This study examined the independent effects of diastolic and systolic blood pressure on mortality using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I). The results showed that for individuals over age 50, diastolic blood pressure provided little additional information about mortality risk beyond systolic blood pressure. For this group, mortality risk began to significantly increase at a systolic blood pressure of 140 or higher, regardless of diastolic blood pressure. For individuals age 50 and younger, diastolic blood pressure was a better predictor of mortality, with risk increasing at diastolic blood pressures over 100. The study estimated that redefining normal blood pressure based on these results could reduce the number of Americans labeled as abnormal
This document presents the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It aims to provide an evidence-based approach to hypertension prevention and management. Some key points:
- Hypertension is a major public health issue, affecting over 50 million Americans and 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease.
- While awareness, treatment and control of hypertension have improved since previous reports, current control rates remain unacceptably low. About 30% of adults are still unaware of their hypertension, over 40% of those with hypertension are untreated, and two-thirds of treated hypertensives are not controlled.
- The
This document reviews US hypertension management guidelines and recommendations for the future. It summarizes the key recommendation from JNC 8 to initiate pharmacologic treatment for those aged 60 and older with a systolic BP of 150 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg or higher, and to treat to a goal of under 150/90 mm Hg systolic/diastolic BP. This recommendation is based on trials showing benefits of treating elderly patients to lower BP targets, though evidence is strongest for those over 80. New evidence from the SPRINT trial contradicts JNC 8 and supports even lower BP targets.
The document discusses updated guidelines for diagnosing and treating hypertension that were released in 2017. Some key points:
- The new guidelines lower the threshold for stage 1 hypertension to 130/80 mm Hg from 140/90 mm Hg. This means nearly half of US adults now have hypertension based on these guidelines.
- Lifetime risk of developing hypertension is approximately 90% for adults aged 55-65 based on data from the Framingham Heart Study.
- Self-monitoring and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provide benefits over office-based measurements alone for managing hypertension.
- Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, reduced sodium intake, increased potassium and physical activity are recommended as first-line treatment for many with elevated blood pressure
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined by several medical organizations and involves persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive. Key indicators for considering COPD include dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, exposure to risk factors like smoking, and family history. COPD is assessed based on symptoms, degree of airflow limitation via spirometry, risk of exacerbations, and comorbidities. Exacerbations, which involve worsening of respiratory symptoms, are usually caused by infections and can be mild, moderate, or severe requiring hospitalization. COPD is a major cause of death and disability worldwide.
This study compared the 7-year risk of heart attack in people with and without type 2 diabetes. It found:
1) The risk of heart attack over 7 years was much higher in people with prior heart attack (18.8% without diabetes, 45% with diabetes) compared to those without (3.5% without diabetes, 20.2% with diabetes).
2) People with diabetes but no prior heart attack had a similar risk of death from heart disease as people without diabetes but with a prior heart attack.
3) These findings suggest that people with diabetes should be treated as aggressively for cardiovascular risk factors as nondiabetic people with established heart disease.
Cardiac risk evaluation: searching for the vulnerable patient FELIX NUNURA
The document discusses screening patients for cardiovascular risk factors and disease. It outlines various risk assessment tools like the Framingham Risk Score and SCORE that estimate risk based on factors like age, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, smoking status. It discusses limitations of risk factor-based screening and emphasizes the importance of directly measuring subclinical disease using tests like coronary artery calcium scoring and carotid intima-media thickness to identify vulnerable patients. The document advocates screening for and treating the underlying atherosclerotic disease rather than just risk factors to improve prevention outcomes.
The SPRINT study compared an intensive blood pressure treatment target of less than 120 mm Hg to a standard target of less than 140 mm Hg in 9,361 patients at high risk for cardiovascular events but without diabetes. At 1 year, the mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mm Hg in the intensive group and 136.2 mm Hg in the standard group. After a median follow up of 3.26 years, the primary composite outcome of heart attack, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, heart failure or cardiovascular death occurred less frequently in the intensive group compared to the standard group. All-cause mortality was also lower in the intensive group, though rates of some adverse events were higher.
This document presents the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It aims to provide an evidence-based approach to hypertension prevention and management. Some key points:
- Hypertension is a major public health issue, affecting over 50 million Americans and 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease.
- While awareness, treatment and control of hypertension have improved since previous reports, current control rates remain unacceptably low. About 30% of adults are still unaware of their hypertension, over 40% of those with hypertension are untreated, and two-thirds of treated hypertensives are not controlled.
- The
This document reviews US hypertension management guidelines and recommendations for the future. It summarizes the key recommendation from JNC 8 to initiate pharmacologic treatment for those aged 60 and older with a systolic BP of 150 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg or higher, and to treat to a goal of under 150/90 mm Hg systolic/diastolic BP. This recommendation is based on trials showing benefits of treating elderly patients to lower BP targets, though evidence is strongest for those over 80. New evidence from the SPRINT trial contradicts JNC 8 and supports even lower BP targets.
The document discusses updated guidelines for diagnosing and treating hypertension that were released in 2017. Some key points:
- The new guidelines lower the threshold for stage 1 hypertension to 130/80 mm Hg from 140/90 mm Hg. This means nearly half of US adults now have hypertension based on these guidelines.
- Lifetime risk of developing hypertension is approximately 90% for adults aged 55-65 based on data from the Framingham Heart Study.
- Self-monitoring and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provide benefits over office-based measurements alone for managing hypertension.
- Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, reduced sodium intake, increased potassium and physical activity are recommended as first-line treatment for many with elevated blood pressure
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined by several medical organizations and involves persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive. Key indicators for considering COPD include dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, exposure to risk factors like smoking, and family history. COPD is assessed based on symptoms, degree of airflow limitation via spirometry, risk of exacerbations, and comorbidities. Exacerbations, which involve worsening of respiratory symptoms, are usually caused by infections and can be mild, moderate, or severe requiring hospitalization. COPD is a major cause of death and disability worldwide.
This study compared the 7-year risk of heart attack in people with and without type 2 diabetes. It found:
1) The risk of heart attack over 7 years was much higher in people with prior heart attack (18.8% without diabetes, 45% with diabetes) compared to those without (3.5% without diabetes, 20.2% with diabetes).
2) People with diabetes but no prior heart attack had a similar risk of death from heart disease as people without diabetes but with a prior heart attack.
3) These findings suggest that people with diabetes should be treated as aggressively for cardiovascular risk factors as nondiabetic people with established heart disease.
