Hepatoma Disease in Rainbow Trout.pptx
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Hepatoma disease, also known as liver cancer, affects rainbow trout. It is caused by the deposition of aflatoxin in the liver from the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Trout fed commercial feeds containing oil or aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed meal are more susceptible. Symptoms do not usually appear until the disease is advanced, with liver discoloration and nodules. Control measures include using aflatoxin-free fish feed stored in dry, ventilated conditions and destroying contaminated stocks.
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SDG 12 title " Responsible Consumption and Production" is one of the 17 sustainable development golas established by the United Nation in 2015. SDG 12 has 11 targets. Four of them are to be achieved by the year 2030, one by the year 2020, and six have no target years. The targets address different issues ranging from implementing the 10‑Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns (Target 12.1), achieving the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources (Target 12.2), having per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels (Target 12.3), achieving the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle (Target 12.4), substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse (Target 12.5), encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices (Target 12.6), promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities (Target 12.7), ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development (12.8), support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capabilities (Target 12.a), develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable grouwth (Target 12.b), rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions (Target 12.c).
Impact of anthropogenic activities on water resources.pptx
In sustainable Development Goals (SDG)’s, water is as the 6th goal, namely “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It show that clean water is one if human basic needs, and it is processed from raw water to clean water by using any treatment. Beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, which critical to the survival of people and the planet.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades has resulted in sinking water tables worldwide. A study by hydrologist Dr. Inge de Graaf from the Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Freiburg shows that almost 20 percent of the catchments areas where groundwater is pumped suffer from a flow of streams and rivers that is too low to sustain their freshwater ecosystems. This number is expected to increase to 50 percent by 2050. “The effects can be seen already in the Midwest of the United States and in the Indus Valley project between Afghanistan and Pakistan,” de Graaf explains. The results of her study have been published in the current edition of Nature. Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades results sinking water table.
Calcium oxide.pptx
Calcium oxide (CaO), also known as quicklime, is commonly used for liming ponds. When water is added to CaO, it produces calcium hydroxide and releases heat. Liming with CaO increases pond pH and alkalinity, making nutrients more available to plants and fish. It can also remove carbon dioxide, kill unwanted organisms, and disinfect pond bottoms. The proper dose of liming depends on the initial pond soil pH. Liming provides several benefits but must be applied carefully as a rapid pH increase can be lethal to fish.
Biotechnology.pptx
1.Chromosome engineering
Chromosome sex manipulation techniques to induce polyploidy (triploidy and tetraploidy) and uniparental chromosome inheritance (gynogenesis and androgenesis) have been applied extensively in cultured fish species
Androgenesis
Androgenesis is the process by which a progeny is produced by the male parent with no genetic contribution from female. Induction of androgenesis can produce all male population in fish which would have commercial application in aquaculture.
Gynogenesis
Gynogenesis is a form of all-female inheritance. In fish species, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been used to inactivate the sperms, and such UV-inactivated sperms are used to trigger gynogenetic development without contributing the paternal genome to the progeny
Sex control:Sex control is providing to be of incraesing use in the optimization of culture systems because in most species either males, female or steriles perfrom better in culture or are more desirable in the marketplace.
Development of alternative protein source:The use of fishmeal for aquaculture purposes, is not environmentally friendly because it contains a high level of phosphorous (Edun & Uka, 2011). Due to this reason, Nutritional Biotechnology are using to produce alternative plant base protein source (Adelizi, 1998). But plant-based protein contains anti- nutritional compound so this technique needs to treat those anti – nutritional factors during the processing of these plant proteins. Phytase is one example, an enzyme that breaks down the indigestible phytic acid (phytase) in cereals and oilseeds and release digestible phosphorous. which can make the best use of the phosphorous available in a plant-protein based feed Examples, processed soybean meal is a key ingredient in catfish diet .
Gene Banking: Aquaculture in many countries depends on the adequate supply of quality seeds. However, problems in many hatcheries have reported stock deterioration due to poor brood stock management, inbreeding depression, genetic drift, lack of effective population size, introgressive hybridization, unconscious selection
Jagdispur lake
The Jagdispur Reservoirs was constructed in the early 1970s for irrigation purpose.The reservoirs is surrounded by cultivated land and a few smaller lakes which serve as a buffer zone for bird movement.Current uses of the reservoir and adjacent areas include fishing, grazing, fuel wood and fodder collection, domestic use of the Reservoir such as for laundry, and harvesting of wetland products. The area is also popular for picnics, swimming, boating, bathing, and other forms of recreation and supplies water for irrigation in 6,200 ha of surrounding cultivated land. The water body has great potential for commercial stocking and production of fish. Surrounding areas are primarily used for farming. The site has been proposed as a designated bird sanctuar.The site is visited by a large number of wintering and staging waterfowls and provides excellent foraging habitat for both
resident and migratory bird species Bird species symbolic of the area are the Falcated duck, Mallard, Tufted duck.
Fish Protein To Human Nutrition
Nutrients are substance which Nourish the body, promote growth, maintain and repair the body.
Nutrients can be divided into macro and micro nutrients which both are vital for good health.
Macronutrients such as Proteins, lipids, ash and carbohydrate are present in fishes.
