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I\'m having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of the mechanisms involved with transcription and translation, but the question itself is really throwing me off. 4. What kinds of mutations might result in transcriptional errors? What kinds of mutations might result in translational errors? What I\'m thinking for this one is that transcriptional errors are having to do with radiation-type mutations as well as incidences where the RNA polymerase or other polymerases make a mistake when creating that RNA template and the mistake does not get fixed. As far as the translational side, I\'m kind of clueless. Part of this homework is in the realm of CFTR and the delF508 gene and the W1282X gene, as well as nonsense and missense mutations. I do not know where they fall into this stuff. 6. Which part of the central dogma is represented by CFTRdel508 and by W1282X? Where is the information flow interrupted (transcription or translation)? Justify your answer. Again, I get the gist, but not really how these actually fit into the question. I BELIEVE the answer to be that the problem / informational flow interruption occurs during translation, but I\'m not sure that\'s correct, nor can I justify it. THANKS FOR THE HELP! :) Solution 4. Mutation like point mutations, framshift mutations, chromosomal disjunction etc causes incorrect base pairing at the DNA level, hence the RNA polymerase incorporates incorrect nucleotides and thereby creating incorrect mRNA sequences. Also, any mutations in RNA polymerase, and other transcriptional factors lead to transxccriptional errors Similarly the mRNA is incorrect then the ribosome and the tRNA also incorporates incorrect amino acids thereby forming a defective protein which leads to translational errors. Also, any mutation of the tRNA/ ribosome\'s sub units (50 S and 30 S) can also lead to translational errors thereby leading to a defective protein. 6. DNA ----> RNA ----> Protein The deletions inthe 2 genes fall in the DNA to RNA part of central dogma. Any mutations of the CFTRdel508 and W1282X gene causes the protein folding to be disrupted. The protein in question for these 2 genes is Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Since the protein is unable to fold properly (the missense mutation in CFTRdel508 causing the Phenylalanine not to get coded) hence the protein is unable to move out of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Hence, the probelm is not at the translation level but mainly at the transcription level, since the deletion had occured in the DNA which resulted in the coding of an incorrect mRNA thereby forming a defective protein. So the major problem is at the transcriptional level..
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strand needed? Why is it important that both strands have all the information?
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transcribed for a particular gene, it is leading to uneven synthesis of mRNA codon because
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Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
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When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
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polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
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RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
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What is anticodon?
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tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
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• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
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Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
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Initiation
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tissues at specific times in the organism\'s life. To achieve this careful regulation, eukaryotes
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sequences.
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important for initiation. (Eukaryotes, because of their added complexity, tend to have more
conserved sequences in their promoters than do prokaryotes.) One important sequence in most
eukaryotic promoters is found around -30, and has the sequence TATAAA (or something close
to it). This promoter element, known as the TATA Box, is analogous to the -10 element in
prokaryotes. Other promoter sequences vary from gene to gene, but a common one is
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member of this group is named \"TFII\" for Transcription Factor, class II genes. The individual
factors are assigned a separate letter designation. For example, TFIID, a factor made of multiple
polypeptides, recognizes and binds to the TATA box. This factor and the other factors (TFIIA,
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factors are sufficient to get a basal (minimal) level of transcription. Other transcription .
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1. The document provides information about gene mutations, including definitions, types (point mutations and frameshift mutations), and examples.
2. Point mutations include substitutions (silent, missense, nonsense), and involve a change to a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are generally more serious as they involve insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame.
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past, or current, or future technologies of cellular communications:
Mobile computing is to describe technologies thatenable people to access network services
anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.
past,present technologies of cellular communications:
1896 Guglielmo Marconi,First demonstration of wireless telegraphy.Based on long wave,
requiring very large transmitters
1907 Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service.Huge ground stations: 30 x 100m antenna
masts
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi.Cheaper, smaller, better quality transmitters by
vacuum tube
1982 Start of GSM in Europe (1G analog)
1983 Start of AMPS in America (1G analog)
1992 Start of GSM (2G digital)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
1998 Iridium satellite system.
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
2000 GSM with higher data rates (2.5G digital).HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s.First GPRS trials
with up to 50 kbit/s
2001 Start of 3G systems.IMT - 2000, several “members” of a “family”, CDMA2000 in Korea,
UMTS tests in Europe.
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It is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as
\"2.5G“.
GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel,
only transmitting when they have data to send.