Cardiac risk evaluation: searching for the vulnerable patient FELIX NUNURA
The document discusses screening patients for cardiovascular risk factors and disease. It outlines various risk assessment tools like the Framingham Risk Score and SCORE that estimate risk based on factors like age, cholesterol levels, blood pressure, smoking status. It discusses limitations of risk factor-based screening and emphasizes the importance of directly measuring subclinical disease using tests like coronary artery calcium scoring and carotid intima-media thickness to identify vulnerable patients. The document advocates screening for and treating the underlying atherosclerotic disease rather than just risk factors to improve prevention outcomes.
The SPRINT study compared an intensive blood pressure treatment target of less than 120 mm Hg to a standard target of less than 140 mm Hg in 9,361 patients at high risk for cardiovascular events but without diabetes. At 1 year, the mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mm Hg in the intensive group and 136.2 mm Hg in the standard group. After a median follow up of 3.26 years, the primary composite outcome of heart attack, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, heart failure or cardiovascular death occurred less frequently in the intensive group compared to the standard group. All-cause mortality was also lower in the intensive group, though rates of some adverse events were higher.
The document discusses hypertension in teenage years. It begins with an introduction and overview of the magnitude of the problem. It then defines teenage hypertension and reviews international data on prevalence rates. The document also describes results from screening programs for hypertension and obesity in high schools in Bahrain. It concludes that primary hypertension is increasingly being identified in children and adolescents where it is usually mild and associated with factors like family history and overweight.
Risk factors of Acute Coronary Syndrome at Prince Ali Bin Alhussein hospitalMinistry of Health
Objective:The aim of this survey to identify the relationship between ACS and its risk factors and the association between the risks factors themselves. Method: A retrospective study depends on the registered files of the admitted patients to Prince Ali Bin Alhussein hospital with ACS since April 2013 till October of 2013 included 174 patients. Result:The above mentioned data and results show a strong relationship between ACS and the mentioned risk factors. Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between risks factors themselves as D.M and hypertension, and between hypertension with the sex and smoking.There's an association between D.M and the patient's gender
This document discusses strategies for screening patients for cardiovascular risk. It highlights several methods for evaluating risk, including calculating risk scores based on traditional risk factors as well as screening for subclinical disease using tests such as coronary artery calcium scoring and carotid intima-media thickness measurements. Finding and treating disease early, before symptoms occur, is important as atherosclerosis often begins decades before clinical events. Screening for and treating the underlying disease, not just risk factors, may help identify vulnerable patients at highest risk.
Salt reduction and hypertension in China: a concise state-of-the-art reviewPaul Schoenhagen
Abstract: Hypertension (HTN) and its cardiovascular complications such as stroke and heart failure are a serious public health problem around the world. A growing number of studies confirm that salt plays an important role in the development of HTN. Increasing intake of salt leads to abnormal transport of sodium ions at the cellular level with activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Studies have shown that salt restriction can reduce blood pressure (BP) in patients with HTN, especially salt-sensitive HTN. Public health interventions to reduce salt intake, with the goal of decreasing adverse outcomes have been launched in numerous countries. In this review we will summarize the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors, the relationship between salt and HTN, the effect of salt restriction on HTN and the current situation of prevention and treatment of HTN by salt reduction in China.
1) The study assessed all-cause mortality in nursing home residents over age 80 based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels and number of antihypertensive medications.
2) Residents with SBP <130 mmHg who were receiving two or more blood pressure medications had over 80% increased risk of mortality compared to other participants.
3) Among very old, frail nursing home residents, those with low SBP who received multiple blood pressure medications had the greatest risk of mortality, suggesting blood pressure targets may need to be higher for this vulnerable population.
29 June 2010 - National End of Life Care Programme / NHS Improvement
This document sets out to raise awareness of the supportive and palliative care needs of people living or dying with progressive heart failure, to facilitate the commissioning of services specifically tailored to meet those needs.
Publication by the National End of Life Programme and NHS Improvement which became part of NHS Improving Quality in May 2013
Current management of hypertension DR. ANKIT JAIN AIIMSAnkit Jain
This document summarizes current management of hypertension. It begins by stating the high worldwide prevalence of hypertension and its attributable risk for death. It then discusses definitions and classifications of hypertension according to guidelines. Target blood pressure goals for optimal management are outlined, along with evaluating for target organ damage. The importance of lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy to reduce cardiovascular events is emphasized.
This document summarizes a state-of-the-art paper on heart failure by Eugene Braunwald. It discusses that while mortality from other cardiac conditions has declined, heart failure prevalence is rising. It affects about 10% of people over age 60 and costs over $39 billion annually in the US. While survival after heart failure diagnosis has improved slightly, 5-year mortality remains around 50%. The document also summarizes risk factors for heart failure, changing clinical profiles including an increasing proportion with preserved ejection fraction, and acute decompensated heart failure as a common cause of hospitalization.
End of life care in heart failure - a framework for implementationNHS Improvement
End of life care in heart failure - A framework for implementation
This joint publication with the End of Life Care Team, highlights how an end of life care service can best accommodate the specific needs of heart failure patients. The framework takes each step of the end of life pathway and suggests the heart failure specific care that a patient and their carers need and how it can be delivered in the community, the hospice environment or in secondary care.
(Published June 2010).
The goal of this webinar is to educate physicians and healthcare professionals about hospice eligibility and benefits for patients with advanced cardiac disease (ACD) who have a prognosis of ≤6 months. Through evidence-based data and a review of case studies, attendees understand the benefits of advance care planning, complex modalities for high-acuity cardiac patients, how to manage symptoms, address pain and provide comfort and dignity near the end of life.
The document discusses advances and ongoing disparities in heart failure treatment for African Americans. It summarizes the key findings of the landmark AHEFT trial from 2004, which found that the combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine reduced mortality and hospitalization rates in African Americans with heart failure compared to placebo. However, the document notes that a decade later, many African American heart failure patients are still not receiving guideline-directed medical therapies. It argues that future clinical trials of novel heart failure drugs need to incorporate background therapies across all demographic groups to truly advance health equity in heart failure care for African Americans through a paradigm shift, rather than just a paradigm drift.
The document summarizes the recommendations of the 2014 JNC 8 guidelines for treatment of hypertension. It discusses:
1) The JNC 8 recommendation to initiate pharmacologic treatment for those aged 60 and older with a systolic blood pressure of 150 mm Hg or higher, and to treat to a goal of under 150 mm Hg.
2) Evidence from trials supporting this recommendation showing reduced risks of stroke, heart failure, and coronary heart disease with treatment to a goal of under 150 mm Hg.
3) Arguments against recommending treatment to lower goals not proven in clinical trials, such as unnecessary exposure to medication side effects and polypharmacy in the elderly.
International Society of Hypertension 2020 guidlinesJAFAR ALSAID
The document outlines key points from a presentation on hypertension given by Dr. Jafar Alsaid at the Iraqi Hypertension Conference in November 2021. It discusses the global burden of hypertension, challenges in low-income countries, definitions and classifications of hypertension, measuring blood pressure, common risk factors, target organ damage, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments, and the importance of patient education.
