This research proposal aims to study the impact of M-government use on migration intentions in rural Mongolia. The researcher outlines country background information on Mongolia's large territory, low population density, and high mobile penetration. The literature review covers M-government concepts and critical success factors. The conceptual framework and hypotheses propose that M-government infrastructure, social norms, perceived usefulness and playfulness will increase M-government use, which can positively or negatively impact perceptions of its effects on rural communities. These perceptions may decrease or increase migration intentions. Survey questionnaires are developed to measure these variables and test the research model. The conclusions discuss Mongolia's interest in Smart Government and M-government adoption, and the plan to distribute surveys to study

1. Impact of M-Government use on migration
intentions in rural area, the case of Mongolia
Presented to: Prof. Jin Ki Kim & Prof. Moon Junghoon
Prepared by: Tumennast.E
Research proposal of ITP -753

2. Outline
• Background: Country profile
• Introduction
– Motivation
– Main Objective
• Research Topic
• Literature Review
• Conceptual Framework
• Research Model
• Hypothesis
• Survey Questionnaires
• Conclusion
• References

3. Territory 1.56 mln sq.km
Population 2.8 mln
Population density 2 people per
sq.km
Urban population 60.96% (2010)
Rural population 39.04 %
Soum centers (Villages ) 329
Mobile penetration 116.4%
Background: Country Profile of Mongolia
* with nomadic culture in rural area.

4. Introduction
• Why Mobile?
– Mongolia has high mobile penetration (116.4%)
than average
• Why in Rural Area?
– Mongolia is very low population
– Mongolia has big geographical area
• Motivation:
– Mongolian ICT Strategy and Policy
• Deliver Government services
• Reduce Digital Divide
• E-Governance
• Promote Mobile application
– Digital Divide with
• Mobile High Penetration
• Low Population density
• Mobility of user /Nomadic culture/
* What can be key factors of adoption of
m-Gov migration intention in rural area?
• Main Objective
To study and research on
impact of M-Government use on
migration intention in Rural area
of Mongolia.
*Reduce Digital Divide
*Promote Mobile Usage
*Broadband to Rural
Area
*Electronic Governance
*Regulate Data explosion
*Deliver Gov Service
using ICT

5. Research topic
To find out potential key success factors that impact
of m-Government use on migration intentions in rural
area, the case of Mongolia.

6. Literature Review
• To study about research methodology:
– “Research Methodology, a step-by-step guide for beginners” 3rd edition by author Ranjit Kumar. (ISBN 978-1-
849220-300-5)
• To study about m-Government concept:
– Mobile Government: 2010 and Beyond White Paper (Published by Mobi Solutions Ltd of European Union, year
2010).
– M-Government System Architecture for Delivering Mobile Services (published by Mengistu M. Dest, ICT 4 All
Forum presentation ITTP, KAIST, year 2009)
• To study migration intentions in rural area, digital gap
– The Impact of IT use on migration intentions in rural communities (Junghoon Moon, Joowon Park, Gu Hyun
Jung, Young Chan Choe)
– Ms. Solongo Algaa, Population Teaching and Research Center National University of Mongolia, “Growth of
Internal and International Migration in Mongolia”, 2007.
• To study about Mongolian rural area development & intention migration:
– Rural sector strategy and business plan of Mongolia (published by world bank - east Asia and pacific region
rural development and natural resources sector unit, 2006)
• To get latest ICT policy, regulation about statistical information about Mongolian ICT development:
– Development of ICT in Mongolia: 2011 White Paper. (Published by Information communications technology
and post authority of Mongolia, annual book, year 2012)
– CRC-Annual book 2011(Published by Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia, annual ICT
statistic, standard and regulation information, year 2012)
General terms:

