Investment decisions have gained importance due to the general increase in employment opportunities and economic development of a nation. Awareness of investment avenues has led to the ability and willingness of working people to save and invest their funds for returns, in that perspective this study was conducted. The volatile behaviour of markets has challenged the hypothesis of efficient markets which motivates ones to understand the driving forces behind it. It is the major concern for academicians, investors and portfolio managers to understand the reasons causing irrationality in the markets. This paper uses the theory of behavioural finance to examine the factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors. From the extensive literature review, it was found that there is no single factor which influences the investment decisions of an individual. Moreover factors influencing investment decision varies from time to time, place to place, person to person, securities to securities etc. It was suggested that the policy makers of investment avenues must consider all the variables and its impact on the investors investment decisions while introducing any investment avenues to the market.
Behavioral finance and investment decisionaashima1806
Behavioral Finance is all related to the behavior of the investor at the time of investing in different market conditions.. same is exhibited in our presentation by compiling different questions related to investment for different investors on the basis of different age groups...
Depository system and its role in stock marketBibhu Manik
This article deals with Depository system in India and its role in Indian security market . it will be helpful for those who want to know about depository system
The Risk and return analysis is important to equity shares investors in the share
market. The need of equity shares at the time of preliminary stage of company or
bank to raising fund for establish company and starting a business. The equity share
holder is an actual owner of company or bank.
A Study on Factors Influencing Investment Decision Regarding Various Financia...ijtsrd
In the current era of financial inclusion, digitalization and economy driving towards a faster pace, the investors are very much concerned about their savings which can be transferred into investments. The main purpose of investment is to maximize the returns out of it with minimum expenses and risk. There are various factors which affect the investment decision like demographic factors and behavioural biases which decides the type, tenure, amount of the investment. This paper explores that return, advice, tax benefit, liquidity risk appetite of the investors altogether plays a significant part in influencing the investors. Is there any impact of demographic factors like age, gender and income on factors influencing investment decision tried to find out. The results show that factors influencing the investment decision are influenced by income level not by age and gender. Dr. Ankit Jain | Mr Raj Tandel "A Study on Factors Influencing Investment Decision Regarding Various Financial Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33678.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/33678/a-study-on-factors-influencing-investment-decision-regarding-various-financial-products/dr-ankit-jain
Module 1 -Intoduction to Securities and InvestmentLAKSHMI V
Meaning and concept of Securities and Investment, Speculation, Difference between speculation and Investment,Objectives of Investment, Process of Investment. Investment Avenues, Investment Constraints, Sources of Investment informan, Investment strategies under economic growth and inflation
The activities of large, internationally active financial institutions have grown increasingly
Complex and diverse in recent years.This increasing complexity has necessarily been accompanied by a process of innovation in how these institutions measure and monitor their exposure to different kinds of risk. One set of risk management techniques that has attracted a great deal of attention over the past several years, both among practitioners and regulators, is "stress testing", which can be loosely defined as the examination of the potential effects on a firm’s financial condition of a set of specified changes in risk factors, corresponding to exceptional but plausible events. A concept of security analysis and portfolio management services has been very famous and old among various institutions. This report represents practices application of portfolio management techniques in the portfolio section. Portfolio management is an integrated and exhaustive of fundamental and technical methods which are used for calculation of annul return and earnings per share for the portfolio. Modern portfolio theory suggests that the traditional approach to portfolio analysis, selection and management may yield less than optimum results. Hence a more scientific approach is required, based on estimates of risk and return of the portfolio and the attitudes of the investor toward a risk-return trade-off stemming from the analysis of the individual Securities.