JNC 8 guidelines are criticized for not being truly evidence-based. Most recommendations received a grade of evidence of D or E. The guidelines raise red flags for potential biases due to financial conflicts of interest among panel members. Recommending higher blood pressure targets may increase stroke risk for vulnerable groups. The guidelines are accused of not considering all available evidence and prioritizing improved statistics over patient outcomes.
Advancing dialysis: Recasting kidney failure as cardiovascular diseaseAdvancingDialysis.org
The document discusses issues related to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and dialysis treatment in the United States. It notes that ESRD represents 7% of the Medicare budget while only treating 1% of the population. While total Medicare spending and spending per patient on dialysis has stabilized in recent years, the total number of dialysis patients has continued to increase and now exceeds 500,000. The document discusses challenges with the current conventional dialysis treatment approach, including its inability to adequately manage issues like fluid overload, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease - which are the major drivers of mortality in ESRD patients. It suggests alternative home dialysis modalities may help address these issues but barriers need to be addressed to increase their utilization
Prevalence of blood pressure, glucose and lipid abnomalities among ethYisehak Tura
This study examined the prevalence of hypertension, high blood glucose, and abnormal blood lipid levels among Ethiopian immigrants in Minnesota using data from parish nurse screenings of 673 adults from 2007-2012. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 30.1%, with higher rates among men (33%) than women (24%). 12% of participants had high blood glucose. High LDL and low HDL levels were each observed in about 30% of participants. The results suggest this community has a high burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors, calling for more comprehensive health assessments and interventions.
Cardiology: Treatment of Heart FailureVedica Sethi
Abstract Heart Failure (HF) is the most widely recognized cardiovascular disorder behind medical clinic affirmation for individuals more established than 60 years old. Hardly any regions in medication have advanced as surprisingly as HF treatment in the course of recent decades. Be that as it may, progress has been reliable just for ceaseless HF with diminished discharge part. In intensely decompensated HF and HF with safeguarded discharge part, none of the medications tried to date have been conclusively demonstrated to improve endurance. Deferring or forestalling HF has gotten progressively significant in patients who are inclined to HF. The anticipation of declining interminable HF and hospitalisations for intense decompensation is likewise critical. The target of this paper is to give a compact and down to earth rundown of the accessible medication medicines for HF. The most ideal proof based medication treatment (counting inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin– aldosterone framework and β blockers) is helpful just when ideally actualized. Notwithstanding, usage may be testing. To accept that ailment the executives projects can be useful in giving a multidisciplinary, comprehensive way to deal with the conveyance of ideal clinical consideration. Keywords; heart failure, multidisciplinary approach, Beat-blocker, RAAS framework
Screening for asymptomatic cad in diabetesShyam Jadhav
Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting over 246 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for those with diabetes. While diabetes itself increases the risk of cardiovascular events, controlling individual risk factors can help prevent related complications. There is ongoing debate around screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Supporters argue early detection could improve outcomes, but critics note current tests are not perfect and may lead to unnecessary invasive procedures. Further research is still needed to identify high-risk groups who could benefit most from screening.
insights in recent guidelines in management of diabetic hypertensive dyslipi...Ashraf Okba
This document provides recent guidelines for managing patients with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. It discusses the risks these conditions pose together, such as a 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events. Guidelines recommend treating all three conditions aggressively through lifestyle changes and medication to control blood pressure and lipid levels. The optimal LDL cholesterol level is below 100 mg/dL to minimize heart disease and stroke risk.
The SPRINT study found that treating systolic blood pressure to 120 mm Hg rather than 140 mm Hg significantly reduced mortality and cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. This challenges the current JNC 8 guideline target of 140 mm Hg and below. The PATHWAY2 study found that adding spironolactone was more effective at reducing blood pressure than other drugs for patients resistant to three-drug treatment. Research also showed that ACE inhibitors resulted in poorer cardiovascular outcomes for black hypertensive patients compared to other antihypertensive drugs.
Cap nhat-dieu-tri-tang-huyet-ap-2018-tam-quan-trong-cua-uc-che-calci-pham-ngu...Vinh Pham Nguyen
1) The document discusses the importance of calcium channel blockers in treating hypertension. It focuses on their role as one of the main drug classes for controlling blood pressure.
2) Key points covered include calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cells, which causes vasodilation and lowers blood pressure. They are considered very effective antihypertensive agents.
3) The document emphasizes that calcium channel blockers should be part of the initial drug treatment regimen for most patients with hypertension according to current guidelines. They are an essential tool for physicians in managing hypertension.
The document discusses hypertension in teenage years. It begins with an introduction and overview of the magnitude of the problem. It then defines teenage hypertension and reviews international data on prevalence rates. The document also describes results from screening programs for hypertension and obesity in high schools in Bahrain. It concludes that primary hypertension is increasingly being identified in children and adolescents where it is usually mild and associated with factors like family history and overweight.
Risk factors of Acute Coronary Syndrome at Prince Ali Bin Alhussein hospitalMinistry of Health
Objective:The aim of this survey to identify the relationship between ACS and its risk factors and the association between the risks factors themselves. Method: A retrospective study depends on the registered files of the admitted patients to Prince Ali Bin Alhussein hospital with ACS since April 2013 till October of 2013 included 174 patients. Result:The above mentioned data and results show a strong relationship between ACS and the mentioned risk factors. Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between risks factors themselves as D.M and hypertension, and between hypertension with the sex and smoking.There's an association between D.M and the patient's gender
This document discusses strategies for screening patients for cardiovascular risk. It highlights several methods for evaluating risk, including calculating risk scores based on traditional risk factors as well as screening for subclinical disease using tests such as coronary artery calcium scoring and carotid intima-media thickness measurements. Finding and treating disease early, before symptoms occur, is important as atherosclerosis often begins decades before clinical events. Screening for and treating the underlying disease, not just risk factors, may help identify vulnerable patients at highest risk.
Salt reduction and hypertension in China: a concise state-of-the-art reviewPaul Schoenhagen
Abstract: Hypertension (HTN) and its cardiovascular complications such as stroke and heart failure are a serious public health problem around the world. A growing number of studies confirm that salt plays an important role in the development of HTN. Increasing intake of salt leads to abnormal transport of sodium ions at the cellular level with activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Studies have shown that salt restriction can reduce blood pressure (BP) in patients with HTN, especially salt-sensitive HTN. Public health interventions to reduce salt intake, with the goal of decreasing adverse outcomes have been launched in numerous countries. In this review we will summarize the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors, the relationship between salt and HTN, the effect of salt restriction on HTN and the current situation of prevention and treatment of HTN by salt reduction in China.
