This document summarizes a research paper that examines factors affecting investment behavior among young professionals aged 25-35. It conducted a survey of 200 young investors in Lucknow, India to understand their preferences and decision-making processes. The key findings were:
1) The most important factors guiding investment decisions for young investors were safety of funds and diversification.
2) The majority invested for both growth and income, with others focusing on financial stability or tax savings.
3) Statistical analysis found investment behavior to be independent of age, gender, and income among young investors.
A Study on Investment Pattern of Investors on Different ProductsProjects Kart
A study on investment pattern of investors on different products in India using the questionnaires to understand how salaried employees investment pattern and preferences towards different products. Read more on www.projectskart.com for information. An investment refers to the commitment of funds at present, in anticipation of some positive rate of return in future. Today the spectrum of investment is indeed wide. An investment is confronted with array of investment avenues. Among all investment, investment in equity is in best high proportion. This is because the history of stock market is booming and bursts overnight millionaires, an instant pauper.
A Study on Investment Pattern of Investors on Different ProductsProjects Kart
A study on investment pattern of investors on different products in India using the questionnaires to understand how salaried employees investment pattern and preferences towards different products. Read more on www.projectskart.com for information. An investment refers to the commitment of funds at present, in anticipation of some positive rate of return in future. Today the spectrum of investment is indeed wide. An investment is confronted with array of investment avenues. Among all investment, investment in equity is in best high proportion. This is because the history of stock market is booming and bursts overnight millionaires, an instant pauper.
The report is all about the consumer perception towards mutual fund in delhi NCR region.
The data analysis is on the the basis questionnaire which helps to get the proper result.
various tools are being used for research.
A Study on Performance Evaluation of Equity Shares and Mutual FundsProjects Kart
In the current economic scenario interest rates are falling and fluctuation in the share market has put investors in confusion. One finds it difficult to take decision on investment. This is primarily, because of investments are risky in nature and investors have to consider various factors before investing in investment avenues.
These factors include risk, return, volatility of shares and liquidity. The main objective of comparing investment in equity shares with mutual fund schemes is to analyze the performance of mutual funds with their benchmark and comparing them with equities by using risk, return, beta and alpha as a parameter.
analysis project for mba, comparative analysis, between private and public sectors, review, literature, comparative analysis, findings, fund project, project report, comparative, fund returns and bank deposits, reliance, fund vs uti, fund
Marco Manzo and Alessandro Modica - Finance Dept. - Italy
Giancarlo Infantino - Treasury Dept. - Italy, OECD Global Forum on Productivity – October UK Workshop - London, 14 October 2016
The report is all about the consumer perception towards mutual fund in delhi NCR region.
The data analysis is on the the basis questionnaire which helps to get the proper result.
various tools are being used for research.
A Study on Performance Evaluation of Equity Shares and Mutual FundsProjects Kart
In the current economic scenario interest rates are falling and fluctuation in the share market has put investors in confusion. One finds it difficult to take decision on investment. This is primarily, because of investments are risky in nature and investors have to consider various factors before investing in investment avenues.
These factors include risk, return, volatility of shares and liquidity. The main objective of comparing investment in equity shares with mutual fund schemes is to analyze the performance of mutual funds with their benchmark and comparing them with equities by using risk, return, beta and alpha as a parameter.
analysis project for mba, comparative analysis, between private and public sectors, review, literature, comparative analysis, findings, fund project, project report, comparative, fund returns and bank deposits, reliance, fund vs uti, fund
Marco Manzo and Alessandro Modica - Finance Dept. - Italy
Giancarlo Infantino - Treasury Dept. - Italy, OECD Global Forum on Productivity – October UK Workshop - London, 14 October 2016
Factors Affecting Investment Decisions in the Stock ExchangeAyman Sadiq
Stock markets always play a crucial role in the growth and stability of a country's economy. The development of the stock market encourages capital accumulation, efficient use of resources and promotion of economic growth. The rise of stock market can increase opportunities for investment and expansion for industries, thus creating more jobs and increasing the purchasing capacity of the people. On the other hand, stock market crashes throughout history have caused economic slowdowns, recessions, unemployment, curbed consumer spending etc. In basic terms, when people choose to invest their savings into the stock market instead of keeping the money at home, the funds become an active part of the economy as they become available to industries for use in productive purposes. In Bangladesh, the total market capitalization or worth of all the companies listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange alone stands at an impressive $50 billion.