GPRS provides moderate speed data transfer, by allocating unused cell bandwidth to transmit
data.Poor bit rate in busy cells.Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information
transceived.
future technologies of cellular communications:
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output (MIMO) 802.11N.dynamic spectrum allocation.Core network convergence.IP-based,
quality of service, mobile IP.Ad-hoc technologies.spontaneous communication, power saving,
redundancy.Simple and open service platform.intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as
with IN).more service providers, not network operators only.
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Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns (both scientific and public) have been raised
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transmitted and received more text messages than phone calls.Numerous studies have reported
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Exam Questions and Solutions of Molecular Biology
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Differentiated Fern Research Paper
The document discusses the SCRaMbLE technique, which uses the Cre-loxP system to increase phenotypic and genotypic diversity in organisms. The Cre-loxP system was originally discovered in bacteriophage P1, where it directs site-specific recombination of plasmid DNA into bacterial chromosomes. SCRaMbLE was first tested in yeast in 1987 and allows random chromosomal rearrangements by inducing recombination between loxP sites inserted throughout the genome. This technique can be used to determine which gene combinations confer beneficial traits to yeast.
08 transcription, translation and mutation
This document discusses transcription, translation, and mutations. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs when mRNA is produced using one DNA strand as a template. Translation occurs when the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce a protein. Mutations can occur during transcription or via external factors damaging DNA. Mutations result in substitutions, insertions, or deletions of DNA bases and can impact proteins and organism characteristics.
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is replicated, then transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. It provides details on DNA replication, transcription, and translation. DNA replication involves DNA polymerase copying DNA in the 5'-3' direction. Transcription involves RNA polymerase transcribing DNA into RNA. Translation occurs on ribosomes and involves mRNA being read in triplets to produce a polypeptide chain. The processes are generally conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes but have structural and mechanistic differences.
Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
AP Bio Ch 17 part 2 translation
The document summarizes key concepts about translation - the process by which the genetic code is translated into proteins. It discusses how the genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides (codons) to specify 20 different amino acids. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry specific amino acids and interpret the codons by base-pairing between the tRNA's anticodon and the mRNA codon. Ribosomes facilitate the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. The stages of translation include initiation, elongation through multiple cycles of codon recognition and peptide bond formation, and termination when a stop codon is reached. Point mutations can cause substitutions, insertions or deletions of nucleotides and affect protein structure.
Ch17 217 228
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression through transcriptional control mechanisms. It begins by explaining that gene expression is regulated by extracellular signals through modification of transcription factors, and that this transcriptional regulation plays important roles in nervous system functioning. It then describes the various steps in the process of gene expression, with a focus on transcriptional regulation. Specifically, it explains that transcription initiation is a key control point, and involves positioning RNA polymerase at start sites and controlling initiation rates. Core promoters set the start sites and direction of transcription for RNA polymerases. Transcription factors are also described as key regulators that recruit the basal transcription complex and achieve significant transcription levels.
Lecture.6 DNA Transcription
This document discusses RNA transcription and processing in eukaryotes. It describes how RNA polymerase II binds transcription factors at promoter regions to initiate transcription. The primary transcript undergoes 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA splicing in the nucleus. 5' capping involves adding a 7-methylguanosine cap. Polyadenylation cleaves the pre-mRNA and adds a poly-A tail. Splicing removes introns and joins exons using a spliceosome complex containing small nuclear RNAs and proteins. The fully processed mRNA is then exported from the nucleus for translation.
Transcription factors and machinery
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the transcription of genes. They activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase and other transcription factors at promoter and enhancer regions. This allows for precise control of which genes are expressed in different cell types and developmental stages. Transcription factors play a key role in cellular logic and decision-making by integrating various signals to determine whether a gene should be transcribed.
Transcription factors and machinery
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the transcription of genes. They activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase and other transcription factors at promoter and enhancer regions. This allows for precise control of which genes are expressed in different cell types and developmental stages. Transcription factors play a key role in cellular logic and decision-making by integrating various signals to determine whether a gene should be transcribed.
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdf
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a
phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is
composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below
DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication
take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression)
Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene
Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is
a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation
Frame shift mutation
Solution
Question
Answer
Where does DNA replication take place:
It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of
prokaryotic cells
When does DNA replication take place:
DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy
of genetic material.
Explain steps involved in DNA replication:
Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds
the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks.
Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the
nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate.
Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication
forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome.
Transcription
Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into
RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase
Translation
Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the
polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the
amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis.
What is RNA?
RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying
instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins.
Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material.
What is codon?
Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either
DNA or RNA.
What is anticodon?
It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on
tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA.
What is a protein molecule?
During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of
amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It
is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis.