1) The study assessed all-cause mortality in nursing home residents over age 80 based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels and number of antihypertensive medications.
2) Residents with SBP <130 mmHg who were receiving two or more blood pressure medications had over 80% increased risk of mortality compared to other participants.
3) Among very old, frail nursing home residents, those with low SBP who received multiple blood pressure medications had the greatest risk of mortality, suggesting blood pressure targets may need to be higher for this vulnerable population.
29 June 2010 - National End of Life Care Programme / NHS Improvement
This document sets out to raise awareness of the supportive and palliative care needs of people living or dying with progressive heart failure, to facilitate the commissioning of services specifically tailored to meet those needs.
Publication by the National End of Life Programme and NHS Improvement which became part of NHS Improving Quality in May 2013
Current management of hypertension DR. ANKIT JAIN AIIMSAnkit Jain
This document summarizes current management of hypertension. It begins by stating the high worldwide prevalence of hypertension and its attributable risk for death. It then discusses definitions and classifications of hypertension according to guidelines. Target blood pressure goals for optimal management are outlined, along with evaluating for target organ damage. The importance of lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy to reduce cardiovascular events is emphasized.
This document summarizes a state-of-the-art paper on heart failure by Eugene Braunwald. It discusses that while mortality from other cardiac conditions has declined, heart failure prevalence is rising. It affects about 10% of people over age 60 and costs over $39 billion annually in the US. While survival after heart failure diagnosis has improved slightly, 5-year mortality remains around 50%. The document also summarizes risk factors for heart failure, changing clinical profiles including an increasing proportion with preserved ejection fraction, and acute decompensated heart failure as a common cause of hospitalization.
End of life care in heart failure - a framework for implementationNHS Improvement
End of life care in heart failure - A framework for implementation
This joint publication with the End of Life Care Team, highlights how an end of life care service can best accommodate the specific needs of heart failure patients. The framework takes each step of the end of life pathway and suggests the heart failure specific care that a patient and their carers need and how it can be delivered in the community, the hospice environment or in secondary care.
(Published June 2010).
The goal of this webinar is to educate physicians and healthcare professionals about hospice eligibility and benefits for patients with advanced cardiac disease (ACD) who have a prognosis of ≤6 months. Through evidence-based data and a review of case studies, attendees understand the benefits of advance care planning, complex modalities for high-acuity cardiac patients, how to manage symptoms, address pain and provide comfort and dignity near the end of life.
The document discusses advances and ongoing disparities in heart failure treatment for African Americans. It summarizes the key findings of the landmark AHEFT trial from 2004, which found that the combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine reduced mortality and hospitalization rates in African Americans with heart failure compared to placebo. However, the document notes that a decade later, many African American heart failure patients are still not receiving guideline-directed medical therapies. It argues that future clinical trials of novel heart failure drugs need to incorporate background therapies across all demographic groups to truly advance health equity in heart failure care for African Americans through a paradigm shift, rather than just a paradigm drift.
The document summarizes the recommendations of the 2014 JNC 8 guidelines for treatment of hypertension. It discusses:
1) The JNC 8 recommendation to initiate pharmacologic treatment for those aged 60 and older with a systolic blood pressure of 150 mm Hg or higher, and to treat to a goal of under 150 mm Hg.
2) Evidence from trials supporting this recommendation showing reduced risks of stroke, heart failure, and coronary heart disease with treatment to a goal of under 150 mm Hg.
3) Arguments against recommending treatment to lower goals not proven in clinical trials, such as unnecessary exposure to medication side effects and polypharmacy in the elderly.
International Society of Hypertension 2020 guidlinesJAFAR ALSAID
The document outlines key points from a presentation on hypertension given by Dr. Jafar Alsaid at the Iraqi Hypertension Conference in November 2021. It discusses the global burden of hypertension, challenges in low-income countries, definitions and classifications of hypertension, measuring blood pressure, common risk factors, target organ damage, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments, and the importance of patient education.
JNC 8 guidelines are criticized for not being truly evidence-based. Most recommendations received a grade of evidence of D or E. The guidelines raise red flags for potential biases due to financial conflicts of interest among panel members. Recommending higher blood pressure targets may increase stroke risk for vulnerable groups. The guidelines are accused of not considering all available evidence and prioritizing improved statistics over patient outcomes.
Advancing dialysis: Recasting kidney failure as cardiovascular diseaseAdvancingDialysis.org
The document discusses issues related to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and dialysis treatment in the United States. It notes that ESRD represents 7% of the Medicare budget while only treating 1% of the population. While total Medicare spending and spending per patient on dialysis has stabilized in recent years, the total number of dialysis patients has continued to increase and now exceeds 500,000. The document discusses challenges with the current conventional dialysis treatment approach, including its inability to adequately manage issues like fluid overload, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease - which are the major drivers of mortality in ESRD patients. It suggests alternative home dialysis modalities may help address these issues but barriers need to be addressed to increase their utilization
Prevalence of blood pressure, glucose and lipid abnomalities among ethYisehak Tura
This study examined the prevalence of hypertension, high blood glucose, and abnormal blood lipid levels among Ethiopian immigrants in Minnesota using data from parish nurse screenings of 673 adults from 2007-2012. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 30.1%, with higher rates among men (33%) than women (24%). 12% of participants had high blood glucose. High LDL and low HDL levels were each observed in about 30% of participants. The results suggest this community has a high burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors, calling for more comprehensive health assessments and interventions.
Cardiology: Treatment of Heart FailureVedica Sethi
Abstract Heart Failure (HF) is the most widely recognized cardiovascular disorder behind medical clinic affirmation for individuals more established than 60 years old. Hardly any regions in medication have advanced as surprisingly as HF treatment in the course of recent decades. Be that as it may, progress has been reliable just for ceaseless HF with diminished discharge part. In intensely decompensated HF and HF with safeguarded discharge part, none of the medications tried to date have been conclusively demonstrated to improve endurance. Deferring or forestalling HF has gotten progressively significant in patients who are inclined to HF. The anticipation of declining interminable HF and hospitalisations for intense decompensation is likewise critical. The target of this paper is to give a compact and down to earth rundown of the accessible medication medicines for HF. The most ideal proof based medication treatment (counting inhibitors of the renin–angiotensin– aldosterone framework and β blockers) is helpful just when ideally actualized. Notwithstanding, usage may be testing. To accept that ailment the executives projects can be useful in giving a multidisciplinary, comprehensive way to deal with the conveyance of ideal clinical consideration. Keywords; heart failure, multidisciplinary approach, Beat-blocker, RAAS framework
Screening for asymptomatic cad in diabetesShyam Jadhav
Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting over 246 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for those with diabetes. While diabetes itself increases the risk of cardiovascular events, controlling individual risk factors can help prevent related complications. There is ongoing debate around screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Supporters argue early detection could improve outcomes, but critics note current tests are not perfect and may lead to unnecessary invasive procedures. Further research is still needed to identify high-risk groups who could benefit most from screening.
insights in recent guidelines in management of diabetic hypertensive dyslipi...Ashraf Okba
This document provides recent guidelines for managing patients with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. It discusses the risks these conditions pose together, such as a 3-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events. Guidelines recommend treating all three conditions aggressively through lifestyle changes and medication to control blood pressure and lipid levels. The optimal LDL cholesterol level is below 100 mg/dL to minimize heart disease and stroke risk.