However, in Bangladesh experienced massive downturns in the stock exchange in 2010. The predominantly bullish market (characterized by large and powerful investors) turned bearish (characterized by loss of investor confidence and a consistent decline in the value of stocks). Millions of small investors lost millions in equity and it is popular belief that the whole incident was a scam and resulted from government negligence.
As such, the aim of this paper was to search for the factors that affect the buying behavior of investors and to see whether investor choices were grounded in fact or fiction. As such, the research was conducted on a sample of 80 investors covering different demographic avenues ranging from age, years of education, monthly income, marital status and some other characteristics. The research team identified 6 broad factors of investment choices further broken down into small variables of measurement.
Enhancing employability through enterprise education - Maureen TibbyHEA_AH
This presentation is linked to a workshop presented at the HEA Enhancement event ‘Successful students: enhancing employability through enterprise education’. The blog post that accompanies this presentation can be accessed via http://bit.ly/1JIE3wh
The single crystal of MoSe2 grown by
chemical vapour transport (CVT)technique are used for the
fabrication of Photoelectro chemical (PEC) solar cells. The
effect of the illumination intensity on the conversion efficiency
of the fabricated PEC solar cell is studied.
This paper uses the theory of behavioral finance to examine the factors of individual investors’ psychology as well as their effects on investment decisions in the Vietnam Stock Exchange (VSE). This is an empirical study which based on a survey of 422 investors. All of them have had the deep knowledge about finance investment and worked many years in VSE. The final results show that five factors of psychology which are overconfidence, optimism, herd behavior, psychology of risk and pessimistic have influence on investment decisions. To be more detailed, excessive optimism, psychology of risk and excessive pessimistic affect positively on long-term investment of investors while overconfidence and herd behavior have the negative impact. Based on the theory of behavioral finance, this study explains factors of individual investors’ psychology. However, one of the limited of this paper is that it does not mention about negative outcomes of psychology factors on investment decisions. This is considered as a new path to do research in the future for emerging markets like Vietnam.
Behavioural Finance - An Introspection Of Investor PsychologyTrading Game Pty Ltd
Investors always try to make rational decision while analyzing and interpreting information collected from various sources for different investment avenues to arrive at an optimal investment decision. But at the same time they are influenced by various psychological factors that influence them internally and bias their investment decision. Linter (1998) studied the various factors that influence internally the informed investment decision and included them under the discipline of behavioural finance. Behavioural finance studies how people make investment decision and influenced by internal factors and bias. The main purpose of the paper is to assess impact of behavioural factors over mutual fund investment decision made by investors in Raipur city.
Electronic copy available at httpssrn.comabstract=1629786.docxSALU18
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1629786
1
Behavioral Portfolio Analysis of Individual Investors
1
Arvid O. I. Hoffmann
*
Maastricht University and Netspar
Hersh Shefrin
Santa Clara University
Joost M. E. Pennings
Maastricht University, Wageningen University, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Abstract: Existing studies on individual investors’ decision-making often rely on observable socio-demographic
variables to proxy for underlying psychological processes that drive investment choices. Doing so implicitly ignores
the latent heterogeneity amongst investors in terms of their preferences and beliefs that form the underlying drivers
of their behavior. To gain a better understanding of the relations among individual investors’ decision-making, the
processes leading to these decisions, and investment performance, this paper analyzes how systematic differences in
investors’ investment objectives and strategies impact the portfolios they select and the returns they earn. Based on
recent findings from behavioral finance we develop hypotheses which are tested using a combination of transaction
and survey data involving a large sample of online brokerage clients. In line with our expectations, we find that
investors driven by objectives related to speculation have higher aspirations and turnover, take more risk, judge
themselves to be more advanced, and underperform relative to investors driven by the need to build a financial
buffer or save for retirement. Somewhat to our surprise, we find that investors who rely on fundamental analysis
have higher aspirations and turnover, take more risks, are more overconfident, and outperform investors who rely on
technical analysis. Our findings provide support for the behavioral approach to portfolio theory and shed new light
on the traditional approach to portfolio theory.