Point mutation
In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene
sequence.
Frame shift mutation
Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Mutations of na
Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence that can have differing consequences. There are two types of mutations: gene mutations that affect a single gene, and chromosomal mutations that involve changes to whole chromosomes. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication, recombination, chemical or radiation damage to DNA, or defects in DNA repair. Gene mutations can lead to genetic disorders by changing a gene's instructions for making a protein and causing the protein to malfunction or be missing entirely. Most mutations are neutral, but some that dramatically alter protein structure or function can be harmful. Mutations are a source of genetic variability in a species.
frame shift mutation ppt.pdf
This document discusses frameshift mutations. It begins by defining frameshift mutations as insertions or deletions in DNA that are not in multiples of three nucleotides, causing a shift in the reading frame. It then describes the mechanisms of deletion and insertion mutations and their effects, including producing non-functional proteins. Examples are given of sense, missense, and nonsense codons produced by frameshifts. Applications in molecular therapy and targeting cancer proteins are mentioned. The conclusion summarizes that frameshifts can occur via insertion or deletion, may lead to changes in polypeptide length and composition, and have been associated with various diseases.
Teloomerase Research Paper
Here are the key biological and physiological mechanisms involved in genetically modified crops:
1. Gene insertion: The desired gene is isolated and inserted into the plant's genome using recombinant DNA technology. Common methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or direct DNA delivery via particle bombardment.
2. Promoter selection: The inserted gene is regulated by selecting an appropriate promoter that controls the timing and location of gene expression. Constitutive promoters allow continuous expression in all tissues, while tissue-specific promoters restrict expression.
3. Protein expression: The inserted gene is transcribed and translated inside the plant cell, resulting in the production of a novel protein or trait. For example, Bt crops express insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuring
Eukaryotic Transcription.pptx
The document summarizes eukaryotic transcription and its regulation. It discusses the core promoter elements, pre-initiation complex formation, the three phases of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination), and the role of RNA polymerase and general transcription factors. It also describes mRNA processing events like capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. Finally, it discusses mechanisms of transcriptional regulation including cis-regulatory elements like promoters and enhancers, the role of chromatin structure, and common DNA-binding domains in transcription factors.
DNA Presentation
This document covers DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene expression. It discusses how DNA is copied through semi-conservative replication involving enzymes like DNA polymerase and how genes are expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. It also summarizes control of gene expression in prokaryotes through operons and in eukaryotes at multiple stages. Finally, it briefly touches on gene mutations, cancer and genetic modification of plants.
G10 q3 w3_heredity-inheritance-and-variation-1_removed
This document provides learning materials on heredity and genetics for a 10th grade science class. It includes activities and questions to help students understand how protein is made from DNA information, and how mutations can cause changes in protein structure and function. The first activity involves building a DNA model to demonstrate replication. The second has students labeling DNA and RNA components in a comparison table. The third analyzes gene sequences to identify mutations. The document explains the central dogma of biology and how DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein. It also describes different types of genetic mutations and their effects.
Eukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
Eukaryotic Transcription
Overall, the process of RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to that of prokaryotes. There are
some real differences, however. For one thing, initial transcripts in eukaryotes contain introns,
which must be removed after transcription (this will be examined later). Eukaryotes also have
three RNA polymerases, instead of just one. Each of these polymerases transcribes a different
class of genes, as outlined in the table below:
Our consideration of eukaryotic transcription will focus on genes transcribed by RNA
polymerase II (known as class II genes). As with prokaryotes, the transcription process can be
broken down into the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, there is also
the additional step of RNA processing, which occurs during and after transcription.
Initiation
Initiation in eukaryotes is much more complex than it is in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic genes must
be much more carefully regulated, because many genes are only expressed in specific cells or
tissues at specific times in the organism\'s life. To achieve this careful regulation, eukaryotes
have evolved a more complicated initiation scheme than prokaryotes. In addition to promoters,
eukaryotic genes also have regulatory regions called enhancers. Both elements (promoter and
enhancer) are required for full, correct expression of eukaryotic genes. As a result of this added
complexity, eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not have anything equivalent to the sigma subunit
found in prokaryotic RNA polymerases. Instead, eukaryotes have groups of transcription factors,
which are proteins, independent of the RNA polymerases, that recognize promoter and enhancer
sequences.
