Immune Resopnse to Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It spreads through inhaling droplets from infected individuals and is able to survive inside macrophages. A cell-mediated immune response involving CD4+ T cells is required for immunity against the infection. CD4+ T cells activate macrophages to wall off the bacteria in structures called granulomas or tubercles. Cytokines released destroy nearby tissue, which can lead to caseous lesions. While most infections are controlled, some progress to more severe disease as the immune response damages tissues.
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NTM
This document discusses mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), also known as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It describes how NTM are classified into four groups based on their pigment production and growth rate. Some important NTM species that can cause disease in humans are described for each group, including M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. avium complex, and rapidly-growing species like M. fortuitum. The document outlines methods for diagnosing NTM infections through specimen collection, acid-fast staining of smears, and culture-based identification.
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS DUE TO MTB
This document discusses Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It causes a chronic infection that can affect many parts of the body, including the reproductive systems of males and females. In females, it can cause infertility, pelvic pain, and lesions in the fallopian tubes and endometrium. In males, it can lead to infertility by forming granulomas in the epididymis and cause painful swelling of the scrotum or testicles. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests, sputum cultures, imaging, and biopsies. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy.
Atypical mycobacteria
This document discusses four types of lesions caused by atypical mycobacteria: lymphadenopathy caused by M. scrofulaceum and M. avium intracellulare, pulmonary disease caused by M. avium intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. xenopi, and M. simiae, skin lesions including Buruli ulcer commonly affecting specific sites and progressing in characteristic ways, and disseminated disease in AIDS patients caused by M. avium intracellulare and in non-AIDS patients caused by M. avium intracellulare and M. chelonei.
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This document summarizes various mycobacterial and spirochetal infections. It describes the morphology and staining characteristics of mycobacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. It discusses the pathogenesis and histopathology of tuberculosis and leprosy. It also covers the stages of syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum, from primary chancre to tertiary gummas and aortitis. Serologic tests for syphilis detection are also mentioned.
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...imam univarsity , college of medicine .
Objective :
Describe the morphology and structure of mycobacterial tuberculosis ?
What are the tests required for mycobacterial infection :
Mantoux skin test
Sputum examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Sputum culture using lowenstein-jensen media
Discuss the clinical features and transmission of mycobacterial tuberculosis.
What are the pathological changes in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
How to control mycobacterial infection in the environment and vaccine available?
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .The mycobacterium avium complex and slowly growing mycobacterium
This document discusses various non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause disease in humans. It describes how NTM infections originate from environmental sources like water and soil. Common diseases include pulmonary infection, sinusitis, lymphadenitis in children, and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. Specific NTM like Mycobacterium avium complex, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. xenopi, and M. malmoense are profiled, outlining their characteristic growth patterns, typical infection sites, and treatment approaches. Laboratory diagnosis and identification methods for NTM are also reviewed.
Non tuberculous mycobacteria
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as atypical mycobacteria, are categorized into four groups based on pigment production and growth rate: photochromogens, scotochromogens, non-photochromogens, and rapid growers. Medically important NTM in these groups can cause localized lymphadenitis, skin lesions like swimming pool granuloma, tuberculosis-like pulmonary lesions, and disseminated disease. NTM are commonly found in the environment and occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans through the skin or lungs.
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This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium that causes leprosy. It is a gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus that cannot be grown in a laboratory. It primarily infects nerves and causes damage, resulting in loss of sensation. BCG vaccination provides protection against leprosy in about 90% of cases. The disease ranges from single lesions to disseminated lesions and nodules throughout the body. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerve biopsies to identify the acid-fast bacilli.
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This document discusses Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It causes a chronic infection that can affect many parts of the body, including the reproductive systems of males and females. In females, it can cause infertility, pelvic pain, and lesions in the fallopian tubes and endometrium. In males, it can lead to infertility by forming granulomas in the epididymis and cause painful swelling of the scrotum or testicles. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests, sputum cultures, imaging, and biopsies. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy.
Atypical mycobacteria
This document discusses four types of lesions caused by atypical mycobacteria: lymphadenopathy caused by M. scrofulaceum and M. avium intracellulare, pulmonary disease caused by M. avium intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. xenopi, and M. simiae, skin lesions including Buruli ulcer commonly affecting specific sites and progressing in characteristic ways, and disseminated disease in AIDS patients caused by M. avium intracellulare and in non-AIDS patients caused by M. avium intracellulare and M. chelonei.