JEL Classification: G11, G24
Keywords: Behavioral Portfolio Theory, Investment Decisions, Investor Performance, Behavioral Finance
*
Corresponding author: Arvid O. I. Hoffmann, Maastricht University, School of Business and Economics,
Department of Finance, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 43 38 84 602. E-mail:
[email protected]
1
The authors thank Jeroen Derwall and Meir Statman for thoughtful comments and suggestions on previous
versions of this paper. Any remaining errors are our own.
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1629786
2
I. Introduction
The combination of increased self-responsibility for retirement and an aging population has led a
growing number of people to become accountable for their own financial futures. Considering
the significant impact of current investment choices on future lifestyles (Browning and Crossley,
2001), it is important to understand how individual investors differ when it comes to the
triangular relationshi ...
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors- A Descriptive S...inventionjournals
Investment decisions have gained importance due to the general increase in employment opportunities and economic development of a nation. Awareness of investment avenues has led to the ability and willingness of working people to save and invest their funds for returns, in that perspective this study was conducted. The volatile behaviour of markets has challenged the hypothesis of efficient markets which motivates ones to understand the driving forces behind it. It is the major concern for academicians, investors and portfolio managers to understand the reasons causing irrationality in the markets. This paper uses the theory of behavioural finance to examine the factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors. From the extensive literature review, it was found that there is no single factor which influences the investment decisions of an individual. Moreover factors influencing investment decision varies from time to time, place to place, person to person, securities to securities etc. It was suggested that the policy makers of investment avenues must consider all the variables and its impact on the investors investment decisions while introducing any investment avenues to the market.
A Study of Behavioural Factors Affecting Individual Investment Decisionsijtsrd
Although finance has been studied for thousands of years, behavioral finance which considers the human behaviour in finance is a pretty new area. Behavioral finance theories, which might be based totally at the psychology, try to apprehend how feelings and cognitive mistakes impact man or woman traders' behaviour buyers referred to on this look at are referred to person traders .The primary goal of this have a look at is exploring the behavioral factors influencing person buyers' selections on the NSE and BSE Stock Exchange. Furthermore, the members of the family among these elements and funding overall performance also are tested. The have a look at begins with the present theories in behavioral finance, based totally on which, hypotheses are proposed. Then, those hypotheses are examined via the questionnaires dispensed to individual buyers on the Broking Firms, college students and professionals. The data collected from the Stock Broking firms, Students, Professionals through structured questionnaire were examined and data collected were analyzed using Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Test, based totally on which, hypotheses are proposed. The result indicates that there are 5 behavioral elements affecting the funding selections of person investors at the NSE and BSE Stock Exchange Herding, Market, Prospect, Overconfidence gamble's fallacy, and Anchoring ability bias. Most of these elements have mild impacts whereas Market element has high affect. This test also tries to discover the correlation among these behavioral factors and investment overall performance. Among the behavioral factors referred to above, best 3 elements are located to influence the Investment Performance Herding inclusive of shopping for and promoting choice of trading shares extent of buying and selling stocks velocity of herding , Prospect such as loss aversion, remorse aversion, and mental accounting , and Heuristic inclusive of overconfidence and gamble's fallacy . The heuristic behaviors are determined to have the highest advantageous impact at the investment overall performance while the herding behaviors are stated to persuade undoubtedly the investment overall performance on the lower degree. In assessment, the possibility behaviors provide the negative impact on the funding overall performance. Pawankumar S Hallale | Manjiri Gadekar "A Study of Behavioural Factors Affecting Individual Investment Decisions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/28100/a-study-of-behavioural-factors-affecting-individual-investment-decisions/pawankumar-s-hallale
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
- In this paper, we introduce a practical mechanism of
compressing a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal
according to Barker code with 13 chips in presence of additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) by using a digital matched filter
(DMF) corresponding to time domain convolution algorithm of
input and reference signals using Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6
FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development
board DE2-70 with the following parameters: frequency of
BPCM signal fIF=2 MHz, sampling frequency
f MHz SAM 50
,pulse period
T 200s
, pulse width
S 13sc
, chip width
CH 1sc
, compressing factor
KCOM 13
, SNRinp=1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and processing
gain factor SNRout/SNRinp=11.14 dB.
