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Structure and Evolution of the Universe
Workshop
The speed of Light
Louise Riofrio
University of Houston Downtown
March 23, 2017
UXMAL
CHICHEN ITZA
caracol
“Similarly, modern cosmology is augmented by unsubstantiated, mathematically sophisticated ideas
— of the multiverse, anthropic reasoning and string theory…In addition, currently viable models of
cosmic inflation require fine-tuning of the conditions of the Universe before and during inflation6.
Cultivating other approaches avoids stalling progress by investing only in chasing what might
turn out to be 'epicycles'. After all, the standard model of cosmology is merely a precise account
of our ignorance: we do not understand the nature of inflation, dark matter or dark energy.”
Avi Loeb, Harvard University in NATURE.com, 2 November, 2016
…“the natural motion of the Earth ….is towards the center of the universe;
that is the reason it is now lying at the center.”
Aristotle, On the Heavens
Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, 100-170 AD
Prediction: Future planetary positions
Observation: retrograde motion of planets
Refine: epicycles
Success! For 1500 years
Testing the Earth-centered model
Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543
“At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the Sun.”
Nicholaus Copernicus, de Revolutionibus
Paris
Observatoire
paris
Galilean Moons of Jupiter
2042 CST, August 8, 2014
0142 UT: Io’s shadow begins to cross Jupiter
0158 UT: Io begins transit of Jupiter
0400 UT: Io’s shadow leaves Jupiter’s disk
0414 UT: Io ends transit of Jupiter
Ole Roemer in the 1670’s used observations
of Io to estimate the speed of light
IoC
E
G
N
E
Jupiter moons
January 24, 2015
December 8, 2016
Space Time
dr = cdt
r
t
Space Time
R=ct GM=tc3
“When forced to summarise the General Theory of
Relativity in one sentence,Time and Space and Gravity
have no separate existence from Matter”
--Albert Einstein
M
Prediction: If the universe was denser, hotter, in past, we should see
evidence of left-over heat from early universe.
Observation: Left-over heat from the early universe. (Penzias and Wilson, 1965)
Testing the Big Bang model
Scientific American
February 2017
PNAS 114: 9, February 28, 2017: early Mars did not
have enough CO2 to keep water liquid (Nili Patera)
Dark streaks on slopes of Hale Crater are thought to be
formed from seasonal flow of water on Mars
Study of the mineral Whitlockite on Earth, released March 6,
2017 indicates that early Mars had more water than thought
GM=tc3
Evidence for “Dark Energy” - supernovae as distance indicators
In October 2016, a new study showed that
the Universe isn’t accelerating after all.
Martin Luther King
Memorial
CAM2011 conference
Lunar Laser Ranging
Apollo 11 LLRE July 20, 1969
The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LLRE) from 1969 reports a recession
rate of 3.82 ± .07 cm/yr, anomalously high. The Moon would have coincided
with Earth just 1.5 Gyr ago. (Bills, Ray 1999)
The Moon’s distance is known to be slowly increasing due to tidal action
transferring angular momentum from Earth’s rotation to the Moon.
Lunar Anomaly
.
:
.
Sediment
Location
Age
106 yr
Distance
103km
Present 0 384.4
Mansfield 3105 375.31.9
Elatina 620100 357.10.1
Cottonwood 900100 350.94.6
Sedimentary data indicates 2.9 ± 0.6 cm/yr.
(Bills, Ray 1999)
New data on the lunar orbit was
Published on December 7, 2016
Eclipse seen from Apollo 12
Stephenson et al., in Proceedings of the Royal Society
December 7, 2016 corresponds to 2.91 ± .05 cm/yr
Sedimentary data: 2.9 ± 0.6 cm/yr
Eclipse records: 2.91 ± .05 cm/yr
Simulation: 2.91 cm/yr
Average: 2.9 cm/yr
LLRE’s laser light: 3.82 ± .07 cm/yr
ANOMALY: 0.92 ± .07 cm/yr
GM = tc3 predicts an apparent increase of 0.926 cm/yr, matching
the 12 sigma anomaly within 1/10 of a standard deviation.
Lunar Anomaly Solved?
ACES
The Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES)
on ISS will allow precision measurements of c.
ACES
Tiangong-2
R=ct
“When forced to summarise the General Theory of
Relativity in one sentence,Time and Space and Gravity
have no separate existence from Matter”
--Albert Einstein
GM=tc3
M = R = t
Summary:
http://www-
conf.slac.stanford.edu/einst
http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/
In Galileo’s time epicycles were hypothesised to explain a fixed
Earth as centre of the universe.
The first evidence for a finite speed of light came from Jupiter’s
Galilean satellites
A simple equation may solve many problems of cosmology
Evidence for a changing c may come from distant supernovae and
laser reflectors on the Moon
The Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) aboard ISS will test
the prediction of a “c change”.
Bibliography:
http://www-
conf.slac.stanford.edu/einst
http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/
Riofrio, L., “Calculation of lunar orbit anomaly,” Planetary Science,
Vol. 1, 1, 2012
Riofrio, L., “GM=tc3 Explanation of Supernova Data,” Beyond
Einstein, Stanford University, 2004
Perlmutter et al., Astrophysical Journal, 1999
Riess et al., Astronomical Journal, 1998
Bills and Ray, Geophysical Research Letters, 1999
Stephenson and Morrison, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 1995
Poliakow, E., IAU Proceedings 2004: 445

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Louise Riofrio talks on the Speed of Light

  • 1. Structure and Evolution of the Universe Workshop The speed of Light Louise Riofrio University of Houston Downtown March 23, 2017
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 6.