The SPRINT study found that treating systolic blood pressure to 120 mm Hg rather than 140 mm Hg significantly reduced mortality and cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. This challenges the current JNC 8 guideline target of 140 mm Hg and below. The PATHWAY2 study found that adding spironolactone was more effective at reducing blood pressure than other drugs for patients resistant to three-drug treatment. Research also showed that ACE inhibitors resulted in poorer cardiovascular outcomes for black hypertensive patients compared to other antihypertensive drugs.
Cap nhat-dieu-tri-tang-huyet-ap-2018-tam-quan-trong-cua-uc-che-calci-pham-ngu...Vinh Pham Nguyen
1) The document discusses the importance of calcium channel blockers in treating hypertension. It focuses on their role as one of the main drug classes for controlling blood pressure.
2) Key points covered include calcium channel blockers inhibiting calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cells, which causes vasodilation and lowers blood pressure. They are considered very effective antihypertensive agents.
3) The document emphasizes that calcium channel blockers should be part of the initial drug treatment regimen for most patients with hypertension according to current guidelines. They are an essential tool for physicians in managing hypertension.
This study used data from over 21,000 patients in Japan to analyze the relationship between blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular outcomes. It found that morning home systolic blood pressure was a stronger predictor of coronary artery disease events than clinic systolic blood pressure. Morning home systolic blood pressure of 125 mmHg or higher was associated with higher risk of coronary events. Both home and clinic blood pressures effectively predicted risk of stroke. The study demonstrated that for this population, morning home systolic blood pressure monitoring provided valuable information about cardiovascular disease risk.
Challenge in management of hypertensionSolidaSakhan
1. The document discusses challenges in managing hypertension and compares blood pressure targets from different clinical practice guidelines.
2. It outlines methods for accurately measuring blood pressure, including office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to diagnose conditions like white coat and masked hypertension.
3. Guidelines discussed recommend targeting a systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg or lower, though the optimal level remains debated, as lower targets must be balanced with potential adverse effects from treatment. Lifestyle modifications and medication are important for managing hypertension.
This study analyzed data from over 21,000 Japanese patients to investigate the relationship between blood pressure measurements and cardiovascular outcomes. The results showed that morning home systolic blood pressure was a stronger predictor of coronary artery disease events than clinic blood pressure. There was a graded association between higher morning home systolic blood pressure and increased risk of coronary events. Neither home nor clinic blood pressure measurements showed a J-shaped curve relationship with stroke or coronary artery disease risk.
Hypertension is a major global health problem and leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Control remains poor despite being largely controllable. The diagnosis of hypertension is based on office blood pressure measurements, but out-of-office measurements such as ambulatory or home monitoring are recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Lifestyle changes are key to non-pharmacological treatment, while first-line pharmacological treatments include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Despite efforts, rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension remain disappointingly low globally.
The document summarizes guidelines from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It outlines classifications for blood pressure levels, risk factors, treatment goals, lifestyle modifications, and drug therapy recommendations. The guidelines emphasize individualizing treatment based on a patient's specific cardiovascular risks and medical conditions.
The document summarizes the key recommendations from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It introduces new classifications for blood pressure levels, emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and use of thiazide-type diuretics as initial treatment, and recommends treating to lower blood pressure targets to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. It also provides guidance on proper blood pressure measurement techniques, evaluating patient risk factors, and conducting follow-up assessments.
- Prehypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic pressure of 80-89 mm Hg, affects approximately 80 million Americans and is responsible for half of all deaths from heart disease and stroke worldwide.
- A recent study found that prehypertensive men have significantly lower acute release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) from the endothelium in response to clot formation compared to normotensive men, indicating impaired endogenous fibrinolytic capacity.
- This impaired fibrinolytic capacity may be a primary mechanism contributing to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in prehypertensive individuals by reducing the ability to eliminate microvascular clots and propagating thrombosis and
This document summarizes the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7). It outlines recommendations for classifying and treating hypertension based on blood pressure levels. Key points include classifying blood pressure into normal, prehypertension, and stages 1 and 2 of hypertension, and recommending lifestyle modifications and drug treatments to lower blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risks. Compelling indications for certain drug classes are noted for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease.
The 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults provides evidence-based recommendations for classifying, measuring, diagnosing, and treating high blood pressure. A writing committee composed of experts in cardiology, primary care, nursing, and other relevant fields developed systematic reviews and recommendations based on the latest evidence. The guidelines define blood pressure categories and recommend accurate office and out-of-office methods for measuring blood pressure to diagnose high blood pressure and guide treatment decisions.
systolic BP lowering to a target of <130 mm Hg may reduce the risk of several important outcomes including risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and major cardiovascular events. No class of medications (i.e., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, or beta blockers) was significantly better than thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics as a first-line therapy for any outcome.
This document provides guidelines for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. It was published in 2017 by several medical organizations including the American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association. The guidelines were developed by a writing committee that included cardiologists, internists, pharmacists, physician assistants, nurses and others. The guidelines include recommendations on accurate blood pressure measurement, out-of-office monitoring, treatment targets, drug therapy options, screening for secondary causes of hypertension, and management of related conditions like sleep apnea.
The document discusses two diets for treating cardiovascular disease: the DASH diet and the TLC diet. The DASH diet focuses on limiting sodium while increasing fruits, vegetables and whole grains. It aims to control hypertension and cholesterol. The TLC diet focuses on lowering LDL cholesterol and blood triglycerides to reduce heart disease risk. The document analyzes these diets based on cost, health outcomes, and compliance to recommend the best option for a medical care group to advise patients.
The 2017 ACC/AHA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults provides updated recommendations and definitions. Key points include:
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure at or above 130/80 mmHg. It is categorized into elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 levels based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings.
- Out-of-office blood pressure measurements through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and home monitoring are recommended to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension and guide treatment.
- Proper techniques should be followed for accurate blood pressure measurement and documentation in the office, including using the correct cuff size and properly preparing the patient.