Nanofilter project report karatu arusha tanzania nov.2016ASKWAR HILONGA
This is a Nanofilter water filter report project conducted by Mr. Benami Faustine Mulokozi at Gongali Model in Nov.2016. The survey was sponsored by Rev. Amy Jo Anderson from U.S.A
There are many writings on the axiomic (i.e Qaḍiyyah musallamah) scientific causative agent(s), both from the East and the West. Muslims, as well as non-Muslims have also said a lot from their own perspectives. But none have been able to categorically specify whether or not the notion is totally rejected from the Qur’anic point of view, or it is totally approved. This paper thus discusses the notion, which sees the Qur’an as a model for anything and everything. The paper posits that Philosophy, Sciences, Technology, and Religion unanimously agree that all thing have got a cause, and hence all ‘causeds’ have a source. Philosophy is yet to substantively satisfy our quest, science is still struggling to allay our fears, technology is yet to convince our minds of its danger(s), and religion has not been fully allowed to freely proof its worth, where then lays the ‘causer’, the ‘medium’ and the ‘caused’? The paper accesses some philosophic notions of the causative agent(s) in the light of the Qur’anic interpretation of such. The major focus of the paper is on some Qur’anic verses and instances relevant to ‘cause’ and ‘effect’. The paper submits that ‘the notion of the causative agent(s) without exploring its religio-Divine sources is incomplete
Behavioral finance and investment decisionaashima1806
Behavioral Finance is all related to the behavior of the investor at the time of investing in different market conditions.. same is exhibited in our presentation by compiling different questions related to investment for different investors on the basis of different age groups...
Depository system and its role in stock marketBibhu Manik
This article deals with Depository system in India and its role in Indian security market . it will be helpful for those who want to know about depository system
The Risk and return analysis is important to equity shares investors in the share
market. The need of equity shares at the time of preliminary stage of company or
bank to raising fund for establish company and starting a business. The equity share
holder is an actual owner of company or bank.
A Study on Factors Influencing Investment Decision Regarding Various Financia...ijtsrd
In the current era of financial inclusion, digitalization and economy driving towards a faster pace, the investors are very much concerned about their savings which can be transferred into investments. The main purpose of investment is to maximize the returns out of it with minimum expenses and risk. There are various factors which affect the investment decision like demographic factors and behavioural biases which decides the type, tenure, amount of the investment. This paper explores that return, advice, tax benefit, liquidity risk appetite of the investors altogether plays a significant part in influencing the investors. Is there any impact of demographic factors like age, gender and income on factors influencing investment decision tried to find out. The results show that factors influencing the investment decision are influenced by income level not by age and gender. Dr. Ankit Jain | Mr Raj Tandel "A Study on Factors Influencing Investment Decision Regarding Various Financial Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33678.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/33678/a-study-on-factors-influencing-investment-decision-regarding-various-financial-products/dr-ankit-jain
Module 1 -Intoduction to Securities and InvestmentLAKSHMI V
Meaning and concept of Securities and Investment, Speculation, Difference between speculation and Investment,Objectives of Investment, Process of Investment. Investment Avenues, Investment Constraints, Sources of Investment informan, Investment strategies under economic growth and inflation
The activities of large, internationally active financial institutions have grown increasingly
Complex and diverse in recent years.This increasing complexity has necessarily been accompanied by a process of innovation in how these institutions measure and monitor their exposure to different kinds of risk. One set of risk management techniques that has attracted a great deal of attention over the past several years, both among practitioners and regulators, is "stress testing", which can be loosely defined as the examination of the potential effects on a firm’s financial condition of a set of specified changes in risk factors, corresponding to exceptional but plausible events. A concept of security analysis and portfolio management services has been very famous and old among various institutions. This report represents practices application of portfolio management techniques in the portfolio section. Portfolio management is an integrated and exhaustive of fundamental and technical methods which are used for calculation of annul return and earnings per share for the portfolio. Modern portfolio theory suggests that the traditional approach to portfolio analysis, selection and management may yield less than optimum results. Hence a more scientific approach is required, based on estimates of risk and return of the portfolio and the attitudes of the investor toward a risk-return trade-off stemming from the analysis of the individual Securities.