The results of filter operation are evaluated using a digital
oscilloscope GDS-1052U to display the input and output signals
for different SNRinp.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
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FACTORS AFFECTING INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 1, Issue 2 (may-june 2013), PP. 27-32
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FACTORS AFFECTING INVESTMENT
BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUNG
PROFESSIONALS
Ms. Lubna Ansari1, Ms Sana Moid2
1Lecturer: Amity University Lucknow ,India
2Research Scholar: Integral University;India
Abstract— Investors have different mindset when they decide
about investing in a particular avenue. Every individual wants
his saving to be invested in most secure and liquid way. However,
the decision varies for every individual depending upon their risk
aptitude. Investment behaviour is related to activities of
individual investors regarding searching, evaluating, acquiring,
reviewing the investment products and if necessary, disposing
such investment products. Investment behaviour reveals how the
individual investor allocates the surplus financial resources to
various instruments available. This paper analyzes the trading or
investing behaviour of professionals who are in the age bracket of
25 years to 35 years. These young investors generally take
trading decisions based on their self-perceived competence but
sometimes with the help of professional advisors too. Their
investment objective also differs from financial stability to
additional income and so on. This paper attempts to find out the
factors responsible for increased investing activities among young
professionals. The present has examined the trading behaviour of
young investors by using a structured questionnaire. A survey of
200 young investors in the age bracket of 25 years to 35 years
across Lucknow region was undertaken to collect primary data.
Based on the findings of the survey, the study examines the factor
affecting the investment behaviour in the stock market. On the
basis of age, income and gender it can be concluded that for
young investors’ investment is independent of age, income and
gender.
Index Terms— Investors’ behaviour, investment, young
individual investor , saving objectives (key words)
I. INTRODUCTION
A traditional tenet of investment theory is that investors are
rational beings who always attempt to maximize expected
utility based on their expectations of future returns. Economic
utility theory views the individual's investment decision as a
tradeoff between immediate consumption and deferred
consumption. The individual investor weighs the benefits of
consuming today against the benefits that may be gained by
investing unconsumed funds in order to enjoy greater
consumption at some point in the future. If the individual
chooses to defer consumption, he will, according to theory,
select the Portfolio that maximizes long-term satisfaction. The
axiom of utility theory, developed by Von Neumann and
Morgenstern, argue that investors are l) completely rational, (2)
able to dealt with complex choices, (3) risk-averse and (4)
wealth-maximizing. Utility theory further assumes that
investors maximize expected utility measured in terms of
anticipated returns and variances from these expectations (the
mean/variance approach). That is, each investor selects the
portfolio that maximizes expected return while minimizing
risk.
Investment behaviour is critical to an individual‟s future
and that decision may be contingent on many factors. It has
been argued that attitudes among other variables can predict
the investment decision process (East, 1993). Prior research has
suggested that the improvement of education in financial
management significantly correlates with decision-making on
critical investment issues (Chen and Volpe, 1998).
To get the best out of investment, an understanding of
human nature in financing perspective is required .In addition,
investors‟ need to develop a positive vision, foresight, patience
and drive. The point of distinction between investors‟ investing
behaviour includes factors like demographic factors which
includes socio-economic background, educational attainment
level, age, race and sex. The most crucial challenge faced by
the investors is in the area of investment decisions. In
designing the investment portfolio, the investors consider their
financial goals, risk tolerance level, and other constraints. In
addition to that, they predict the output mean- variance
optimization. However this process is better suited for
institutional investors; and not for individual investors who are
susceptible to behavioural biases.