HYPERTENSION IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSINGHarsh Rastogi
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disorder that poses a major public health challenge. It is defined as elevated blood pressure and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. It is classified as primary or secondary, with primary hypertension accounting for 90% of cases and having generally unknown causes. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, diet high in salt and saturated fat, physical inactivity, and stress. Prevention strategies focus on lifestyle modifications like healthy diet, exercise, weight control, limiting alcohol and reducing sodium intake.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a growing global health concern that disproportionately affects minority populations like African Americans. The literature review examined 15 research articles on managing hypertension in these high-risk groups. Key findings included: (1) multiple-drug regimens are often needed to control blood pressure; (2) lifestyle modifications can help reduce cardiovascular events; and (3) improving patient education and adherence through culturally-appropriate strategies may enhance health outcomes. Overall, the studies emphasized the importance of early detection, treatment, and prevention to reduce hypertension's harmful effects.
The document compares different methods of standardizing blood pressure measurements in children, including blood pressure index (BPI), z-scores (BPZ), and percentiles (BPP). It finds that BPI provides a better measure of hypertension severity, as blood pressure is not normally distributed. Applying the LMS normalization method to the data improves the distributions of BPI and BPZ towards normal. LMS-corrected BPP exhibits the proper uniform distribution, making it a useful clinical measure, though BPI remains easier to calculate.
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2. METHODS
Overview and Rationale for Source Data
To address our first question, we sought a nationally repre-
sentative cohort study combining detailed intake data (includ-
ing DBP and SBP) with long-term follow-up data on survival.
To minimize the possible confounding effect of hypertension
treatment, we were interested in finding the oldest data
possible. The first National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES I) met these criteria as it enrolled partici-
pants in 1971–1976, yet includes approximately 2 decades of
follow-up data (via the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup
Study, which continued through 1992). Survival analyses in
these data offer not only the opportunity to disentangle the
effects of DBP and SBP on mortality, but also an operational
definition of normal blood pressure: a range of pressures for
which there is no statistically significant increase in long-term
mortality risk. We believe that our use of this large, long-term
study permits mortality to serve as an unbiased and largely
complete estimate of “normality” because if a given DBP or SBP
is also associated with major morbidity (e.g., development of
new coronary, cerebrovascular or peripheral artery disease
events or end-organ damage), a subsequent downstream
impact on all-cause mortality should be observed.
To address our second question on the number of Americans
affected by various definitions of normal required an inference
about underlying (or natural) distribution of untreated blood
pressures in American adults. Currently, it is not possible to
make such an inference given the prevalence of hypertension
treatment. We were able to find, however, a nationally repre-
sentative survey of American's blood pressures: the first
National Health Examination Survey (NHES) performed be-
tween 1959 and 1962—an era well before the first publications
demonstrating the value of treating asymptomatic hyperten-
sion. While we acknowledge that the natural distribution may
have shifted in the ensuing decades, we believe this serves as
the best proxy of the underlying distribution of untreated blood
pressure in American adults.
Blood Pressure and Mortality: NHANES I
A total of 14,407 adults age 25–74 completed NHANES I and
were included in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study
through 1992. Among these adults, 96.2% (n=13,861) had
complete vital status data. After excluding an additional 69
adults with missing data on SBP or DBP, we arrived at the final
primary analytical cohort of 13,792.
Blood pressure was obtained by a physician at the beginning
of the physical examination while the subject was in a sitting
position.12
In addition, nurses obtained two repeated measure-
ments at the end of the examination in a subset of subjects (n=
6,839). The nurse's measurement largely corroborated the
physician's (nurse's systolic blood pressures were an average of
1.5 mmHg lower, whereas their diastolic blood pressures were on
average 1 mmHg higher). Systolic blood pressure was then
categorized into seven levels ranging from <100 to ≥200—with
five 20-mmHg increments in between. Diastolic blood pressure
was categorized into eight levels ranging from <60 to ≥120—with
six 10-mmHg increments in between.
The outcome of interest was the observed all-cause mortality
rate for a given blood pressure category relative to that for a so-
called “normal” blood pressure: less than 120/80. To avoid the
inclusion of abnormally low pressures, our referent category for
SBP was 100–119 mmHg, whereas our referent category for
DBP was 70–79 mmHg.
We also adjusted for a number of potential confounders. Age
was coded as a continuous variable. Smoking was categorized
as current, never and former. Weight and height were used to
calculate BMI (kg/m2
), and BMI was categorized into 11 levels
from ≤18 to >34 with eight 2-kg/m2
increments in between and
one level for those with missing weight or height data. Total
cholesterol was categorized into 13 levels from <120 to ≥320
with ten 20-mg/dl increments in between and one level for
those with missing cholesterol data. Education was categorized
into 19 levels for years of education including a level for those
missing education data. Income was categorized into 12 levels
including a level for those missing income data. Race was
categorized as Native American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black,
White or Other.
We estimated the rate of death using Cox regression for systolic
or diastolic blood pressure categories both adjusted and unad-
justed for each other. Based on the findings of the JNC 7 report,
separate analyses were performed in persons above and below age
50.5
All models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, BMI,
total cholesterol, education, income and race. An additional
sensitivity analysis stratified results by baseline income.
Population Distribution of Blood Pressure: NHES
A total of 7,710 adults were included in the National Health
Examination Survey (NHES), 6,672 of whom were examined
during the period from October 1959 to December 1962. Data
from this cohort was used to estimate the proportion of the
population in various blood pressure categories prior to the
advent of widespread therapy. We estimated the blood pressure
distribution for each of six 10-year age strata (20–29 through
70–79). To incorporate the NHES sampling strategy, the
accompanying survey weights were used to estimate these
proportions. We then obtained 2008 population estimates from
the US Census13
for each age stratum to estimate the number
of Americans currently within each blood pressure category.
All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.1 (SAS
Institute Inc., Cary, NC).
RESULTS
Table 1 shows the distribution of the 13,792 participants in
each age-blood pressure cell. The table also shows the
distribution for the 4,572 deaths. The smallest number of
deaths among the elevated blood pressure categories was 96 in
those over age 50 (DBP≥120) and 19 in those age 50 and
younger (SBP≥200).
Persons over Age 50
Figure 1 shows the relative mortality rate associated with
various blood pressure categories in those over age 50.
686 Taylor et al.: DBP, SBP and Defining “Normal” JGIM
3. Overall, there appeared to be a J-shaped association, such
that the lowest and highest blood pressures were associated
with the greatest rates of death. Without adjusting for SBP,
the rate of death (relative to a DBP of 70–79) began to
increase at a DBP of 90–99 (RR=1.10; 95% CI 1.00–1.21)
and subsequently increased in a step-wise fashion: DBP
100–109 (RR=1.24; 95% CI 1.10–1.39), DBP 110–119 (RR=
1.54; 95% CI 1.31–1.82) and DBP≥120 (RR=1.68; 95% CI
1.35–2.09). The relationship between elevated DBP and
mortality almost completely disappeared, however, when we
adjusted for SBP.