7. Literature Review
• M-Government: Cases of Developing Countries (Turkey, the Czech Republic and the Philippines,
2008)
• M-Government: Challenges and Key Success Factors – Saudi Arabia Case Study(Published by
Mubarak S. Almutairi (King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia), 2012 )
• A Success Factors Model For M-Government (Published by Geoffrey A Sandy Associate
Professor, Information Systems Victoria University, 2009)
• Soft Success Factors for M-Government (Published e-book by Eugenio Capra (Politecnico di
Milano, Italy), Chiara Francalanci (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) and Clementina Marinoni
(Fondazione Politecnico di Milano, Italy) DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59904-947-2.ch089, year 2008)
• Critical Success Factors of E-Government: A proposed Model for E-Government
Implementation. (Torki Almameem, Mohamed Zairi, Sarmad Alshawi, 2006)
• A model of successful factors towards e-government implementation (Mehdi Sagheb-Tehrani,
Ramin Cooper Maysami, 2009)
• The Impact of IT use on migration intentions in rural communities (Junghoon Moon, Joowon
Park, Gu Hyun Jung, Young Chan Choe)
• A Model of Intention to Use Mobile Government Services (Hamed Ahmed Saud Al-Busaidi,
2012)
Relations of Contextualization:

8. Conceptual Framework
Figure.1. Conceptual Framework 1: determinant factors for degree of personal IT use.
(J. Moon et al. / Technological Forecasting & Social Change 77 (2010) 1401–1411)
Figure.2. Conceptual Framework 2: Impacts of degree of personal IT use on migration intention.
(J. Moon et al. / Technological Forecasting & Social Change 77 (2010) 1401–1411)

9. Research Model
H1, H2a-b, H3a-b, H4, H5, H6, H7: Main effects
H4a-H4c, H5a-H5c, H6a-H6c, H7a-H7c: Moderating effects
Figure.3. Research Model: Impacts of degree of m-Government use on migration
intention.

10. Hypothesis
Main effects:
H1: M-Government infrastructure increases degree of m-Government use.
H2a: Social norm increases degree of m-Government use.
H2b: Interpersonal norm increases degree of m-Government use.
H3a: Perceived usefulness for job increases degree of m-Government use.
H3b: Perceived playfulness increases degree of m-Government use.
H4: Degree of m-Government use increases positive perception of m-Government’s
effect on rural communities.
H5: Degree of m-Government use increases negative perception of m-Government’s
effect on rural communities.
H6: Positive perception of m-Government’s effect on rural communities will decrease
migration intention.
H7: Negative perception of m-Government’s effect on rural communities will increase
migration intention.

11. Hypothesis
Moderating effects:
H4a-H4c: The association between the degree of m-Government use and the positive
perception of m-Government’s effect on rural communities is moderated by
age (a), education level (b) and annual household income (c).
H5a-H5c: The association between the degree of m-Government use and the negative
perception of m-Government’s effect on rural communities is moderated by
age (a), education level (b) and annual household income.
H6a-H6c: The association the degree of m-Government use and the positive perception
of m-Government’s effect on rural communities and the migration intention
by age (a), education level (b) and annual household income.
H7a-H7c: The association the degree of m-Government use and the negative perceptio
n of m-Government’s effect on rural communities and the migration intentio
n by age (a), education level (b) and annual household income (d).

12. Survey Questionnaires
Variable Items
M-Government Infrastructure 1) Mobile device ownership (Y/N)
2) Mobile device internet access (Y/N)
3) Mobile broadband availabilities (Y/N)
4) Access government service through mobile device (Y/N)
5) Adjacent public places for mobile internet and m-government use (Y/N)
Interpersonal norm 1) My family thinks I should use government service through mobile device
2) My friend thinks I should use government service through mobile device
3) People I know think that using government service through mobile device is good idea
Social norm 1) I read/saw news reports that using government service through mobile device is good idea
2) The popular press depicts a positive sentiment for using government service through mobile
device
3) Mass media reports convince me to use government service through mobile device
Perceived usefulness for job 1) Using government service through mobile device can improve my work
2) Using government service through mobile device can increase my work effectiveness
3) Using government service through mobile device can simplify my work