Nanofilter project report karatu arusha tanzania nov.2016ASKWAR HILONGA
This is a Nanofilter water filter report project conducted by Mr. Benami Faustine Mulokozi at Gongali Model in Nov.2016. The survey was sponsored by Rev. Amy Jo Anderson from U.S.A
There are many writings on the axiomic (i.e Qaḍiyyah musallamah) scientific causative agent(s), both from the East and the West. Muslims, as well as non-Muslims have also said a lot from their own perspectives. But none have been able to categorically specify whether or not the notion is totally rejected from the Qur’anic point of view, or it is totally approved. This paper thus discusses the notion, which sees the Qur’an as a model for anything and everything. The paper posits that Philosophy, Sciences, Technology, and Religion unanimously agree that all thing have got a cause, and hence all ‘causeds’ have a source. Philosophy is yet to substantively satisfy our quest, science is still struggling to allay our fears, technology is yet to convince our minds of its danger(s), and religion has not been fully allowed to freely proof its worth, where then lays the ‘causer’, the ‘medium’ and the ‘caused’? The paper accesses some philosophic notions of the causative agent(s) in the light of the Qur’anic interpretation of such. The major focus of the paper is on some Qur’anic verses and instances relevant to ‘cause’ and ‘effect’. The paper submits that ‘the notion of the causative agent(s) without exploring its religio-Divine sources is incomplete
Methodology for Identifying Regional Poles under Territorial Engeneering Appr...inventionjournals
This article develop a methodology for identifying regional poles under the concept of Territorial Engineering approach. The objective is to establish a methodology for identifying these poles, using specific social and economics characteristics, using ABC curves to select the productions in order to verify the economic productive vocation. The case study was applied to the areas of influence of the Tocantins Waterway. In the case studied, the strengthening of regional poles has the potential to attract the productive sector and increase the traffic flow, contributing to the viability of investments in the waterway infrastructure.
Consumers’ Knowledge Levels of Product Content in Fruit Juice Products and Th...inventionjournals
Today, the improvements in information and communication technologies provided the development of visual environment and possibilities. In our age, people come across with more visual images than ever before. This means we are surrounded by visual communication designs. In this sense, enterprises use visual communication design products in order to prolong their life span. For an enterprise to continue their existence, the present product range is now not enough. Throughout the product life curve, products get old fast and lose value because of the attacks of new technological developments. One of the factors that determine today's competition environment is "new product". In this study, it was aimed to determine the knowledge level of households who reside in Antalya province urban area and the customers' approaches to new packing designs for fruit juice companies' present/future products. To that end, a survey was conducted among 400 individuals who were selected by random sampling method in Antalya province. In consequence of the research, it was found that almost %70 of the participants pay attention to vitamin content whilst consuming fruit juice and that almost %77 of them do not know that fruit juices consist of 4 categories according to their level of fruit content. When the participants' buying behavior towards innovative packing was evaluated, it was determined that the participants show positive tendencies to buy products that have such packings
Statistical Evaluation of Mechanical Strengths of Salt-Water Concreteinventionjournals
An evaluation of the salt water from River Ovum in Ebony State, Nigeria, was carried to ascertain its suitability as mixing water for concrete production. The chemical analysis showed that the dissolved solids (1300 mg/l), alkalinity (4.1 ppm), and other impurities, are within acceptable limits for mixing water for concrete production. The salt water used as mixing water in cement paste and concrete, showed no adverse effect on the setting times. The cube compressive strength at 7 days (92 %) is above the acceptable limit of 91 %. The compressive strength ratio to flexural strength for both fresh and salt water is approximately 4 and regression models developed for both compressive and flexural strengths are statistically adequate.
The Characteristics of Muslim Woman Entrepreneur: A Study of Managing Directo...inventionjournals
Most scientific papers and academic articles emphasized the concept, principles, values and characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurship. Few of researcher try to analyze the attitudes and experiences and practices of Islam, particularly, among women entrepreneurs. Thus, this paper will attempt to show Islam entrepreneurial practices and how these practices are implemented by Muslim women entrepreneurs through the methodology proposed in this paper. Sources of information are reading literature especially the translated version of Qur'an and other materials on entrepreneurs. Islam is not against women working or contributing their worth in business. Muslim women in Malaysia also given a role, duties and rights. The study was conducted on Managing Director in Syarikat Faiza Sdn Bhd., due to her business is developed and long-lasting. Therefore, this study will try to look at the characteristics possessed by her as well as in its business practices.