Micronutrient such as Vitamins and minerals are essential dietary elements that are essential in very small quantities that mean they must be supplied from outside to body.
Fish as a food has been playing key role in providing the nutrient to many animals as well as humans.
Fish provide essential nutrients especially protein and fat with high biological value so it is often referred as ‘rich food for poor people’.
Protein and fats are the major nutrients of fish which determine the nutritional value of fish.
Fish is a food with excellent nutritive value, which provides high quality protein and a large variety of vitamins and minerals i.e. vitamin A & D, magnesium and phosphorus.
The micro and macro nutrients present in fish makes it better from other animal protein sources. Fish makes a vital contribution to the survival and health of a significant portion of the world's population.
Fish is especially important in the developing world.
In some of Asia's poorest countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia) people derive as much as 75% of their daily protein from fish. In West Africa fish accounts for 30% of animal protein intake.
Fish play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economic, cultural and recreational activities.
Principal components of Fish
1. Water: Depending upon fish type 86-82% of water is available in fish muscles.
2. Protein
3. Lipid: Fish have a particular role as a source of the long-chainomega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are major building stones of our neural system. These are important for optimal brain and neurodevelopment in children. Alternative sources of omega-3 fatty acids are found in many vegetable oils, but this is in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which needs to be converted into DHA. However, in our bodies the conversion from ALA into EPA and DHA is in most cases inefficient, making it difficult to rely only on vegetable oil during the most critical periods of our lives: namely, during pregnancy and the first two years of life (the 1000 day window).
4. Carbohydrates: Fish is an almost Zero- carbohydrate food, good for diabetes and other such patients.
5. Vitamins and minerals
Protein is essential biopolymer that is obtained from both animal and plants sources and these are commonly recognized as a abundant sources of nutrients needed for body growth and development.
Among a wide range of protein sources, fishes play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economical, cultural, and recreational benefits in the human society; because these are considered to be the richest protein sources.
In developing countries, more than 60 million people rely on fishes and their by-products for income.
General Introduction of Rotifers
Rotifers mainly culture as a feed for the fish larvae.The success of rotifers as a culture organism, including their. planctonic nature, tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, high reproduction rate (0.7-1.4 offspring.female-1.day-1). Moreoever, their small size and slow swimming velocity make them a suitable prey for fish larvae that have just resorbed their yolk sac but cannot yet ingest the larger Artemia nauplii. However, the greatest potential for rotifer culture resides, however, is the possibility of rearing these animals at very high densities (i.e. densities of 2000 animals.ml-1 have been reported by Hirata, 1979). Even at high densities, the animals reproduce rapidly and can thus contribute to the build up of large quantities of live food in a very short period of time. Last, but not least, the filter-feeding nature of the rotifers facilitiates the store of essential nutrients which is needed for the fish larvae.
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- 1. HEPATOMA DISEASE IN RAINBOW TROUT Presented By Pabitra Pandey BSc. Fisheries 11/7/2023 1
- 2. List of contents • Introduction • Symptoms • Control measures • References 11/7/2023 2
- 3. Introduction • Hepatoma disease is also known as liver cancer • Etiological agent: deposition of aflatoxin in liver(derived from Aspergillus flavus) • Trout are poikilothermous and prefer waters with temperatures from 6 to 20 C • Hepatomas develop more rapidly in fish reared at the higher temperatures 11/7/2023 3
- 4. Cont… • Fish which are regularly feeding on commercial feeds containing oil cause hepatoma • Rainbow trout hepatoma was found to be widespread in hatcheries and fish farms in 1960 • In 1961, one common denominator noted as a possible vector in trout hepatoma was dietary oil seed meals • Cottonseed meal from commercially pelleted fish feeds was found to contain a carcinogenic factor 11/7/2023 4
- 5. Cont… • Crystalline aflatoxins fed to trout at 0.5 to 20 ppb in a purified test diet induced a high incidence of trout hepatoma (Halver, 1965) • If aflatoxin levels are high (1 to 15 mg/kg body weight of aflatoxin B1), • Fish may die in 4 to 18 days with acute hepatitis (aflatoxicosis) before tumors can develop • Livers of such fish show varying degrees of hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis and hemorrhage 11/7/2023 5
- 6. Symptoms • Clinical signs are not usually apparent until the disease is advanced • Fish may be listless and irritable, but diseased fish continue to feed • Liver discoloration and the appearance of numerous small nodules in the liver • Infected liver enlarge from its normal size 11/7/2023 6
- 7. • Disease fish, specially female, may show distress and often die during soon after spawning. Mortality among disease brood stock may reach 100% 11/7/2023 7
- 8. Control measures • Fish feed must be free from aflatoxin • Need to keep it in suitable dry and ventilated storage • Destroy the contaminated feed stock 11/7/2023 8
- 10. References • Fisheries, B. O. S. (1969). The Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory (No. 81). US Fish and Wildlife Service. • Halver JE: Aflatoxicosis and rainbow trout hepatoma, Symposium on Mycotoxins and Foodstuffs, 1964 Proceedings. Cambridge, Mass, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1965, pp 209-234 11/7/2023 10
- 11. 11/7/2023 11