Reducing financial insecurity, feeling of financial
independence, tendency of having own‟s assets like home, car
etc. at an early age could be few of the numerous reasons
which creates an urge in the young professionals who are in the
early stage of their profession to invest their hard earned
money in various available financial alternatives like shares,
debentures, bonds, mutual funds, derivates and so on.
The majority of the market is governed by non-tangible and
non-quantifiable factor known as market sentiments. Because
of this reason in the present scenario, behavioural finance has
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 1, Issue 2 (may-june 2013), PP. 27-32
28 | P a g e
become an indispensable part of investor‟s. Decision making
process that guides them in deciding the best portfolio for
investing which can give them the advantage of diversification.
Proper understanding of behavioral finance will help the
investors in choosing the portfolio matching their requirements.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A number of psychological biases, that affect investors‟
behavior and subsequently their decisions, have been dealt with
in several previous studies across the world. Such biases
include: overconfidence, home bias, sensation seeking attitude,
competence effect, herding, anchoring, heuristics, etc. This
study attempts to address the issue of competence effect.
Odean (1998) attributes the high volume of trading to
investors‟ overconfidence. Overconfidence can be termed as
the tendency of investors to perceive themselves as skillful. In
the process, they may forget the concept of “a rising tide lifts
all the boats” at the time when their investment decisions prove
to be sound. Glaser and Weber (2003) argued that there are
three aspects of overconfidence, viz., miscalibration, the
„better-than-average‟ effect (i.e., people tend to think that they
have higher than average skills), and illusion-of-control (i.e.,
the tendency to believe that one‟s personal probability of
success is higher than what objective probability would
warrant). They establish that all but miscalibration lead to
higher trading activities.
Barber and Odean (2001) argued that the relationship
between gender and trading activity is due to the greater
overconfidence of men. The evidence from their study suggests
that single, young male investors tend to trade most frequently.
They also found that the turnover of males exceeded that of
females, which they attributed to the greater overconfidence of
males.
Malmendier and Shantikumar (2003), in their study of
small investors, found that, while large investors adjust their
reaction to hold and buy recommendations downward, small
investors take recommendations literally. Small investors also
fail to account for the additional distortion due to underwriter
affiliation. Potential reasons for their trading behavior are: (1)
higher costs of information; and (2) naivete about analysts‟
distortions. Small investors may be naive about the distortions
and trust analysts too much.
Graham et al. (2004) found that home bias, coupled with
the competence effect, play a major role in high trading
frequency. They came up with the idea that investors who feel
more competent tend to trade more frequently than those who
feel less competent. The competent effect also contributes to
home bias. When an investor feels more competent about
investing in foreign assets, he is more willing to shift a portion
of his assets overseas. Their study indicated that investors with
higher competence are more likely to invest in international
assets.
The role of two psychological attributes in the trading
tendency of investors has been studied by Grinblatt and
Keloharju (2006). They analyzed the role played by sensation
seeking and overconfidence in the tendency of investors to
trade stocks. They found that overconfident investors and those
investors more prone to sensation seeking, trade more
frequently. Thus, for most investors, trading is driven by
behavioral attributes. Individual Investors‟ Trading Behavior
and the Competence Effect 59 Cohn-Urbach and Westerholm
(2006) attempted to determine whether the frequency of trading
on the part of household and institutional investors had an
effect on the returns they achieved. They found strong evidence
that investors with high trading frequency earned substantially
lower returns than those investors in the same demographic
group who traded less frequently. It was shown that investors
with larger portfolios tended to trade more frequently than
those with smaller portfolios. Further, it was demonstrated that
those investors with larger portfolios tended to trade actively
for a longer period of time than those who held smaller
portfolios. They also found that a similar relation exists for
institutional investors. This indicates that institutional investors
are prone to some biases which are also apparent in household
investors. Trading is, however, not as hazardous for
institutional investors as it is for household investors;
institutional investors earn superior returns even if they trade
more frequently than household investors.
