The document outlines various imaging techniques used in biochemistry and medical diagnostics, including X-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, PET, and SPECT, each with specific applications and benefits. It discusses how these techniques visualize internal body structures and aid in diagnosing diseases, guiding treatments, and conducting various medical procedures. Additionally, the document covers the principles of image quality, anatomical recognition, and diagnostic communication related to these imaging modalities.

1. ACHARYA NARENDRA DEVA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE &
TECHNOLOGY KUMARGANJ, AYODHYA
Assignment On:
Imaging techniques
Course: BIOCHEM 505 (2+2)
Course Title: Techniques in Biochemistry
Presented By
Mr. Rahul Kumar Maurya
Ph. D. Agril. Biotechnology
ID. No. A-11164/19/22
Dr. Pratibha Singh
Dr. R. P.
Singh
Department of Biochemistry, ANDUA&T,
Kumarganj, Ayodhya-224229
Presented To

2. Imaging techniques
1. Imaging techniques are methods of visualizing internal
features of the body or the nervous system.
2. They use different signals, such as x-rays, magnetic
resonance, ultrasound, or optical microscopy, to produce
pictures of bones, organs, muscles, nerves, or brain.
3. Imaging techniques can help doctors diagnose diseases,
detect fractures, tumors, or fluid accumulations, and guide
treatments such as needle drainage

3. Principles of Imaging Techniques
1. Recognize the technological elements displayed when
encountering an image (AP chest X-ray, lung level/window
for CT, etc.)
2. Recognize optimal and sub-optimal image quality in
radiography and fluoroscopy
3. Identify normal anatomy on radiography, fluoroscopy,
DSA, ultrasound, CT, MRI
4. Communicate the diagnostic value of imaging modalities
for common indications to the patient

4. X-Ray
• Important diagnostic tool for taking
images of dense parts of the body such
as bones.
• Is a transmission-based technique in
which X- rays from a source pass
through the patient and are detected
either by film or an ionization chamber
on the opposite side of the body.

5. X-Ray imaging techniques
 Dual-Energy Imaging
◦ produces two separate images corresponding to soft tissue and
bone
◦ imaging the chest region because both soft-tissue abnormalities
and small calcifications can be visualized more clearly
 X-Ray Angiography
◦ produce images that show selectively the blood vessels in the
body
◦ is used to investigate diseases such as stenoses and clotting of
arteries and veins and irregularities in systemic and pulmonary blood
flow
 X-Ray Fluoroscopy
◦ is used for placement of stents and catheters, patient positioning
for interventional surgery, and many studies of the GI tract

7. Uses
•Determining the presence and severity of fractures
or cracks in the bone structure.
• Dual-energy scanning is used for diagnosing
lung disease and detecting other masses within the
chest wall.
• Vascular imaging is performed to study
compromised blood flow in the brain and heart
• Diseases of the GI tract and the urinary tract
• Mammography

8. Ultrasound scanning
 It involves sending very high frequency sound
waves through obtaining pictures or images from
inside the human body.
Also called ultrasound scanning or sonography.
Sound waves are reflected off the internal organs
and are sensed using appropriate equipments.
Ultrasound images are captured in real time and
displayed on a television monitor

10. Uses
For the imaging of
▶ Cardiology
▶ Obstetrics
▶ Gynaecology
▶ Gastroenterology
▶ Musculoskeletal
▶ Urology
▶ Vascular
▶ Intervention
▶ Breast
▶ Small Parts
▶ Endocrinology

11. CT Scan
X-ray computed tomography, computed
tomography (CT scan), computed axial
tomography (CAT scan).
Is a medical imaging procedure that
utilizes computer-processed X-rays to
produce tomographic images or 'slices'
of specific areas of the body.

13. Uses
 Diagnostic uses
Head
◦ Lungs
◦ Pulmonary angiogram
◦ Cardiac
◦ Abdominal and pelvic
◦ Extremities
 Advantages
◦ eliminates the superimposition of images
◦ differences between tissues that differ in physical density can
be distinguished
◦ can be viewed as images in the axial, coronal, or sagittal
planes
 Adverse effects
◦ a small increased risk of cancer with CT scans
◦ Causes nausea, vomiting and itching rashes

14. MRI Scan
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear
magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), or magnetic
resonance tomography (MRT).
 Developed by Felix Bloch and Edward M. Purcel.
 Based on the phenomenon nuclear magnetic
resonance.
 Is a medical imaging technique used in radiology
to visualize internal structures of the body in
detail.
 Specialized MRI scans are available like Diffusion
MRI, Magnetization transfer MRI, real time MRI

15. Applications and uses
 To detect tiny lesions of multiple
sclerosis on Brain and Spinal cord.
 To examine joint injuries and
slipped discs in vertebral column.
 To detect minute cancerous
tumors such as brain tumors

17. PET (Position Emission Tomography)
Is a diagnostic examination that involves the
acquisition of physiologic images based on the
detection of radiation from the emission of
positrons.
System detects pairs of gamma rays emitted
indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide.
 8F- fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) has been used as
active molecule

18. Applications
◦ Oncology
◦ Neuroimaging
◦ Cardiology
◦ Pharmacology
◦ Small animal imaging
◦ Musculo-skeletal imaging
▶ Limitations
◦ risk from the test radiation
◦ high costs
◦ Need careful planning with respect to patient
scheduling since the half life of the active molecule is less

20. SPECT (Single-photon emission computed
tomography)
Single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT).
Is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging
technique using gamma rays.
It is able information is typically presented
as cross-sectional slices through the patient
to provide true 3D information.
A radioisotope of gallium(III) is used as
active molecule.

21. Uses
Tumor imaging, infection (leukocyte)
imaging, thyroid imaging or bone
scintigraphy.
To provide information about localised
function in internal organs, such as functional
cardiac or brain imaging.
Used for the diagnosis of ischemic heart
disease.
Used in functional brain imaging.