A Study of Behavioural Factors Affecting Individual Investment Decisionsijtsrd
Although finance has been studied for thousands of years, behavioral finance which considers the human behaviour in finance is a pretty new area. Behavioral finance theories, which might be based totally at the psychology, try to apprehend how feelings and cognitive mistakes impact man or woman traders' behaviour buyers referred to on this look at are referred to person traders .The primary goal of this have a look at is exploring the behavioral factors influencing person buyers' selections on the NSE and BSE Stock Exchange. Furthermore, the members of the family among these elements and funding overall performance also are tested. The have a look at begins with the present theories in behavioral finance, based totally on which, hypotheses are proposed. Then, those hypotheses are examined via the questionnaires dispensed to individual buyers on the Broking Firms, college students and professionals. The data collected from the Stock Broking firms, Students, Professionals through structured questionnaire were examined and data collected were analyzed using Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Test, based totally on which, hypotheses are proposed. The result indicates that there are 5 behavioral elements affecting the funding selections of person investors at the NSE and BSE Stock Exchange Herding, Market, Prospect, Overconfidence gamble's fallacy, and Anchoring ability bias. Most of these elements have mild impacts whereas Market element has high affect. This test also tries to discover the correlation among these behavioral factors and investment overall performance. Among the behavioral factors referred to above, best 3 elements are located to influence the Investment Performance Herding inclusive of shopping for and promoting choice of trading shares extent of buying and selling stocks velocity of herding , Prospect such as loss aversion, remorse aversion, and mental accounting , and Heuristic inclusive of overconfidence and gamble's fallacy . The heuristic behaviors are determined to have the highest advantageous impact at the investment overall performance while the herding behaviors are stated to persuade undoubtedly the investment overall performance on the lower degree. In assessment, the possibility behaviors provide the negative impact on the funding overall performance. Pawankumar S Hallale | Manjiri Gadekar "A Study of Behavioural Factors Affecting Individual Investment Decisions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/28100/a-study-of-behavioural-factors-affecting-individual-investment-decisions/pawankumar-s-hallale
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Factors Influencing the Trading Behavior of Investors in Capital Market: An E...IOSRJBM
The investors in different categories have different trading behavior. The main contribution of this study is to analyze the buying behavior of investors in the stock markets. There are many factors that have direct or indirect effect on buying behavior of the investors. After reviewing literature and secondary data the researchers identify some driving factors and primary data have been collected and analyzed based on that factor. From the study, the researchers found that Stock dividend, Company news, Earning per share, AGM and EGM affects the buying behavior absolutely and some factors have no effect and Cash dividend, Margin loan , Placement, Net income and Paid up capital affects significantly. The researchers also found that Islamic philosophy does not play any role with share business.