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Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...
Pbl 2 –pod 1 : the morphology and structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis, th...imam univarsity , college of medicine .
Objective :
Describe the morphology and structure of mycobacterial tuberculosis ?
What are the tests required for mycobacterial infection :
Mantoux skin test
Sputum examination using Ziehl-Neelsen staining
Sputum culture using lowenstein-jensen media
Discuss the clinical features and transmission of mycobacterial tuberculosis.
What are the pathological changes in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
How to control mycobacterial infection in the environment and vaccine available?
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .The mycobacterium avium complex and slowly growing mycobacterium
This document discusses various non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause disease in humans. It describes how NTM infections originate from environmental sources like water and soil. Common diseases include pulmonary infection, sinusitis, lymphadenitis in children, and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. Specific NTM like Mycobacterium avium complex, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. xenopi, and M. malmoense are profiled, outlining their characteristic growth patterns, typical infection sites, and treatment approaches. Laboratory diagnosis and identification methods for NTM are also reviewed.
Non tuberculous mycobacteria
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as atypical mycobacteria, are categorized into four groups based on pigment production and growth rate: photochromogens, scotochromogens, non-photochromogens, and rapid growers. Medically important NTM in these groups can cause localized lymphadenitis, skin lesions like swimming pool granuloma, tuberculosis-like pulmonary lesions, and disseminated disease. NTM are commonly found in the environment and occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans through the skin or lungs.
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This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium that causes leprosy. It is a gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus that cannot be grown in a laboratory. It primarily infects nerves and causes damage, resulting in loss of sensation. BCG vaccination provides protection against leprosy in about 90% of cases. The disease ranges from single lesions to disseminated lesions and nodules throughout the body. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerve biopsies to identify the acid-fast bacilli.
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Atypical mycobacteria
NTM, also known as atypical mycobacteria, are environmental bacteria that can cause disease in humans under certain conditions. There are over 150 known NTM species, most of which rarely cause human illness. NTM diseases are associated with lung infections and skin lesions. Identification of the NTM species involves biopsy of infected tissue and culture analysis. Treatment depends on the species and severity of infection, typically involving antibiotics over an extended period.
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This document discusses tuberculosis pathogenesis and granuloma formation. It lists the cell types involved in tuberculosis including CD4 T lymphocytes, monocytes, and epitheloid macrophages. It also lists the stages of tuberculosis progression from bacterial entry to central necrosis, giant cell formation, and fibrosis. Finally, it lists several diseases that can cause granulomatous inflammation including tuberculosis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis, and Crohn's disease.
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Mycobacterium leprae
This document provides information about leprosy (Hansen's disease), including:
- It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucosa.
- There are several classification systems including paucibacillary, multibacillary, lepromatous, tuberculoid, and borderline. Classification depends on immune response and bacterial load.
- It remains a major public health problem with millions of cases worldwide, especially in India, Brazil, and African countries. Treatment involves multidrug therapy to prevent disability.
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This document provides an overview of chronic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation. It defines chronic inflammation as inflammation of prolonged duration that involves simultaneous active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair. Chronic inflammation can arise from persistent infections, immune-mediated diseases, or prolonged exposure to toxic substances. Key cells involved include macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair through fibrosis. Granulomatous inflammation features microscopic granulomas composed of activated macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes. Tuberculosis is provided as an example of a disease involving granulomatous inflammation.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living prokaryotes that lack a cell wall. They can infect the respiratory tract causing illnesses like walking pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae specifically infects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, cough and difficulty breathing. It is treated with antibiotics like erythromycin, clarithromycin or azithromycin.
Mycoplasma
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Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living organisms that lack a cell wall. They can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia (accounting for 10-20% of all pneumonias) as well as urogenital infections. Important species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium. While some Mycoplasma species can be part of the normal flora, they can also cause diseases like atypical pneumonia and pelvic inflammatory disease. They are treated with antibiotics like tetracyclines but show resistance to beta-lactams due to their lack of a cell wall.
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This document discusses atypical mycobacteria (NTM). It describes the Runyon classification system for NTM based on pigment production and growth rate. The most common NTM species are Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium kansasii. MAC is ubiquitous in the environment and a major cause of pulmonary NTM disease. M. kansasii is associated with tap water and causes lung disease resembling tuberculosis, often in older male smokers with COPD. Host immune deficiencies increase risk of NTM infections.