Eukaryotic promoters, like prokaryotic promoters, contain conserved sequences that are
important for initiation. (Eukaryotes, because of their added complexity, tend to have more
conserved sequences in their promoters than do prokaryotes.) One important sequence in most
eukaryotic promoters is found around -30, and has the sequence TATAAA (or something close
to it). This promoter element, known as the TATA Box, is analogous to the -10 element in
prokaryotes. Other promoter sequences vary from gene to gene, but a common one is
GGCCAATCT, otherwise known as the CCAAT Box (for the central bases in the sequence),
which tends to occur around -80.
A group of basal transcription factors helps to initiate transcription of class II genes. Each
member of this group is named \"TFII\" for Transcription Factor, class II genes. The individual
factors are assigned a separate letter designation. For example, TFIID, a factor made of multiple
polypeptides, recognizes and binds to the TATA box. This factor and the other factors (TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, and TFIIJ) forms a complex on the DNA that recruits RNA
polymerase II to the promoter, and promotes initiation of transcription. These transcription
factors are sufficient to get a basal (minimal) level of transcription. Other transcription .
Science10_Q3_ver4_Mod5.pdf
1. The document provides information about gene mutations, including definitions, types (point mutations and frameshift mutations), and examples.
2. Point mutations include substitutions (silent, missense, nonsense), and involve a change to a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are generally more serious as they involve insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame.
3. The document uses examples and analogies to explain how different mutation types can alter DNA sequences and cause changes to mRNA and resulting protein sequences and functions.
Similar to Im having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of th.pdf (20)
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdf
Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8 DNA RNA Protein What i.pdf
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
G10 q3 w3_heredity-inheritance-and-variation-1_removed
G10 q3 w3_heredity-inheritance-and-variation-1_removed
Eukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
Eukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
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write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest rela.pdf
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest related to the past, or current, or
future technologies of cellular communications, bandwidths, antennas or their impact to the
human society
Solution
past, or current, or future technologies of cellular communications:
Mobile computing is to describe technologies thatenable people to access network services
anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.
past,present technologies of cellular communications:
1896 Guglielmo Marconi,First demonstration of wireless telegraphy.Based on long wave,
requiring very large transmitters
1907 Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service.Huge ground stations: 30 x 100m antenna
masts
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi.Cheaper, smaller, better quality transmitters by
vacuum tube
1982 Start of GSM in Europe (1G analog)
1983 Start of AMPS in America (1G analog)
1992 Start of GSM (2G digital)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
1998 Iridium satellite system.
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
2000 GSM with higher data rates (2.5G digital).HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s.First GPRS trials
with up to 50 kbit/s
2001 Start of 3G systems.IMT - 2000, several “members” of a “family”, CDMA2000 in Korea,
UMTS tests in Europe.
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
It is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as
\"2.5G“.
GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel,
only transmitting when they have data to send.
GPRS provides moderate speed data transfer, by allocating unused cell bandwidth to transmit
data.Poor bit rate in busy cells.Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information
transceived.
future technologies of cellular communications:
Improved radio technology and antennas.smart antennas, beam forming, multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO) 802.11N.dynamic spectrum allocation.Core network convergence.IP-based,
quality of service, mobile IP.Ad-hoc technologies.spontaneous communication, power saving,
redundancy.Simple and open service platform.intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as
with IN).more service providers, not network operators only.
Impact on Society:
Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns (both scientific and public) have been raised
about the potential health impacts from regular use.But by 2008, American mobile phones
transmitted and received more text messages than phone calls.Numerous studies have reported
no significant relationship between mobile phone use and health, but the effect of mobile phone
usage on health continues to be an area of public concern.
For example, at the request of some of their customers, Verizon created usage controls that meter
service and can switch phones off, so that children could get some sleep.There have also been
attempts to limit use by persons operating moving trains or automobiles, coaches when writing to
potential players on their teams, and movie theater audiences. By one measure, near.
Write a C++ program to do the followingProject Name Computer Sho.pdf
Write a C++ program to do the following:
Project Name: Computer Shop Management System
Project Description: sells various types of hardware and software accessories such as Laptop,
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Solution.
Which statement pertaining to Port Scanning is FALSEA technique use.pdf
Which statement pertaining to Port Scanning is FALSE?A technique used by IT system
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Solution
solution)
ensure that
port scanning is a process to check the security policies security policies of their networks and by
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scanning is often done by administrators.Ensures that the principles of Net Neutrality are
safeguarded.
net neutrality means the internet service providers and the govternments regulating the internet
should treat the users same that means the data on the internet the same ,not different user by
user,content ,website,platform,application,type of attachment,or mode of communicatiion.
port scanning is a process to check the security policies security policies of their networks and
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When did almost all animal phyla divergeSolutionAccording to .pdf
When did almost all animal phyla diverge?