While the relationship between DBP and mortality was
dramatically dampened by adjusting for SBP, the relationship
between SBP and mortality was virtually unaffected by
adjusting for DBP. With or without adjustment for DBP, SBPs
above 140 were associated with significant increases in
mortality.
A secondary analysis examined the question: Among
persons over age 50 whose SBP is less than 140, what is the
effect of having abnormal diastolic blood pressure (as cur-
rently defined)? In this subgroup, there was no significant
difference in the relative rate of death in persons with
DBP≥80 relative to those with DBP<80 (RR=0.91; 95% CI
0.81–1.02).
Persons Age 50 and Younger
Figure 2 shows the mortality risk associated with various
blood pressure categories in those age 50 and younger. Note
that the y-axis (relative rate of death) scale has changed—
because, in this younger age group, extreme blood pressure
elevations have a more dramatic relative effect on a low
absolute risk of death. Although adjustment for SBP had some
effect on the point estimates for the relative rate of death, it
had no effect on the threshold for increased risk. With or
without adjustment for SBP, DBPs above 100 were associated
with significant increases in mortality.
Adjustment for DBP, however, did influence the assess-
ment of SBP in this younger age group. Without adjusting
for DBP, the rate of death increased with increasing levels
Table 1. Number of Participants and Deaths in Each Age-Blood
Pressure Cell in NHANES I
Category Number of participants Number of deaths
Age>50 Age≤50 Age>50 Age≤50
Diastolic BP
<60 50 112 39 8
60–69 309 832 204 31
70–79 1,277 2,110 731 122
80–89 2,148 2,514 1,236 211
90–99 1,600 1,158 956 130
100–109 703 370 466 75
110–119 263 147 197 35
≥120 124 75 96 35
Total 6,474 7,318 3,925 647
Systolic BP
<100 42 295 25 14
100–119 683 2,647 317 139
120–139 1,850 3,062 953 269
140–159 2,015 961 1,263 126
160–179 1,167 248 792 59
180–199 466 74 370 21
≥200 251 31 205 19
Total 6,474 7,318 3,925 647
13,792 4,572
Figure 1. Blood pressure and mortality risk in persons over age 50.
DBP/SBPs are from a single, sitting measurement; the outcome is
the RR for all-cause mortality relative to a person with a DBP 70–79
or SBP 100–119. All analyses are controlled for age, sex, race,
current and former smoking, BMI, cholesterol, education and
income.
Figure 2. Blood pressure and mortality risk in persons age 50 and
younger. DBP/SBPs are from a single, sitting measurement; the
outcome is the RR for all-cause mortality relative to a person with a
DBP 70–79 or SBP 100–119. All analyses are controlled for age, sex,
race, current and former smoking, BMI, cholesterol, education and
income.
687Taylor et al.: DBP, SBP and Defining “Normal”JGIM
4. of SBP. The rate of death (relative to a SBP of 110–119)
began to increase at a SBP of 120–139 (RR=1.26; 95% CI
1.02–1.56) and subsequently increased in a step-wise
fashion: SBP 140–159 (RR=1.50; 95% CI 1.16–1.94), SBP
160–179 (RR=2.09; 95% CI 1.51–2.91), SBP 180–199 (RR=
2.38; 95% CI 1.46–3.86) and SBP≥200 (RR=7.67; 95% CI
4.54–12.98). Adjusting for DBP, however, made all but the
most extreme relationship disappear: SBP≥200 (RR=3.91;
95% CI 2.02–7.58).
A secondary analysis examined the question: Among
persons age 50 and younger whose DBP was less than
100, what is the effect of having a systolic blood pressure
elevation between 140 and 200? In this subgroup, there was
no significant difference in the relative rate of death in
persons with SBP 140–200 relative to those with SBP<140
(RR=1.26; 95% CI 0.99–1.58).
Estimates of the Number Affected by Various
Definitions
Table 2 provides estimates of the number of adult Americans
affected by various definitions of abnormal blood pressure.
Using the current definition of normal blood pressure (less
than 120/80) about 60 million are labeled normal and about
160 million are labeled abnormal. Using an operational
definition of normal—one that does not confer an increased
long-term mortality risk (in these NHANES data)—the
situation would be reversed: about 160 million would be
labeled normal and about 60 million would be labeled
abnormal. In other words, the choice about the approach
used to define normal blood pressure could affect about 100
million Americans.
COMMENT
Our examination of the independent effects of diastolic and
systolic blood pressure on mortality confirms a central tenet of
the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on
Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood
Pressure (JNC 7): systolic blood pressure elevations are more
important than diastolic blood pressure elevations in persons
over age 50. In fact, in our data, diastolic blood pressures are
largely irrelevant in this age group. The situation was reversed
in persons age 50 and younger: in whom diastolic blood
pressure was the more important predictor of mortality.
Our analysis was also directed at a broader question that we
hope JNC 8 will consider in its ongoing deliberations: What is the
impact of various definitions of normal blood pressure? The
current definition of normal is less than 120/80. Our analysis
offers one possible alternative definition: a blood pressure that
does not confer an increased mortality risk in a cohort of over
10,000 individuals followed for nearly 20 years. From our data
this would mean that abnormal for individuals over age 50 would
be a SBP of ≥140 (independent of DBP), and for individuals less
than 50, a DBP≥100 or a SBP≥200. While it should not be
viewed as the final word on this topic, we hope it serves as an
example of an alternative approach. If nothing else, our findings
highlight that the choice about the approach used to define
normal blood pressure will impact literally millions of Americans.
Limitations
Our analysis has a number of limitations. The most obvious is
that we have no data about treatment. It is possible that
subsequent treatment might attenuate the relationship be-
tween elevated blood pressure and mortality. Given this
concern, we sought the oldest data possible—when blood
pressure treatment was less widespread. And within our data
there is evidence that suggests treatment explains little of what
we observed.
Because patients were enrolled in the early 1970s, any
treatment that occurred would have been directed at elevations
in diastolic blood pressure. Nevertheless our analysis of the
effect of diastolic blood pressure (without adjustment for systolic
blood pressure) shows a strong dose-response relationship.
Were higher diastolic blood pressures more likely to have been
successfully treated, one would have expected this relationship
to be much flatter. Furthermore, we performed an additional
analysis focusing on the best available proxy for the absence of
treatment: that of having little income. When we restricted our
analysis to those with family incomes of less than $10,000 per
year (approximately $50,000 or less in today's dollars), we
identified exactly the same blood pressure categories as being
associated with significant increases in mortality.