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This document provides guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) diseases. It discusses diagnostic criteria and testing for various NTM species. Treatment recommendations are provided for common NTM pathogens like MAC, M. kansasii, and M. abscessus depending on disease presentation. Risk factors for NTM infection include underlying lung disease, immunodeficiency, and environmental exposures. Host immune responses and pathogenesis are also reviewed.
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the smallest free-living organism that causes pneumonia in humans. It lacks a cell wall and resides extracellularly in the respiratory tract. Common symptoms include fever, cough, headache, and sore throat. Examination may reveal rhonchi or rales in the lungs. Diagnosis is confirmed through PCR testing of respiratory samples, though this is not used in clinical practice. Treatment involves antibiotics like erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin for 7-10 days.
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This document discusses Mycoplasmas, small bacteria without cell walls that can cause respiratory and urogenital infections in humans. It outlines that Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are the two important genera, with Mycoplasma pneumoniae being a cause of atypical pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolation of the bacteria from respiratory or urogenital samples using selective media, as well as serological tests and PCR. Treatment depends on the infection site, but commonly involves tetracyclines and macrolides.
Mycobacterium leprae
This document provides information about leprosy (Hansen's disease), including:
- It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucosa.
- There are several classification systems including paucibacillary, multibacillary, lepromatous, tuberculoid, and borderline. Classification depends on immune response and bacterial load.
- It remains a major public health problem with millions of cases worldwide, especially in India, Brazil, and African countries. Treatment involves multidrug therapy to prevent disability.
Lecture 50 chronic inflammation.ppt 4.11.11
This document provides an overview of chronic inflammation and granulomatous inflammation. It defines chronic inflammation as inflammation of prolonged duration that involves simultaneous active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair. Chronic inflammation can arise from persistent infections, immune-mediated diseases, or prolonged exposure to toxic substances. Key cells involved include macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair through fibrosis. Granulomatous inflammation features microscopic granulomas composed of activated macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes. Tuberculosis is provided as an example of a disease involving granulomatous inflammation.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are the smallest free-living prokaryotes that lack a cell wall. They can infect the respiratory tract causing illnesses like walking pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae specifically infects the lungs and is spread through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, cough and difficulty breathing. It is treated with antibiotics like erythromycin, clarithromycin or azithromycin.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by common antibiotics like penicillin that target cell wall synthesis. Several Mycoplasma species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae which causes atypical pneumonia and respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium and M. hominis which are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Mycoplasma are also the smallest bacterial cells discovered and can survive without oxygen.
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This document discusses atypical mycobacteria (also known as nontuberculous mycobacteria or environmental mycobacteria), which are ubiquitous in the environment and can cause opportunistic infections in humans. It notes there are over 150 known species and describes their epidemiology, pathophysiology, taxonomy, and laboratory diagnosis. The document also provides details on treatment approaches for different atypical mycobacteria species/strains, including the use of multidrug regimens involving macrolides, rifamycins, and others.
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1. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mainly affects the lungs. It is observed that 10 million active TB cases occur globally each year, with India reporting approximately 2.3 million cases.
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3. Granulomatous inflammation is the body's protective response to chronic infections or foreign material like tuberculosis bacteria. It forms structures called granulomas that wall off the pathogen to prevent spread while also destroying tissue over time.
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1) Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, causing millions of cases and deaths each year worldwide. It commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other sites.
2) The host immune response to TB involves both innate and acquired immunity. Innate responses include phagocytosis by macrophages and natural killer cells. Acquired responses are primarily cell-mediated, involving CD4 and CD8 T cells that secrete cytokines like IFN-γ.
3) Cytokines play an important role in the immune response, with IL-12 and IFN-γ promoting the protective Th1 response and TNF-α also contributing to immune and pathological responses to TB.
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This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis, including:
1) It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly infects the lungs. It is a major global health problem.
2) Primary tuberculosis occurs in those without prior exposure, where the bacteria are contained in granulomas. Secondary tuberculosis is reactivation of dormant bacteria or reinfection in those with immunity from primary infection.
3) Clinical features include nonspecific symptoms along with cough and sputum production as the disease progresses. Radiographically, lesions appear as consolidations or cavities in the lungs.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a contagious infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It can spread to other parts of the body. One quarter of the world's population is infected with TB, with over 10 million active cases in 2016 resulting in 1.3 million deaths, making it a leading infectious cause of death globally. The bacteria are spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Granulomas form in the lungs as part of the body's immune response to the infection.