Behavioural Finance Paradigms and Its Influences on Investment Decisions and ...ijtsrd
According to conventional theory of stock market, the institutional investors and individual investors are rational by nature who would like to maximize their wealth within a stipulated period. However, there are many paradigms related to financial behaviour of individuals where it influences their investment decisions, leading to behave in irrational ways. Most of the investor's attitude towards investment states that their attitudinal behaviour always influences their investment decisions and will have an impact on their portfolios, so it clearly states that the psychological aspects of investor's will always have an impact on investment pattern what they choose and helps them to decide their investment avenues. Behavioral finance predicts the trading behavior of investors based on some paradigms in the stock market and is used as a basis for creating more efficient trading strategies for the purpose of maximizing returns. In this research study attempt has been made to understand and explain the impact of behavioural paradigms of financial market influencing on individual trading and investment behaviour around the world as well as the efforts has been made to put forth to find out the paradigms and its reasons for existence and acceptance of behavioural biases in the modern financial theory. In present scenario there are most cases where the performance of the financial market depends on the attitude of investors who invest in criterion portfolio and play a major role towards the investment, so there is a need of studying the above said existing paradigms for the purpose of evaluating the performance of various stocks and shares of the organizations and others in the financial market. And the research has proved that behavioural finance influences the investment decision making and their trading behaviour and also have an impact on the equity market as well. Dr. H. Prakash | Rekha D. M "Behavioural Finance Paradigms and Its Influences on Investment Decisions and Performance of Equity Market- A Study in Bangalore" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29614.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/29614/behavioural-finance-paradigms-and-its-influences-on-investment-decisions-and-performance-of-equity-market--a-study-in-bangalore/dr-h-prakash
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH ON INVESTMENT DETERMINANTS AMONG NON-INST...IAEME Publication
In modern economic world income plays a very vital role in every one’s daily life.
Investment has been one of the major concerns for the Non-institutional investors as
their today’s small savings would be meeting with the expenses of tomorrow. The risk
and returns proportion from each of these investment options varies from one to
another. Investor’s behavior plays an important role in investment decision making,
which is influenced by many a factors during the process of investment decision
making. Today, investors have many avenues of investment with different features to
cater their present and future needs. The focus of this paper (non-institutional
investors), unlike institutional investor, suffers from various sort of perception while
deploying their funds due to their low investible funds, risk taking capacity, low
investment education and their exposure to evaluate the available information. This
situation of the non-institutional investors motivates to study as these investors are the
finest source of small savings in investment set-up of the country. This paper presents
a conceptual framework for research on investment determinants among noninstitutional investors to be carried out further by the researchers.
Behavioural Finance - An Introspection Of Investor PsychologyTrading Game Pty Ltd
Investors always try to make rational decision while analyzing and interpreting information collected from various sources for different investment avenues to arrive at an optimal investment decision. But at the same time they are influenced by various psychological factors that influence them internally and bias their investment decision. Linter (1998) studied the various factors that influence internally the informed investment decision and included them under the discipline of behavioural finance. Behavioural finance studies how people make investment decision and influenced by internal factors and bias. The main purpose of the paper is to assess impact of behavioural factors over mutual fund investment decision made by investors in Raipur city.
A synopsis of Final research Report ON Investors' preference on various Investment Avenues in India.
A research report will be generated at the end of the final period evaluating the hypothesis of the reasearch
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors- A Descriptive Study
1. International Journal of Business and Management Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 8028, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 801X
www.ijbmi.org || Volume 5 Issue 12 || December. 2016 || PP—06-09
www.ijbmi.org 6 | Page
Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors- A
Descriptive Study
Aruna P*
and Dr.H. Rajashekar**
*Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Christ University, Bengaluru-29
**
Professor, Department of Commerce, Manasagangothri, Mysore University, Mysuru-
ABSTRACT: Investment decisions have gained importance due to the general increase in employment
opportunities and economic development of a nation. Awareness of investment avenues has led to the ability and
willingness of working people to save and invest their funds for returns, in that perspective this study was
conducted. The volatile behaviour of markets has challenged the hypothesis of efficient markets which motivates
ones to understand the driving forces behind it. It is the major concern for academicians, investors and portfolio
managers to understand the reasons causing irrationality in the markets. This paper uses the theory of
behavioural finance to examine the factors influencing investment decisions of individual investors. From the
extensive literature review, it was found that there is no single factor which influences the investment decisions
of an individual. Moreover factors influencing investment decision varies from time to time, place to place,
person to person, securities to securities etc. It was suggested that the policy makers of investment avenues
must consider all the variables and its impact on the investors investment decisions while introducing any
investment avenues to the market.
Keywords: Behavioural finance, Factors, Investment Decisions, Investment Avenues, Retail investors.
