappy and thought everything bad
was going to happen. I felt pessimistic and he points to the
words on the board, when I returned, I felt cheerful and
thought good things were going to happen, I was optimistic
and he again points out the word optimistic written on the
board.” The main theme of this lesson is to provide the
situation along with the possible emotions and attitudes
towards them and then asking the students to use thewords
in multiple contexts to include the words in the permanent
repertoire.
Dictionary training:
Dictionary training and approaching words in context are
the most useful strategies. The dictionary also provides
spelling and pronunciation. Learning 2000 words are
considered crucially important for academic survival. There
are many kinds of language registers. Such as medical,
technical, academic, and many more. The learners should
know about the various kind oflinguisticregisterstoidentify
the language items easily. We already have an idea about the
low-frequency and high-frequency words. Howatt (1984)
says, “The vocabulary control movement was to use
systematic criteria to select the most useful words for
language learning which had come with a successful result.
There was a general service list (GSL) of English words that
followed several criteria on words. These are given below:
1. Word frequency
2. Structural value (all structural words included)
3. Universality (words likely to offend locally excluded)
4. Subject range (no specialist items)
5. Definition words (for dictionary-making, etc.)
6. Word-building capacity Style ("colloquial" or slang
words excluded).” (p. 254)
Michael West is the best-known scholar to harness the idea
of frequency to second language learning. He was the
precursor and active persona in introducing the mode of
promoting reading skills through vocabulary management.
The classic list of the high-frequency words in GSL,
containing 2,000 words families which is very crucial to be
known for the high school learners. As we are mainly
thinking of the appropriate instruction to teach vocabulary
effectively at the high school level, all the strategies in
teaching should be interesting andinformative.Atleast,they
should acquire a high-frequency word list for quenching
their academic needs.
Multifaceted instruction:
There are multi-word items, which the students should
know. There are varieties of compound words or lexical
chunks. Different phrasal words are good examplesofmulti-
word items. Affixes also help words to form new compound
words. For example: 'word' is a single word. But, when the
word 'list' comes after the word 'word' then, it (wordlist)
becomes a compound word. It is called affixation.
Compounding: noun + noun (door-cleaner),adjective+ noun
(soft-spot), verb + noun (push-table), particle + noun (off-
day, on-desk).
Instructing in both elementary and high school levels are
almost the same but the level of complexity and the
potentiality of learning are differentaspects.Thehighschool
students already have an experience of learning words and
they have come up with various skills and strategies along
with the experience of different learning activities. So
logically, they are more advanced learners compared to
elementary school children. They can broaden their
vocabulary knowledge area utilizing their existing
knowledge. It is called generative word knowledge which
means the existing vocabulary knowledge. It helps to learn
new items (words). In-depth knowledge of language items
promotes learning new words along with their diverse
features. Effective word learning and generative word
knowledge enrichcognitiveintelligencewhichhelpslearners
in distinguishing relevant and irrelevant concepts in the
context.
Teaching word relations:
Words are signifiers in meaning production. It is very
important to understand the relationship between words
and their meaning. The meaningofthewordsalwaysevolves
and changes over time within groups of users. It is useful to
draw on sense relationships whenteachingnewmeaningsto
learners. For example, when we will teach 'eagle' it needs to
be drawn its category for teaching the relevant words like
‘high’. It is helpful to explain with referents of its opposite is
low. If the word ‘dangerous’ is taught, then, a synonym like
‘risk’ also needs to be taught. We need to try making a
portray of the relationship between words.
There is variety in word relationships. Such as synonyms,
antonyms, hyponyms, homophones, homographs,
metaphors. Synonyms are very useful for students to learn
new vocabulary items as well. Especially while teaching the
meaning of the word then giving examples with its
synonyms enrich the learners’ vocabulary and also help
them to understand the relationship between words. For
example, ‘start and begin’, ‘worried and concerned’.
Antonyms present the oppositerelationshipbetween words.
When we will teach ‘high’ then the antonym word ‘low’
should also be taught. We can give them sentences like ‘the
bag was very heavy/light, the taste of the milkshake is
bitter/sweet’toteachthemtheoppositeconnectionbetween
words.
Homophones and homographs don't have any semantic
relationship. these two terms are used to refer to the
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relationship between words which are more a matter of
coincidence. Homophones are words like bare-bear, cellar-
seller, knew-new, hear-hare, know-no, hear-here, bail-bale.
Instructors should introduce the phonetic transcriptions of
these words to the learners for better understanding.
In two recent studies (Baumann,Edwards,Boland,Olejnik,&
Kame'enui, 2003; Baumann, Edwards, Font, Tereshinski,
Kame'enui, & Olejnik, 2002), it is explored thathoweffective
is teaching to middle-grade students by using root words,
prefixes, and suffixes for deriving the word meanings. While
conducting the researches, they also taught students to
scrutinize the text in sentences and paragraphs around
unfamiliar words to infer their meaning.
Metaphor is also a very common aspect in all forms of
language, not just in literature. ‘Buy time, lose time, waste
time, bring to under control’ are some of the most useable
metaphors. Metaphors are used for providing the symbolic
meaning of words. It always gives a strong visual connection
with meaning and also helps to remember the context.
Difficulties faced by students:
Some learners face great difficulties to understand the
metaphors. Because metaphors don’t have one to one
relationship between words. The most useful and instant
application of word relations is the initial presentation of
new vocabulary. It would be difficult to explain words
without reference to their synonyms, antonyms, co-
hyponyms, super-ordinates, and so on. Especially in the
advanced levels, overtly using sense relationships and their
terminology will help in several ways.