TUBERCULOSIS (TB)1.pptx
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causative agents, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, investigation, and treatment. TB is an infectious disease caused mainly by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It can be transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are two main types - pulmonary TB affecting the lungs and extra-pulmonary TB affecting other organs. Risk factors include contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, and lifestyle factors like drug/alcohol misuse. Treatment involves a two-phase drug regimen over 6-10 months with first-line antibiotics like rifampin,
TUBERCULOSIS.pptx
Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It usually affects the lungs and can spread to other organs if untreated. The most common causative agent is M. tuberculosis. Transmission typically occurs through airborne droplets produced by patients with infectious pulmonary TB. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. While curable with proper treatment, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem especially in developing countries.
Tuberculosis (tb)
This ppt gives you idea about pathophysiology of tuberculosis and the pharmacology of drugs used to treat this infection. And it also give deep introduction of molecular interaction of mycobacteria with body i.e.. immune response by human to this mycobacteria.
it also gives you idea about treatment regimens and strategy for TB. discussed the different types of TB and mechanism of development of resistance by mycobacteria for anti-TB drugs.
Tuberculosis.pptx
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Answer Immunologic process leading to the formation of tubercle (.pdf
Answer :
Immunologic process leading to the formation of tubercle (a cluster of small lymphocytes
sorrounding the infected macrophages)
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis gets the entry into the respiratory tract but they are
resistant to intracellualar destruction, until M macrophage activated by Th1cells. As a result the
reaction is prolonged and the activated macrophages continue to accumulate to ingest the
bacteria but fail to kill so they die . The macrophages fuse togather in attempt to kill bacteria and
they form multinucleated cell called giant cell due to replacement of normal lung cell by these
giant cells and aslo due to release large amount of lytic enzymes from these activated
macrophage lead to damage of blood vessels in the site of infection causing necrosis and
formation of tubercle . The center of the tubercle is characterized by \"caseation necrosis\",
meaning it takes on a semi-solid or \"cheesy\" consistency. As these lesions heal, they become
calcified and are readily visible on x-rays of the lungs and they are defined as shadow.
The CD4 T cells are activated within 2 to 6 weeks after infection and secrete cytokines that
induce the infilteration of large numbers of activated macrophages . These cells wall off the
organism inside a granuloma called a tubercle , a cluster of small lymphocytes surrounding
infectedmacrophages.
The type of immune cells present at the lesions are as follows
Macrophages
macrophageassociated protein (Nramp),
neutrophils
natural killer cells
Tumor necrosis factor Alpha
Interleukinin-1
Interferon- gamma
Solution
Answer :
Immunologic process leading to the formation of tubercle (a cluster of small lymphocytes
sorrounding the infected macrophages)
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis gets the entry into the respiratory tract but they are
resistant to intracellualar destruction, until M macrophage activated by Th1cells. As a result the
reaction is prolonged and the activated macrophages continue to accumulate to ingest the
bacteria but fail to kill so they die . The macrophages fuse togather in attempt to kill bacteria and
they form multinucleated cell called giant cell due to replacement of normal lung cell by these
giant cells and aslo due to release large amount of lytic enzymes from these activated
macrophage lead to damage of blood vessels in the site of infection causing necrosis and
formation of tubercle . The center of the tubercle is characterized by \"caseation necrosis\",
meaning it takes on a semi-solid or \"cheesy\" consistency. As these lesions heal, they become
calcified and are readily visible on x-rays of the lungs and they are defined as shadow.
The CD4 T cells are activated within 2 to 6 weeks after infection and secrete cytokines that
induce the infilteration of large numbers of activated macrophages . These cells wall off the
organism inside a granuloma called a tubercle , a cluster of small lymphocytes surrounding
infectedmacrophages.
The type of immune cells present at t.
Amr El Said
Tuberculosis is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB in their lungs cough, sneeze or spit. Common symptoms include coughing, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months to prevent the development of drug resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the airborne transmission of droplet nuclei produced by infected individuals.
- M. tuberculosis bacteria are rod-shaped, acid-fast bacilli that are ingested by alveolar macrophages in the lungs after inhalation. This begins an infection that may develop into active or latent tuberculosis depending on the immune response.
- Active tuberculosis may be primary, occurring after initial infection, or post-primary, occurring from reactivation of dormant bacteria. It often involves the upper lungs and can cause cavitary lesions and pneumonia if untreated.