I. INTRODUCTION
Investors are always assumed to be rational creature, prior to invest that hard earned money, investors
analyse the market condition by using approaches like technical, fundamental, Capital asset pricing model,
Arbitrage Pricing theory.Behavioural finance assumes that characteristics of market participants and information
structure systematically have an influence on individuals‟ investment decisions. Within behavioural finance it is
assumed that characteristics of market individuals and information structure influence investment decisions of
individuals and market outcomes as well. The main focus of behavioural finance is upon the ways people do
interpret and act upon information for making investment decisions.
There is an extraordinary growth in the investment sector both in terms of volume and number of
investors in India over the past decade due to the deregulation of Indian financial sector. There is a spurt of
various investment products with numerous options to lure the investors to invest. The number of regional stock
exchanges in India has increased. Equity shares as an investment option has come a long way from the mere
higher dividend expectations to the greater capital appreciation. Price discovery through Book Building process
has given tremendous boost to the Initial public offers and further public offers. The quality of ever changing
regulations, the payment guarantee by the depositories, Productive involvement of the Government, vibrant
intermediaries and up to date technologically advanced exchanges, all have instilled a sense of confidence
among the investors in India. The investment scenario of Indian Financial market wears a new look, with an
overwhelming response not only from the Indian investors but also from foreign institutional investors.In
conventional financial theory, investors are assumed to be rational wealth maximisers, following basic financial
rules and basing their investment strategies purely on the risk-return consideration. However, in practice, the
level of risk investors are willing to undertake is not the same, and depends mainly on their personal attitudes to
risk.
Behavioural finance is a part of finance. It investigates and explains factors of human psychology and
their effects on investment decision making in financial market. It also uses the special knowledge in
Psychology, Sociology as well as Finance to explain uncommon behaviours of investors which cannot be
understood fully by Traditional Finance. Behavioural finance evaluates people in the real world because
individual investors are normal people who are affected by factors of demography, psychology, economic,
social and organisation. It can be denied that investors make decisions rationally but also depend on various
factors. As they have a good feeling, they will become overoptimistic while with a bad emotion, they tend to
criticize, claim or become excessively pessimistic.
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Viswanadham, Edward, Dorika and Mwakapala (2014) this study attempts to identify the factors
influencing the buying behaviour of investors in Tanzania Equity market. Data was collected with the help
of interview, questionnaire and documentary evidence. It was found in the paper that all listed companies
give more importance to the factors like quality management decisions, building brand, transparency in
settlement issues. Specifically, companies should constantly review the interest rates and observe
alternative companies marketing strategies to acquire better position in market.
2. Srinivasa and Rasure(2011) This is an empirical survey of the factors, which mostly influence individual
investor behaviour in the Indian stock market. The results revealed that there seems to be a certain degree of
correlation between the factors that behavioural finance theory and previous empirical evidence identify as
the influencing factors for the average equity investor, and the individual behaviour of active investors in
the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) influenced by the overall trends prevailing at the time of the survey in
the BSE.
3. Geetha and Ramesh(2011) examinedon the people‟s choice in investment avenues of Kurumbalur. The
main objective of this paper is to know the factor that influences investment behaviour of the people and to
know about the attitude of the respondents towards different investment choices. Data were collected using
structured questionnaires. After analysis and interpretation of data it is concluded that in Kurumbalur
respondents are medium aware about various investment choices but they do not know aware about stock
market, equity, bound and debentures. Findings show that all age groups give more important to invest in
Insurance, NSC, PPF and bank deposit.
4. Parimalakanthi (2015) This paper aims to find the behaviour of individual investors from Coimbatore city
towards available investment avenues in Indian financial markets. This also analyse factors affecting the
Investment decision and to find out the risk tolerance level of individual investors with respect to
demographic variables.. This research paper depicts that investor‟s education is immensely important for
the present day investors in Coimbatore. The study also concludes that safety was also a foremost preferred
aspect in fixed income and investment for safety. Capital appreciation was the foremost preferred aspect in
long term investment.