Previous studies have shown that an individual‟s
investment behaviour has been linked to specific areas such as
attitudes to risk (for example, Wood and Zaichkowsky, 2004;
Funfgeld and Wang, 2009), savings (Thaler and Benartzi,
2004), investment in different financial instruments (East,
1993; Brennan, 1995; Keller and Siegrist, 2006) and
orientation towards finances (Loix et al., 2005). Funfgeld and
Wang (2009) argued that any focus on particular financial
issues may not be a good indicator of one‟s attitudes and
behaviour to financial matters. However, attitudes can be quite
influential in explaining an individual‟s investment behaviour.
Thus, we seek to measure the attitudes and behavioural
intentions toward investing as one of the focal points in this
paper.
Prior studies have also used attitudes and other behavioural
factors to study investment behaviour (for example, Keller and
Siegrist, 2006). In particular, several researchers have used
social psychology theories (for example, Ajzen, 1991) to
explain behavioural intentions in the investment context. This
current study seeks to explore the influence of potential
investors‟ attitudes, social influence, control beliefs and other
factors on their intentions to invest in different ventures or
business opportunities. Ajzen (1991, p. 202) stated that „past
behaviour is the best predictor of future behaviour‟, and thus,
he further argued that attitudes may influence one‟s behaviour.
A. OBJECTIVES
1. To find the important factors that affect investment
behavior of young investors.
2. To find the degree of correlation between age and
investing activities.
3. To examine the saving objective among young
individual investors.
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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4. To recognize the preferred savings avenue among
young individual investors.
5. To assess the influence of demographic variables on
conceptual awareness level of young individual investors.
B. HYPOTHESIS
H1: Investment is Independent of age
H2: Investment is Independent of gender
H3: Investment is Independent of income
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Preliminary Study
In the preliminary stage, we gathered a database of young
investors from different workplaces and fixed appointments
with them. One hundred investors accepted an appointment for
personal interview.
Sampling Design
The target respondents include all such individual investors
who have invested in different options available for
investments and have some knowledge about the basic
terminologies of the market.
However, the sampling has turned out to be a convenient
sampling systematically chosen from blocks of the area
conveniently located for the enumerators. The sample size is
100 investors.
Data Collection
The enumerators visited the investors according to the
appointment fixed with them. They filled up the interviewer
administered questionnaire with feedback from the
respondents. The data collection went on for 30 days during
November 2012 and December 2012.
A. ANALYSIS
The responses to the different questions have been
represented using a pie chart. Ranks have been provided by the
respondents for the different (1) savings instrument preference
among individual investors; (2) current attitude of individual
investors towards the different financial instruments, in the
Indian capital market; (3) Preferred investment tool among
young individual investors; and (4) preferential feature in
financial instrument among young individual investors.
Weights have been assigned to the ranks in increasing order,
with the lowest rank number (signifying high importance)
given the highest weight and the highest rank number
(signifying low importance) assigned the lowest weight.
A chi-square test has been done to examine whether there
exists any dependency between investment and each
demographic factor such as age, income and gender separately.
Data Analysis
1) Age profile of the investors.
Graph – 1
80% of the total population falls in the age group of 25
years to 34 years while remaining 20% population falls in the
age group of 35 years to 44 years.
2) Gender profile of the investors.
Graph – 2
60% of the total investors‟ population is male while
remaining 40% investors are female.
3) Monthly Income
Graph – 6
45% of the total population belong to the income bracket of
Rs. 25001-38000, followed by income bracket of above 38000
with 35 % of the population, 10 % of the population have
income between 12001-25000 and the remaining 10% have
their income less than 12000.
4) Sector wise investment.
Graph – 10
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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30 | P a g e
54% investors prefer private sector for investment, 36%
prefer government sector while remaining 10% prefer to invest
in foreign sector.
5) Preference for investment
Graph – 12
35% prefer to invest in mutual fund and equity shares
equally, 7% prefer to invest in derivatives, 1% prefers to invest
in equity shares. 15 in art and passion while remaining 21% in
other options.
6) Factors governing investment decision.
Graph – 13
42% of total investors‟ population consider safety of funds
as the main factor guiding their investment decision, 30%
consider diversification while remaining 28% consider other
factors.