20 s2. tuberculosis, diptheria
The document provides information on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis. It discusses the morphology, identification, pathology, and laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis. It also covers how M. tuberculosis infects the lungs and spreads systemically, evades the immune system, and can be diagnosed via a tuberculin skin test. Treatment typically involves a long course of multiple antibiotics like rifampicin and isoniazid to prevent resistance.
Tuberculosis lecture
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted through the air when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or speak.
- When M. tuberculosis is inhaled, it can settle in the lungs and be ingested by immune cells. Most bacteria are destroyed, but some may survive and multiply within immune cells.
- From the lungs, the bacteria can spread via the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. This establishes latent TB infection, which can later develop into active TB disease.
Tetanus, Tuberculosis, H1N1
This document discusses several pathogenic microorganisms and infectious diseases. It begins with an overview of tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani, describing the toxin produced and how it causes symptoms. Next, it covers tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, outlining transmission, pathogenesis in the lungs, symptoms, diagnosis including the Mantoux test, and treatment including antibiotics and the BCG vaccine. Finally, it provides details on the H1N1 influenza virus, including its structure, proteins, replication, and common symptoms.
Tuberculosis- The white death
Tuberculosis is caused by various strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which most commonly affects the lungs. It can spread through the body to other organs. TB may be pulmonary (lung-based in 90% of cases) or extra-pulmonary in other parts of the body. While treatable with antibiotics now, TB was once a major global killer and remains a serious public health issue, made worse by the emergence of drug-resistant strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB which are harder to treat.
Tuberculosis presentation by Sohel Memon
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causative agents, spread, epidemiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that TB is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that usually affect the lungs. Diagnosis involves tests like smear microscopy, culture, PCR and tuberculin skin testing. Standard treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Drug-resistant forms like multi-drug resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium leprae (uncommon)
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulaire Complex (MAC) or (M. avium)
Mycobacterium leprae
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Immune Resopnse to Tuberculosis
- 2. Tuberculosis Principal causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Organism spreads easily and causes pulmonary infection that results in inhalation of small droplets containing few bacilli
- 3. The organism able to survive and multiply intercellularly by inhibiting formation of phagolisosomes. The infected macrophages lyses and releases large number of bacilli. A cell mediated response involving CD4+T cells are required for immunity .
- 4. Mode of action CD4+T cells are activated within 2-4 days of infection they secrete cytokines that Leads to infiltration of large number of activated macrophages. These cell wall of the organism inside a granuloma called Tubercle.
- 5. Tubercle formed in pulmonary tuberculosis
- 6. The localized concentrations of lysosomal enzymes in these granulomas Can cause extensive necrosis. Massive activation of macrophages releases concentrated lysosomal enzymes that are Released to destroy healthy tissues nearby leading to formation on circular region by necrosis that may develop into a caseous lession ( cheesy consistency ).
- 7. As these lesions heal they become calcified and leave a scar that becomes visible on the x-ray of the lungs as the defined shadow they are called as Ghon complexes. Much of the tissue damage is due to the cell mediated immune response because the activated macrophages suppress the phagocytosed bacilli that leads to infection.
- 9. Cytokines produced by CD4+Tcells (TH1subset) activates Macrophages so that they are able to kill the bacilli or inhibit their growth. The role of INF alpha in immune response has been demonstrated with knockout mice lacking INF alpha these mice died when infected with attenuated strain of mycobacteria.
- 10. The INFalpha+ normal mice survived . The CD4+ T cell mediated immune response mounted by majority of the people Gets controlled to the infection and also reinfection. About 10% disease progress and leads to activation of CD4+T cell and macrophages leads to granule formation.
- 11. Eventually the lesions rupture And the bacilli dessiminate in the lungs And spread through blood and lymphatic vessels To the plueral cavity ,bone, urogenetal systems, meninges and peritoneum or skin. Tuberculosis has been traditionally treated by different antibiotics for long period.
- 12. Treatment Drugs includes, Isoniazid Rifampicin Streptomycin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol
- 13. Vaccine Michael badtrains of mycobacterium bovis Called BCG (bacillus calmetteguerin). Effective against extra pulmonary tuberculosis but less against Common pulmonary tuberculosis. But after this vaccine the skin detection test cannot be done so this vaccine is not widely used. The emergence of antibiotic resistant strain has been developed for tuberculosis.