Solution
According to theory of cambrian explosion, beginning some 545 million years ago, an explosion
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What is the nipah virus Describe mechanism of infection How is it .pdf
What is the nipah virus? Describe mechanism of infection? How is it transmitted? Why can\'t it
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Solution
What is Nipah Virus?
Nipah virus is a recently-identified, zoonotic (meaning a disease that can transmitted from
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natural host of this virus are fruit bats of the Pteropodidae Family, Pteropus genus. Outbreaks of
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Nipah virus was also recently associated with human disease in the Philippines. Nipah virus
causes febrile encephalitis with respiratory syndrome that has a high mortality rate.
Mechanism of infection:
The reservoir for Nipah virus is believed to be fruit bats, and humans are infected by contact with
infected bats or by contact with an intermediate animal host such as pigs. Pteropus species fruit
bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus.
Zoonotic transmission cycles of Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh: In Malaysia (left side
of panel), Nipah virus was transmitted from bats on fruit trees on pig farms to pigs.
Subsequently, pigs transmitted Nipah virus to people in close contact with the pigs. In
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Arbovirus are the virus that are transmitted from one human to the other by arthropod vectors ie.,
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What is organizational inertia List some sources of inertia in a co.pdf
What is organizational inertia? List some sources of inertia in a company like IBM or GM.
Solution
Organizational inertia refers to the phenomenon where the organization continues to move along
the path or trajectory, upon that the organization has been for quite some time. Here, the
organization does not want to change from that path and it acts as a negative point in the face of
changing business environment scenario.
There are following sources that can create the organizational inertia:
1. The rigid organizational structure where people show strong resistance to change.
2. The organizational policy
3. Benefits and perks offered to the employees and it is not changed due to the conflicting views.
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5. High cost of recruitment and employee welfare
6. Collective bargaining between the union and organization (if any).
Use fundamental identities to write tan t sec2t in terms of sint only.pdf
Use fundamental identities to write tan t sec2t in terms of sint only.
Solution
tan^2 t sec^2 t
tan t = sin t / cos t
sec t = 1/ cos t
so , we can write
tan^2 t sec^2 t = sin^2 t / cos^2 t * 1/ cos^2 t
= sin^2 t / cos^4 t
cos^4 t = cos^2 t * cos^2 t
cos^2 t = ( 1- sin^2 t )
cos^4 t = ( 1 - sin^2 t )^2
= 1 - 2sin^2 t + sin^4 t
hence, we can write
tan^2 t sec^2 t = (sin^2 t )/ ( sin^4 t - 2sin^2 t + 1 ).
Twenty-five people responded to a questionnaire about what types of p.pdf
Twenty-five people responded to a questionnaire about what types of pets they had. Construct a
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Frequency of any particular value ,X is just the number of times X occurs in this table.
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The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, is most directly an exa.pdf
The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, \' is most directly an example of a __ claim
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Metaphysical
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The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on acco.pdf
The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on account during 2014, its first year in ope
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O $1140 O $4.250 type here to search e???
Solution
Uncollectible expense = 2% of service on account
= 57000*2%
= $1,140 answer
Uncollectible expense = 2% of service on account
= 57000*2%
= $1,140 answer.
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Answer:
a). Filiform
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The tongue contains 4 types of papillae, the most common type is filiform, thin and wire shaped
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answer ) option B Disability benefits
the U.S. Social Security system has three major components: retirement benefits, survivors\'
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answer ) option B Disability benefits
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Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sier.pdf
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sierra Corporation on January
1, 2015, for $796,960 cash. At the acquisition date, Sierra’s total fair value, including the
noncontrolling interest, was assessed at $996,200 although Sierra’s book value was only
$623,000. Also, several individual items on Sierra’s financial records had fair values that
differed from their book values as follows:
Buildings and equipment
(10-year remaining life)
For internal reporting purposes, Padre, Inc., employs the equity method to account for this
investment. The following account balances are for the year ending December 31, 2015, for both
companies.
