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IMMUNOLOGY
Basic Fundamentals
 What is immunology?
 Infectious organisms
 Immune system
 Antigenicity
 Types of antigens
 Sources of antigens
 Immunogenicity
 Immunogens
 Haptens
DEFINITION OF IMMUNOLOGY
Immunology is the study of the immune system and its functioning.
Immune system protects us from attack by microbes and worms.
The fully functioning immune system involves various organs,
molecules, cells and pathwaysin such an interconnected and sometimes
circular process.
Range of infectious organisms:
1. Worms eg. Tapeworms, Filaria
2. Protozoans eg. Trypanosomes, Leishmania, Plasmodium
3. Fungi eg. Candida, Aspergillus
4. Bacteria eg. Staphylococcus
5. Viruses eg. Polio virus, Hepatitis B
PROPERTIES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
COMPLEX SYSTEM CONSISTING OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS WORKING
TOGETHER
BLOCKS AND FIGHTS THE PATHOGENS AND PROVIDES PROTECTION
PROVIDES IMMUNE RESPONSE
HELPS IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS
PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELF AND NON-SELF DISTINCTION
ANTIGENICITY:
o IT IS THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO BIND TO THE PRODUCT OF AN IMMUNE
RESPONSE.
o SUBSTANCES THAT CAN GENERATE IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE CALLED ANTIGENS.
o SUBSTANCES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF ELICITING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE
CALLED IMMUNOGENS.
o ALL IMMUNOGENS ARE ANTIGENS BUT ALL ANTIGENS ARE NOT IMMUNOGENS.
o AN ANTIGEN WHICH CANNOT ELICITE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE OR ANTIGENS
WHICH ARE NOT IMMUNOGENS ARE CALLED HAPTENS.
o EPITOPE: IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE REGION OF AN IMMUNOGEN (OR AN
ANTIGEN) THAT BIND TO ANTIGENIC SPECIFIC MEMBRANE RECEPTOR OR
ANTIBODY.
o MULTIVALENT ANTIGEN: THESE ARE ANTIGENS HAVING MANY EPITOPES.
TYPES OF ANTIGEN BASED ON NATURE
• PROTEINS (highly immunogenic)
• POLYSACCHARIDES (less immunogenic)
• NUCLEIC ACIDS (poor immunogenic)
• LIPIDS (no or poor immunogenic)
SOURCES OF ANTIGENS:
 Exogenous antigens eg. Bacteria, virus, parasite, fungi,etc
 Endogenous antigens eg. Faulty proteins, nucleoproteins, infected
cells,etc
IMMUNOGENICITY
It is the ability of a substance to induce immune response.
When an immunogen binds with immune cells, an immune response
is produced.
HAPTENS:
They are small molecules which when combined with a larger carrier
such as proteins can elicit the production of antibodies.
Haptens are antigenic but not immunogenic.
Examples of hapten: DNP, fluorescein, penicillin, etc

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Immunology.pptx

  • 1. IMMUNOLOGY Basic Fundamentals  What is immunology?  Infectious organisms  Immune system  Antigenicity  Types of antigens  Sources of antigens  Immunogenicity  Immunogens  Haptens
  • 2. DEFINITION OF IMMUNOLOGY Immunology is the study of the immune system and its functioning. Immune system protects us from attack by microbes and worms. The fully functioning immune system involves various organs, molecules, cells and pathwaysin such an interconnected and sometimes circular process. Range of infectious organisms: 1. Worms eg. Tapeworms, Filaria 2. Protozoans eg. Trypanosomes, Leishmania, Plasmodium 3. Fungi eg. Candida, Aspergillus 4. Bacteria eg. Staphylococcus 5. Viruses eg. Polio virus, Hepatitis B
  • 3. PROPERTIES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPLEX SYSTEM CONSISTING OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS WORKING TOGETHER BLOCKS AND FIGHTS THE PATHOGENS AND PROVIDES PROTECTION PROVIDES IMMUNE RESPONSE HELPS IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELF AND NON-SELF DISTINCTION
  • 4. ANTIGENICITY: o IT IS THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO BIND TO THE PRODUCT OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE. o SUBSTANCES THAT CAN GENERATE IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE CALLED ANTIGENS. o SUBSTANCES THAT ARE CAPABLE OF ELICITING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE CALLED IMMUNOGENS. o ALL IMMUNOGENS ARE ANTIGENS BUT ALL ANTIGENS ARE NOT IMMUNOGENS. o AN ANTIGEN WHICH CANNOT ELICITE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE OR ANTIGENS WHICH ARE NOT IMMUNOGENS ARE CALLED HAPTENS. o EPITOPE: IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVE REGION OF AN IMMUNOGEN (OR AN ANTIGEN) THAT BIND TO ANTIGENIC SPECIFIC MEMBRANE RECEPTOR OR ANTIBODY. o MULTIVALENT ANTIGEN: THESE ARE ANTIGENS HAVING MANY EPITOPES.
  • 5. TYPES OF ANTIGEN BASED ON NATURE • PROTEINS (highly immunogenic) • POLYSACCHARIDES (less immunogenic) • NUCLEIC ACIDS (poor immunogenic) • LIPIDS (no or poor immunogenic) SOURCES OF ANTIGENS:  Exogenous antigens eg. Bacteria, virus, parasite, fungi,etc  Endogenous antigens eg. Faulty proteins, nucleoproteins, infected cells,etc
  • 6. IMMUNOGENICITY It is the ability of a substance to induce immune response. When an immunogen binds with immune cells, an immune response is produced. HAPTENS: They are small molecules which when combined with a larger carrier such as proteins can elicit the production of antibodies. Haptens are antigenic but not immunogenic. Examples of hapten: DNP, fluorescein, penicillin, etc