Table 2. Estimates of the Number of Adult Americans Affected by
Varying Definitions of “Normal” Blood Pressure (Based on the
Natural Distribution of Blood Pressures in 1959)
Proportion of
1959
population
Estimated number
in category in 2008
Over age 50
Current definition of normal 11.3% 10,100,000
(SBP<120, DBP<80)
Arguably normal 33.9% 30,700,000
No evidence of statistically
significant increase in
morality risk
(120≤SBP<140, any DBP)
Unambiguous increased risk 54.8% 53,300,000
(SBP≥140)
Age 50 and younger
Current definition of normal 42.1% 52,000,000
(SBP<120, DBP<80)
Arguably normal 54.4% 70,500,000
No evidence of statistically
significant increase in
morality risk
(120≤SBP<200, 80≤DBP<100)
Unambiguous increased risk 3.5% 4,800,000
(SBP≥200, DBP≥100)
Total
Current definition of normal 31.9% 62,100,000
Arguably normal 47.6% 101,200,000
Unambiguous increased risk 20.5% 58,100,000
The percentage distribution in the second column does not exactly match
the count distribution in the third column as the age structure of the
population has changed. The counts in the third column are the sum of
counts calculated using the 1959 distribution and 2008 population
estimates within 10-year age groups
688 Taylor et al.: DBP, SBP and Defining “Normal” JGIM
5. Our findings do not include reductions in quality of life due to
cardiovascular morbidity not directly associated with a decrease
in years of life. The exact magnitude or proportion is not well
known, nor is the corresponding impact this would have on
treatment decision making (i.e., the decision to treat a patient to
reduce cardiovascular complications even if there was no
reduction in mortality). Practically speaking, however, it is
important to point out that all-cause mortality and cardiovas-
cular mortality are highly correlated—a finding confirmed in
data from over 300,000 men enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor
Intervention Trial (MRFIT).14
Furthermore, the largest meta-
analysis of 1 million adults from 61 prospective observational
studies also found that non-vascular causes of death were
positively related to blood pressure.15
Given that our data are
based on exceptionally long-term follow-up, that approximately
one-third of individuals died, including almost two-thirds of
those over age 50, and the known close association of cardio-
vascular events with all-cause mortality, we believe that clini-
cally meaningful cardiovascular morbidity (and the
corresponding decrement in quality of life) and mortality should
have been largely captured in our measurement of all-cause
mortality.
Furthermore, we believe there is a strong theoretical argu-
ment for using all-cause mortality as the primary outcome.
First, it is the least ambiguous outcome measure. Because the
fact of death can be unambiguously ascertained, it is the
outcome least subject to measurement bias. Second, all-cause
mortality is the most comprehensive measure of the mortality
impact of a condition. Because it is comprehensive, it avoids
having to assume no relationship between one form of death
and another—and thus avoids the potential problem of either
underestimating risk (e.g., failing to recognize that elevated
blood pressure might be associated with non-cardiovascular
deaths) or overestimating it (e.g., failing to recognize that there
might be a trade-off between cardiovascular deaths and non-
cardiovascular deaths).16
Policy Implications
Because they are based on one dataset, our findings by
themselves are insufficient to develop policy. We would hope
others would reconsider the question of what constitutes
normal blood pressure using other datasets. We also recog-
nize that our approach for defining normal adds an addi-
tional complexity to the current approach because it is
modified by age (SBP less than 140 for those over age 50
and a blood pressure under 200/100 for those age 50 and
younger). But even a small simple expansion in the defini-
tion of normal—from under 120/80 to under 140/90—
would have a tremendous impact: affecting about 80 million
Americans.
The current approach to define normal as less than 120/
80 is presumably based on detectable increases in risk
above that level. But there are always bound to be small,
detectable effects if we study enough people. And the
threshold to label individuals as “abnormal” ought to require
more than simply any detectable effect, in any outcome, in
any size sample.
The reason is because there are costs associated with
labeling people as abnormal. There are human costs: both for
the people who have been turned into patients (and who have
been informed that they are now more vulnerable to disease)
and for the clinicians who are increasingly overwhelmed by
the number of diagnoses they face (arguably distracting them
from the patients who need them most). There are also the
tremendous logistical and financial costs associated with
millions of new diagnoses—a cost that may be even larger in
this country to the extent it impedes progress toward
universal access.
Finally, there is the problem of excessive treatment.
Regardless of what is recommended, the tendency of clin-
icians will increasingly be to treat lower blood pressures to
make them “normal.” When abnormal is defined to include
values in which the risk itself is ambiguous, the ability of
treatment to change that risk becomes even less certain. In
the absence of randomized trials demonstrating the benefit
of intervening in this grey area, we urge caution in suggest-
ing that individuals are abnormal (and, in doing so,
inadvertently encouraging more intervention). But the most
important concern may be the potential for harm. Careful
readers have likely already noted the increased mortality
associated with very low blood pressures in those over age
50. Much of this effect undoubtedly reflects individuals with
low blood pressure because of underlying cardiovascular
disease or poor health status. However, given the recent
finding that increased all-cause mortality may be higher
with tight blood pressure control in hypertensive patients
with diabetes,17
it may also reflect the risk some individuals
may face if they are excessively treated. The finding of
increased mortality following intensive glucose lowering18
is
another example that refutes the previously held notion that
achieving lower (whether it is glucose levels or blood
pressure measurements) will necessarily improve mortality
and should, at least, encourage clinicians to consider the
possibility that intensive blood pressure lowering may not be
helpful or necessary, and in fact could be hazardous for
patients in general. The potential harm would seem to be
greatest in patients whose baseline blood pressure is near
normal.
At some point, it becomes incumbent on consensus
panels (like JNC 8) to consider these trade-offs in their
definition of normal. The fundamental question is how much
of an effect is worth worrying the population about and
experiencing the associated costs? To do this, they may well
need to consider unfamiliar questions, such as: If we cannot
reliably see a mortality effect in a large group of individuals
followed for nearly 20 years, should we define the condition
as abnormal? We believe considering this kind of approach
represents a critical step in ensuring that diagnoses are
given only to those with a meaningful elevation in risk and
that interventions are targeted towards individuals most
likely to benefit.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This material received no direct funding,
but is the result of work supported with resources and the use of
facilities at the Minneapolis and White River Junction VA Medical
Centers. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent
the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States
Government.
Conflicts of Interest: None disclosed.
689Taylor et al.: DBP, SBP and Defining “Normal”JGIM
6. Corresponding Author: Brent C. Taylor, PhD, MPH; VA Health
Care System (111-0), 1 Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN, USA
(e-mail: Brent.Taylor2@va.gov).
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690 Taylor et al.: DBP, SBP and Defining “Normal” JGIM