5. Harrison (2003) stated that past investment experience and expertise of investors provides them with risk
awareness and so have become important commodity risk assessment factors in future. Some personal traits
such as risk preference, and personal experience affect risk assessment and awareness. The propensity to
build up risk can further affect actual behaviour, where risk refers to how far decision makers are prepared
to extend their exposure to risk.
III. NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Investment decisions are influenced by many factors. It is an acceptable fact that the investors are the
focal point to the financial market. The behaviour ofinvestors is not a static one. It varies from place to place
and from security to security. Hence it is necessary to identify thefactors which influence the investment
decisions. In order to boost investment and formulate appropriate theories and policies, it is necessary to
understand how individuals invest in the securities. India as a developing country is becoming economically
more powerful requires huge capital for various developmental activities. In order to boost the investment
among individual investors it is necessary to study the investment behaviour of individuals and identify the
factors that motivatethem to invest, so that idle savings can be channelized into investment.
IV. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To identify the various factors influencing investment decisions of Retail investors
2. To suggest the policy makers, to come up with lot of innovative investment avenues based on the
influencing factors of investment decisions of retail investors
V. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is confined to retail investors only. This paper focuses most influencing variables under each factor,
these variables/factors are decided based on the extensive review of literature.
VI. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The study is based on the secondary sources of data collected from research articles, journals, magazines, and
research websites etc.
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VII. FACTORS INFLUENCING INVESTMENT DECISION
From the various literature reviews the following factors were identified as the most influencing factors of
investment decisions of retail investors. Those factors were broadly categorised under five heads.
Demographic factors
Demographic factors are personal characteristics are used to collect and evaluate data on people in a
given population. Demographic factors include age, gender, marital status, race, education, income and
occupation. Each variable under demographic factor has influence on the investment decision and such
influence may vary from person to person, place to placesecurities to securities etc.
Economic factors
Economic factors are the set of fundamentalinformation that affects aninvestment‟s value. Various
economic factors needto be taken into account when determining thecurrent and expected future value of
aninvestment portfolio. For an investment, keyeconomic factors include Income, price, interestrates,
government policy, taxes and management.
Psychological factors
Psychology is the study of behaviour and mind, embracing all aspects of human experience.
Thesciencethatdealswithmentalprocessesandbehaviour.Theemotionalandbehaviouralcharacteristicsofanindividua
l, agroup, oranactivity. The most influencing psychological factors are Over confidence, Excessive optimism,
Excessive pessimistic, Herd behaviour, Risk tolerance
Social factors
Social factors usually take many forms and may help to explain why human behaviour goes wrong or
right. Social factors reflect the region and socio-economic background from which he/she come. These factors
help to shape the thoughts, beliefs and actions of an individual. The various social factors arefamily, educational
setting, religion, peer pressures, firm‟s reputation in the industry, firm‟s governing body, contribution of a firm
towards social cause, firm‟s perceived ethics, general and financial press coverage, firms commitment towards
social responsibility, media, internet etc.
Organisational factors
Organisational factors relate to the type of working condition, incentives, pay scale, retirement benefit
etc. available to the employees. These factors can influence the individuals‟ behaviour in investment also. The
most influencing variable under this factor are Job security, pay scale, retirement benefit by the organisation,
working environment, promotion system, incentives, financial assistance, increment etc.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Behavioural finance is gaining strong attention in financial research now-a-days. It explains that
individual‟s investment decision is not based on a particular factor besides which are influenced by the more
than one factors.Every individual is different from others due to various factors which include demographic
factors,age, race and sex, education level, social and economic background; same is the situation with the
investors.The most critical challenge faced by them is the investment decision; they act in a rational manner and
usuallyfollow their instincts and emotional biases while making investment decisions. From the various
literatures it is found that there is no single variable or factor which influences the investment decisions of an
individual, it differs from person to person, place to place, securities to securities etc.
This paper concludes that the investor‟s behaviour depends on howthe available information is being
presented to them and how much they are prone to taking risk while makingdecisions; thus each variable of the
factors playing a significant role in determining the investment style of an investor.
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