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sierra Corporation on January
1, 2015, for $796,960 cash. At the acquisition date, Sierra’s total fair value, including the
noncontrolling interest, was assessed at $996,200 although Sierra’s book value was only
$623,000. Also, several individual items on Sierra’s financial records had fair values that
differed from their book values as follows:
Solution
Ans:
Determination of consolidate Balances:
Acquisition-date subsidiary fair value (given) $996,200
Book value of subsidiary (given) $623,000
Fair value in excess of book value $373,200
Allocations to specific accounts based on difference between fair value and book value
Land $226,000
Buildings and equipment $18,000
Copyright $150,000
Notes payable $15,200
Total $373,200
Annual excess amortizations:
Buildings and equipment ($18,000 / 10) $1,800
Copyright ($150,000 / 20) $7,500
Notes payable ($15,200 / 8) $1,900
Total $7,600
Acquisition Method:
Consolidation Entries
Accounts
Padre
Sierra
Debit
Credit
No controlling Interest
Consolidates Total
Revenues
(1,396,980)
(657,250)
(2,054,230)
Cost of goods sold
736,000
399,000
1,135,000
Depreciation Expense
298,000
15,100
E
1,800
311,300
Amortization Expense
-
8,600
E
7,500
16,100
Interest Expense
50,100
5,550
E
1,900
57,550
Equity in Income of Sierra
(177,120)
-
I
177,120
-
Separate Company Net Income
(490,000)
(229,000)
consolidate Net Income
(534,280)
No controlling Interest in Sierra\'s Income
(44,280)
44,280
Controlling Interest in CNI
(490,000)
Retained Earnings 1 / 1
(1,380,000)
(463,000)
S
(463,000)
(1,380,000)
Net Income (above)
(490,000)
(229,000)
(490,000)
Dividend Paid
260,000
65,000
D
52,000
13,000
260,000
Retained Earnings 12/31
(1,610,000)
(627,000)
(1,610,000)
Current Assets
854,920
569,100
1,424,020
Investments in Sierra
922,080
-
D
52,000
S
I
A
-
Land
369,000
60,600
A
226,000
655,600
Buildings and Equipment
955,000
324,900
E
1,800
A
18,000
1,263,700
Copyright
-
163,400
A
150,000
E
7,500
305,900
Total Assets
3,101,000
1,118,000
3,649,220
Accounts Payable
(220,000)
(199,000)
(419,000)
Notes Payable
(521,000)
(132,000)
A
15,200
E
1,900
(639,700)
NCI in Sierra 1/1
NCI in Sierra 12/ 31
(199,240)
(230,520)
(230,520)
Common Stock
(300,000)
(100,000)
S
100,000
(300,000)
Additional paid-in capital
(450,000)
(60,000)
S
60,000
(450,00.
Operating Systems Structure1- Explain briefly why the objectives o.pdf
Operating Systems Structure
1- Explain briefly why the objectives of a purely batch multiprogramming operating system
conflict with those of an interactive system.
2- What features from the Mainframe operating system Multics do we see in modern operating
systems?
Solution
Answer 2..
The various features of Multics are :
-Segmented memory
-Virtual memory
-High-level language implementation
-Shared memory multiprocessor
-Multi-language support
-Relational database
-Security
-On-line reconfiguration
-Software engineering
Out of the above features, the feature that are present in modern operating system are:
1) security
Each user has to be authenticated with an username and password (network and multi-user
operating system).
Their data and files will be kept private from other users, unless they choose to make some
shareable with others.
The operating system will only allow administrators (\'super users\') to change parts of the
operating system and install applications.
2)Segmented memory
To use shared memory, we have to perform 2 basic steps:
Request to the operating system a memory segment that can be shared between processes. The
user can create/destroy/open this memory
using a shared memory object: An object that represents memory that can be mapped
concurrently into the address space of more than one process..
Associate a part of that memory or the whole memory with the address space of the calling
process. The operating system looks for
a big enough memory address range in the calling process\' address space and marks that
address range as an special range. Changes in that address
range are automatically seen by other process that also have mapped the same shared memory
object.
3)Virtual memory
Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an OS that uses hardware and software
to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory
shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
Virtual address space is increased using active memory
in RAM and inactive memory in hard disk drives (HDDs) to form contiguous addresses that
hold both the application and its data.
4)Shared memory multiprocessor
Shared memory is the fastest interprocess communication mechanism. The operating system
maps a memory segment in
the address space of several processes, so that several processes can read and write in that
memory segment without
calling operating system functions. However, we need some kind of synchronization between
processes that read and write shared memory.
Consider what happens when a server process wants to send an HTML file to a client process
that resides in the same machine using network mechanisms:
The server must read the file to memory and pass it to the network functions, that copy that
memory to the OS\'s internal memory.
The client uses the network functions to copy the data from the OS\'s internal memory to its own
memory.
As we can see, there are two copies, one from memory to the network an.
Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not.pdf
Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not sure how to make the text
files and load them into program. Thanks!!