7) Reason for investment
Graph – 14
45% prefer to invest for growth and income, 32% invest
for financial stability, 20% invest for tax saving while
remaining 3% invest for other reasons.
8) Trading frequency
Graph – 18
38% investors trade fortnightly, 28% trade every week,
18% trade once a month and remaining 16% trade daily.
9) Proportion of monthly income invested
Graph – 20
48% investors spend around 30% of their total income on
investment, 22% population spend 15% of their income, 20%
spend around 45% of their and remaining 10% uses around
45% of their total income for investment purpose.
10) Factors considered before investment.
Graph – 22
45% investors consider risk factor before investment, 30%
consider returns, 20% consider time perspective and remaining
5% consider maturity before investment.
11) Factors considered before investing in stock market
Graph – 23
5. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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31 | P a g e
49% investors consider volatility of stock market before
investing, 30% go for company‟s image in the market while
remaining 21% consider other factors before investing in stock
market.
12) Reaction of customers in case of market crashes
Graph – 24
52% is of the belief that they will invest more in case the
market crashes,28% will wait for market to move up while
remaining 20% will never invest again.
B. FINDINGS
H1: Investment is Independent of Age
Table 1: Result Aanalysis of Chi Square Test for
Hypothesis H1
Investment Total
0 1
Age
1 54 89 143
2 13 44 57
Total 26 74 200
Chi Square test
value
df
Tabled
value
Pearson Chi
Square 4.091 1 3.841
Note: Different age group are 25-35(1) and 35-44(2)
From the table 1 it has been found that investment is
dependent on age. Hence, it can be concluded that the
frequency of investing varies according to age group.
H2: Investment is Independent of Gender
Table 2: Result Aanalysis of Chi Square Test for
Hypothesis H2
Investment Total
0 1
Gender
1 45 62 107
2 33 60 93
Total 78 122 200
Chi Square test
value df Tabled value
Pearson
Chi Square 0.9033 1 3.841
Note: Different Gender group are Male(1) and
Female(2)
From the above table 2 this can be concluded that young
individual investors are interested in investment . Hence,
investment is independent of Gender.
H3: Investment is Independent of Income
Table 3: Result Aanalysis of Chi Square Test for Hypothesis
H3
Investment Total
0 1
Income
1 30 16 46
2 33 18 51
3 23 40 63
4 11 29 40
Total 97 103 200
Chi Square test
val
ue
df
Tabled value
Pearson
Chi Square
10.
725 3 7.815
Note: Different Income groups are- less than 12000(1),
12000-25000(2), 25000-38000(3) and more than 38000(4)
From the above table 3 it can be concluded that young
individual investors‟ investment activity is dependent on
Income. Hence, the income levels do affect their investment
behavior.
After applying chi square test on all the hypothesis it has
been observed that the first and the third hypothesis is rejected
while the second hypothesis accepted and therefore, it can be
concluded that
Investment is dependent on Age
Investment is independent of Gender
Investment is dependent on Income
IV. LIMITATIONS
1) This study was conducted in Lucknow so the result
obtained reflects the investing activity of this city
only. The results cannot be generalized for other parts
of the country.
2) Sample size is 200 which mean that there exists a
chance of sampling error.
3) The reactions of the investors can be biased as they
might be reluctant in disclosing the real response.
6. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
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32 | P a g e
V. SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Not much work is done on this age group of investors.
Hence, it leaves scope for future research.
The study has been conducted in Lucknow. So, the
result cannot be generalized for other cities. This same
study can be conducted for various other cities as
well.
As the study has been conducted by using structured
questionnaire the response can be biased. Therefore,
the same study can be conducted by using disguised
questionnaire also.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
This study has helped in throwing light on factors that
creates an impact on investing activity of young professionals.
Also this study has revealed that investing activity of young
professionals is independent of gender but dependent on
Income and Age.
According to the study it can be inferred that majority of
investors invest for growth and additional income and the
major factor that guides their investment decision is risk factor
which means that investors mostly are risk averse.
.
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