Cohesion: Cohesion is an ideal characteristic of any
discourse. It works as a systematic relationship builder
among different parts of a particular context. For example:
Text 1: There is an international stadium in this city.Thelast
international sports competition was arranged at this
stadium. (The connection between the sentences is not
established well).
Text 2: This is the international stadium of this country,
which is one of the most prominentandwell-knowninSouth
Asia, arranged the last international sports competition in
2018. (The connection of ideas is better than the first text).
This is the cohesion of this text.
Coherence: Coherence helps in connecting ideas in our
imagination. It directs the discourse in an organized sequence
by providing supporting information.
Psychological perspectives of the learners:
It is useful to teach different metaphors to help further
understandings, such as a dictionary, an encyclopedia, a
thesaurus, or a computer. We should not assume that the
processes are the same in L1 and L2. Let’s see the process of
the words in mind.
1. Input: how we record words.
2. Storage: how we retain words.
3. Retrieval: how we recall words.
We are babies with very little knowledge of the world when
we learn our first language. Most people learn their second
language when they are older especially, through formal
instruction. The input which the L2 learners receive is very
different than the fact in first language acquisition. Whereas
babies only receive spoken input for learningL1vocabulary,
most L2 learners receive both spoken and written input. In
fact, in many parts of the world, they receive more written
than spoken input. The implication is that the learners are
exposed to rules about both spelling (orthography) and
sounds (phonology) from a very early stage.
For effective teaching, more important information or
features related to a language item should be revealed well
to the learners. The materials going to be followed in
teaching should be considered according to the current
level/ capability of the students.
Vocabulary development through reading-text:
Vocabulary learning and reading academic or non-academic
texts are much more inter-related phenomenon. According
to the identified issues of the national reading panel, it is
necessary to read and analyze thephonemicdetails,phonics,
fluency, vocabulary in time of reading. In a normal sense,
vocabulary is the meaning of the words. But actually, the
combination of these two words (learning vocabulary) not
only stands for just ‘meaning learning’. Vocabulary learning
refers to acquiring words beyond learning the dictionary
definition. There are two forms of vocabulary learning. One
is receptive and another is productive. Receptiveknowledge
can be gained through extensive and intensive reading to
reach a level of high productivity.
The instrumentalist hypothesis:
The main goal of vocabulary instruction is to improve
students’ comprehensibility. Learners with a limited
vocabulary face great difficulties in reading comprehension.
Vocabulary instruction should be made very effective in the
purpose of reading comprehension. This concept oflearning
can be illustrated like: ‘vocabulary learning for reading-
comprehension and, reading-comprehensionforvocabulary
learning. Decades of research indicate that reading
comprehension requires more than knowledgeofindividual
words (Beck & McKeown, 1991; Nagy & Scott, 2000).
Reading comprehension is a wonderful activity in coming to
touch with the new words. If a learner reads a paper on an
interesting concept, he or she will learn new words greater
than the others who are not interested in extensive reading
[note: Extensive readingis'readingtextsforenjoyment]. The
relationship between vocabulary knowledge and reading
comprehension is ‘knowing more words makes someone a
better reader’. It is referred to as a hypothesis. Because,
several studies have been conducted to prove that, ‘teaching
words can improve the comprehensive skill’.
The knowledge hypothesis:
It emphasizes the role of readers’ background knowledge in
comprehending texts. According to the knowledge
hypothesis, there is a causal link from knowledge to
comprehensibility.And,vocabularyknowledgeisconsidered
as the key which contributes to reading comprehension.
The aptitude hypothesis:
If any learners have high verbal IQs, thishypothesissuggests
that it can help them for acquiring large vocabularies.
Teachers can improve their students' vocabulary repertoire
by giving chance to utilize their knowledge about words
already partially known, even if before introducing new
words. Learners can also take individual responsibility
which is termed self-learning, by using such strategies as
keeping a vocabulary notebook. Research has shown that
learning thirty words per hour is possible, at least, in the
sense of gaining some initial partial knowledge. So, the
incremental nature of learning vocabulary is undoubtedly
significant. The implication is ‘except new words, learners
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will be adding to some existing knowledge of the L2 words.
Attempting to enhance this partial knowledge, vocabulary
learning will depend on what learners already know. The
expert Graves (1987) highlights the multiplicity of
vocabulary learning, distinguishing into six types:
1. Learning to read known Words.
2. Learning new meaning senses for known words.
3. Learning new words representing known concepts.
4. Learning new words representing new concepts.
5. Enriching and explaining the meaningsofknown words.
6. Moving words from receptive to productive
vocabularies.
Conclusion:
Vocabulary learning is a vital pre-requirement to develop in
a language. Especially in secondary school, vocabulary
learning is crucially important. Because afterward, the
students need to deal with more complex language items at
the advanced level. The teachers should nurture them well
by giving them diverse strategic knowledge to build up their
skills in learning words. The cognitive and psychological
perspectives and also the barriers of the learners should
have observed to teach effectively. The teachers should
apply these theories practically. Training programs should
be arranged to drive away from the lacking and inevitable
knowledge of the school teachers in terms of teaching
vocabulary. They should be trained up properly. Since
vocabulary is the key component of a language, it is very
necessary to implement the effective and right way of
teaching theories into practice by following these above-
discussed strategies, and techniques in the paper to ensure
enriching the learners’ repertoire with adequate input of
vocabulary items.
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