13. Survey Questionnaires
Variable Items
Perceived playfulness 1) I think using government service through mobile device is interesting
2) I think using government service through mobile device is enjoyable
3) I think using government service through mobile device is fun
Degree of m-Government use 1) I am very familiar to handle government service through mobile device -related tasks.
2) I don't think it is difficult for me use the government service through mobile device
3) I could complete my job using government service through mobile device if there was
no one around to tell me what to do
Positive perception of m-
Government's effect on rural
communities
1) Expectation of improvement of living quality in the communities
2) Feeling of convenience in living in the communities due to government service using
through mobile device
3) Expectation of better education or medical or government service
Negative perception of m-
Government's effect on rural
communities
1) Concerns over job loss due to m-government in rural communities
2) Decreased social involvement due to m-government use
3) Negative feelings of community values of rural areas
4) Yearning for city life through m-government service
Migration intentions 1) Family's potential plans to leave the rural communities for other urban areas
2) Personal preference for moving onto urban area

14. Conclusions
Mongolia is country with nomadic culture with low population of density and there is not
any m-Government service started yet.
But nowadays from the government really concerning about “Smart-Government” which
includes “m-Government” and they try to deploy m-Gov services very nearest future.
My research covered on after m-Government adoption age to study impact of m-governme
nt use on migration intention in the rural area of Mongolia. Though this study integrated structur
al model were developed based on literature review, specifically conceptual frameworks and surv
ey questionnaires from Moon et al., 2010 research, and changed objectives to m-Government.
Though this study integrated structural model were developed based on literature review,
and survey questionnaires were prepared to test the model.
Future study plan, survey questionnaires will be distribute to rural area residents of
Mongolia, PLS (Partial Least Squares) analysis will be conduct.

15. References
• “Research Methodology, a step-by-step guide for beginners” 3rd edition by author Ranjit Kumar. (ISBN 978-1-849220-300-5)
Chapter 3
• J. Moon et al. / Technological Forecasting & Social Change 77 (2010) 1401–1411
• A Model of Intention to Use Mobile Government Services (Hamed Ahmed Saud Al-Busaidi, 2012)
• A Success Factors Model For M-Government, http://mgovernment.org/resurces/euromgov2005/PDF/36_R348SG.pdf
• http://www.ictpa.gov.mn (ICT policy vision up to year 2021, white book year 2011)
• http://www.crc.gov.mn (Annual book -2010, 2011)
• Mobile Government: 2010 and Beyond White Paper,
http://grandsorganismes.gouv.qc.ca/upload/cego/editor/asset/Veilles%20strat%C3%A9giques/Prestation%20de%20services
%20publics/Mobile/Mobile%20Government%202010%20and%20Beyond%20v100%5B1%5D.pdf
• m-Government: Cases of Developing Countries http://www.mgovernment.org/resurces/mgovlab_afgik.pdf
• M-Government System Architecture for Delivering Mobile Services,
http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fitt
p.kaist.ac.kr%2Finc%2Fdownload.php%3Fattachfile%3D(Desta)M-
Government_System_Architecture_for_Delivering_Mobile_Services.ppt%26folder%3D..%2Ffile%2Fattachfile%2F&ei=Xg58U
KveFquUiQfYmYDQBg&usg=AFQjCNE_cKYHfYA3cMzDjLzXJ4wyAtj2hg
• A Success Factors Model For M-Government, http://mgovernment.org/resurces/euromgov2005/PDF/36_R348SG.pdf
• Soft Success Factors for M-Government, http://www.irma-international.org/viewtitle/9776/
• m-Government: Cases of Developing Countries (Turkey, the Czech Republic and the Philippines, 2008
http://spa.hust.edu.cn/2008/uploadfile/2009-4/20090427230800732.pdf
• http://mgovernment.org/resurces/euromgov2005/PDF/36_R348SG.pdf
• http://www.tradingeconomics.com/mongolia/population-in-the-largest-city-percent-of-urban-population-wb-data.html

16. Thanks for your
attention!