  • 8. “Similarly, modern cosmology is augmented by unsubstantiated, mathematically sophisticated ideas — of the multiverse, anthropic reasoning and string theory…In addition, currently viable models of cosmic inflation require fine-tuning of the conditions of the Universe before and during inflation6. Cultivating other approaches avoids stalling progress by investing only in chasing what might turn out to be 'epicycles'. After all, the standard model of cosmology is merely a precise account of our ignorance: we do not understand the nature of inflation, dark matter or dark energy.” Avi Loeb, Harvard University in NATURE.com, 2 November, 2016
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. …“the natural motion of the Earth ….is towards the center of the universe; that is the reason it is now lying at the center.” Aristotle, On the Heavens Earth-centered Cosmology: Claudius Ptolemy, 100-170 AD
  • 12. Prediction: Future planetary positions Observation: retrograde motion of planets Refine: epicycles Success! For 1500 years Testing the Earth-centered model
  • 13. Sun-centered Cosmology: Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 “At rest, however, in the middle of everything is the Sun.” Nicholaus Copernicus, de Revolutionibus
  • 15. Galilean Moons of Jupiter 2042 CST, August 8, 2014 0142 UT: Io’s shadow begins to cross Jupiter 0158 UT: Io begins transit of Jupiter 0400 UT: Io’s shadow leaves Jupiter’s disk 0414 UT: Io ends transit of Jupiter Ole Roemer in the 1670’s used observations of Io to estimate the speed of light IoC E G N E
  • 18. Space Time dr = cdt r t Space Time
  • 19. R=ct GM=tc3 “When forced to summarise the General Theory of Relativity in one sentence,Time and Space and Gravity have no separate existence from Matter” --Albert Einstein M
  • 20. Prediction: If the universe was denser, hotter, in past, we should see evidence of left-over heat from early universe. Observation: Left-over heat from the early universe. (Penzias and Wilson, 1965) Testing the Big Bang model
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24. PNAS 114: 9, February 28, 2017: early Mars did not have enough CO2 to keep water liquid (Nili Patera)
  • 25. Dark streaks on slopes of Hale Crater are thought to be formed from seasonal flow of water on Mars Study of the mineral Whitlockite on Earth, released March 6, 2017 indicates that early Mars had more water than thought
  • 27. Evidence for “Dark Energy” - supernovae as distance indicators In October 2016, a new study showed that the Universe isn’t accelerating after all.
  • 29.
  • 30. Lunar Laser Ranging Apollo 11 LLRE July 20, 1969 The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment (LLRE) from 1969 reports a recession rate of 3.82 ± .07 cm/yr, anomalously high. The Moon would have coincided with Earth just 1.5 Gyr ago. (Bills, Ray 1999) The Moon’s distance is known to be slowly increasing due to tidal action transferring angular momentum from Earth’s rotation to the Moon.
  • 31. Lunar Anomaly . : . Sediment Location Age 106 yr Distance 103km Present 0 384.4 Mansfield 3105 375.31.9 Elatina 620100 357.10.1 Cottonwood 900100 350.94.6 Sedimentary data indicates 2.9 ± 0.6 cm/yr. (Bills, Ray 1999)
  • 32. New data on the lunar orbit was Published on December 7, 2016 Eclipse seen from Apollo 12
  • 33. Stephenson et al., in Proceedings of the Royal Society December 7, 2016 corresponds to 2.91 ± .05 cm/yr
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36. Sedimentary data: 2.9 ± 0.6 cm/yr Eclipse records: 2.91 ± .05 cm/yr Simulation: 2.91 cm/yr Average: 2.9 cm/yr LLRE’s laser light: 3.82 ± .07 cm/yr ANOMALY: 0.92 ± .07 cm/yr GM = tc3 predicts an apparent increase of 0.926 cm/yr, matching the 12 sigma anomaly within 1/10 of a standard deviation. Lunar Anomaly Solved?
  • 37. ACES The Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) on ISS will allow precision measurements of c.
  • 38. ACES
  • 40.
  • 41. R=ct “When forced to summarise the General Theory of Relativity in one sentence,Time and Space and Gravity have no separate existence from Matter” --Albert Einstein GM=tc3 M = R = t
  • 42. Summary: http://www- conf.slac.stanford.edu/einst http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/ In Galileo’s time epicycles were hypothesised to explain a fixed Earth as centre of the universe. The first evidence for a finite speed of light came from Jupiter’s Galilean satellites A simple equation may solve many problems of cosmology Evidence for a changing c may come from distant supernovae and laser reflectors on the Moon The Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) aboard ISS will test the prediction of a “c change”.
  • 43. Bibliography: http://www- conf.slac.stanford.edu/einst http://www.universeforum.org/einstein/ Riofrio, L., “Calculation of lunar orbit anomaly,” Planetary Science, Vol. 1, 1, 2012 Riofrio, L., “GM=tc3 Explanation of Supernova Data,” Beyond Einstein, Stanford University, 2004 Perlmutter et al., Astrophysical Journal, 1999 Riess et al., Astronomical Journal, 1998 Bills and Ray, Geophysical Research Letters, 1999 Stephenson and Morrison, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 1995 Poliakow, E., IAU Proceedings 2004: 445