Create a package named \"reading_with_exceptions\". Write a class named:
Reading_With_Exceptions with the following method:
void process(String inputFilename)
Your program will encounter errors, and we want you to gracefully handle them in such a way
that you print out informative information and continue executing.
Your process routine will try to open a file with the name of inputFilename for input. If there is
any problem (i.e. the file doesn\'t exist), then you should catch the exception, give an appropriate
error and then return. Otherwise, your program reads the file for instructions.
Your process routine will read the first line of the file looking for an outputFilename String
followed by an integer. i.e.:
outputFilename number_to_read
Your program will want to write output to a file having the name outputFilename. Your program
will try to read from \"inputFilename\" the number of integers found in \"number_to_read\".
Your process method will copy the integers read from inputFilename and write them to your
output file(i.e. outputFilename). There should contain 10 numbers per line of output in your
output file.
If you encounter bad input, your program should not die with an exception. For example:
If the count of the numbers to be read is bad or < 0 you will print out a complaint message and
then read as many integers as you find.
If any of the other numbers are bad, print a complaint message and skip over the data
If you don\'t have enough input numbers, complain but do not abort
After you have processed inputFilename, I would like your program to then close the output file
and tell the user that the file is created. Then Open up the output file and copy it to the Screen.
For example, if inputFilename contained:
We would expect the output of your program to be (Note that after 23 numbers we stop printing
numbers):
The main program will access the command line to obtain the list of filenames to call your
process routine with.
For those of you who benefit from a Template, your program might look like:
To prove that your program works, I want you to run your program with the following command
line parameters:
file1.txt non-existent-file file2.txt file3.txt
Where non-existent-file does not exist.
file1.txt contains:
file2.txt contains:
file3.txt contains:
Solution
// Reading_With_Exceptions.java
import java.io.File; // required imports for the code
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Reading_With_Exceptions
{ // class that runs the code
// 1.) Create a Scanner from the inputFilename. Catch exceptions from errors.
// 2.) Read the first String from the file and use it to create a PrintStream
// catching appropriate exceptions
// 3.) Using hasNextInt and nextInt, carefully re.
IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 .pdf
IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 was created to overcome
this.
a) What is ICMPv4?
b) How do we use ICMPv4 with the TCP/IP Suite?
c) How does it overcome the limitations in IP?
Solution
What is ICMP?
ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is an error reporting protocol network
device like routers used to generate error messages to the source IP addresses when network
problem prevent delivery of IP Packets. ICMP creates and sends messages to the source IP
address indicating that a gateway to the router, host and service cannot be reached for packet
delivery. Any Network IP device has the capability to send, receive or process ICMP messages.
How do we use ICMPv4 with the TCP/IP Suite?
Various message types are defined in ICMP that allow different types of information to be
exchanged. These are usually either generated for the purpose of reporting errors, or for
exchanging important information of different sorts that is needed to keep IP operating smoothly.
ICMP itself doesn\'t define how all the different ICMP messages are used; this is done by the
protocols that use the messages. In this manner, ICMP describes a simple message-passing
service to other protocols.
ICMP is not like most other TCP/IP protocols in that it does not perform a specific task. It
defines a mechanism by which various control messages can be transmitted and received to
implement a variety of functions.
ICMP is considered an integral part of IP, even though it uses IP to sends its messages. The
operation of ICMP involves some portion of the TCP/IP protocol software on a machine
detecting a condition that causes it to generate an ICMP message. This is often the IP layer itself,
though it may be some other part of the software. The message is then encapsulated and
transmitted like any other TCP/IP message, and is given no special treatment compared to other
IP datagrams. The message is sent over the internetwork to the IP layer at the receiving device.
Again, since many of the ICMP messages are actually intended to convey information to a
device\'s IP software, the IP layer itself may be the “ultimate destination” of an ICMP message
once a recipient gets it. In other cases, the ultimate destination may be some other part of the
TCP/IP protocol software, which is determined by the type of message received. ICMP does not
use ports like UDP or TCP to direct its messages to different applications on a host; the software
recognizes the message type and directs it accordingly within the software
How does it overcome the limitation in IP?
IP is an unreliable method for the delivery of network data. It is known as a best effort delivery
mechanism. It has no built-in process to ensure that data is delivered.
If an intermediary device such as a router fails, data cannot be delivered. Additionally, nothing in
its basic design allows IP to notify the sender that a data transmission has failed. ICMP is the
component of the TCP/IP protocol.
Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types.pdf
Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types. How does a health entity
need to ensure that all staff have an understanding of the aspects of informed consent?
Solution
Informal consent refers to the processnof getting permission before doing any sort of healthcare
intervention or trial.the consent plays very vital role in all sort of research or test using a
particular person. Thus it can be a legal.offense is any test or research conducted without taking
any informal consent from the patient. Healthcare industry to be on their business ethics side
should communicate all.the employees about the importance of having informal consent from the
patients.The proper consent will avoind further complication or any sort of conflicts. Incase if the
patient hasn\'t provided prowpr informal consent or in partial it can be assessed by review
committee or institutional review board..
In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view.pdf
In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view, and controller
independent of each other?
Solution
In the MVC Architecture, it is important to keep the model, view, and controller independent of
each other.
Because...
In view layer, programmers will prepare user interface for collecting different types of inputs.
Then user interface program is responsible for storing all values as a single group should send to
the controller application. Then for storing multiple values as one group user interface
application internally should use either array or collection object.
The controller layer receives all values as a single object using array or collection reads input
values from the array or collection object perform calculations and generate results then input
and output values will send to the model application.
The model layer will receive array or collection object reads all input and output values stores in
the database..
in roughly 400 words please describe3 affective outcomes of diver.pdf
in roughly 400 words please describe:
3 affective outcomes of diversity and 3 cognitive outcomes of diversity.
refer to ... Working in teams: moving from high potential to high performance.. BA Griffith and
EB Dunham.. Ch.7
Solution
if a firm is operating with cross culturals work force, it can be called as diverified team, which
may include the members from various backgrounds, nations, with different cultures, education
qualifications, religious and other aspects too. when people works with others, there is a great
chance to upgrade their knowledge levels by interacting with others, they can explore to new
techniques, and so on.
when people work in teams, they discuss, interact, and expose their talent. others may extract
those and the acceptable practices are followed by others. the effective outcomes of diversity are
as follows:
1. people have habituated to openness and share everthing with others
2. they trust each other and exchange what they have and what others need, similarly seek helps
from others in the limitations
3. it encourages team spirity, where all the people works on focused tasks.
4. stands with each other in the times of difficulties and in the times of success also.
the cognitive outcomes of diversity:
1. during the times of problems and difficulties, all these members tries to recollect the prior
experience related to this.
2. if there are any relevant experiences to this, they share with others, and drwn an acceptable
solution to the present problem.
3. when people works and thinks to get a solution while they are in teams, the success of getting
a correct solution is more..
Implement the interface you wrote for Lab B (EntryWayListInterface)..pdf
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- 1. I'm having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of the mechanisms involved with transcription and translation, but the question itself is really throwing me off. 4. What kinds of mutations might result in transcriptional errors? What kinds of mutations might result in translational errors? What I'm thinking for this one is that transcriptional errors are having to do with radiation-type mutations as well as incidences where the RNA polymerase or other polymerases make a mistake when creating that RNA template and the mistake does not get fixed. As far as the translational side, I'm kind of clueless. Part of this homework is in the realm of CFTR and the delF508 gene and the W1282X gene, as well as nonsense and missense mutations. I do not know where they fall into this stuff. 6. Which part of the central dogma is represented by CFTRdel508 and by W1282X? Where is the information flow interrupted (transcription or translation)? Justify your answer. Again, I get the gist, but not really how these actually fit into the question. I BELIEVE the answer to be that the problem / informational flow interruption occurs during translation, but I'm not sure that's correct, nor can I justify it. THANKS FOR THE HELP! :) Solution 4. Mutation like point mutations, framshift mutations, chromosomal disjunction etc causes incorrect base pairing at the DNA level, hence the RNA polymerase incorporates incorrect nucleotides and thereby creating incorrect mRNA sequences. Also, any mutations in RNA polymerase, and other transcriptional factors lead to transxccriptional errors Similarly the mRNA is incorrect then the ribosome and the tRNA also incorporates incorrect amino acids thereby forming a defective protein which leads to translational errors. Also, any mutation of the tRNA/ ribosome's sub units (50 S and 30 S) can also lead to translational errors thereby leading to a defective protein. 6. DNA ----> RNA ----> Protein The deletions inthe 2 genes fall in the DNA to RNA part of central dogma. Any mutations of the CFTRdel508 and W1282X gene causes the protein folding to be disrupted. The protein in question for these 2 genes is Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Since the protein is unable to fold properly (the missense mutation in CFTRdel508 causing the Phenylalanine not to get coded) hence the protein is unable to move out of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Hence, the probelm is not at the translation level but mainly at the transcription level, since the deletion had occured in the DNA which resulted in the coding of an incorrect mRNA thereby
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