This article evaluates particle board using corncob (CC) particles and mixing it
homogeneously in varying percentages 20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% with sugarcane
bagasse (SB) using Urea Formaldehyde resin as adhesive. Particleboards of 100% SB
and 100% CC were also made, thereby making seven different compositions. Properties
of particleboards produced such as density, water absorption, thickness swelling,
modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were investigated. The densities of
particleboards ranged from 400 Kg/m3 to 620 Kg/m3. The results of the tests also show
that the particleboard with 50% CC and 50% SB using equal volume of adhesive had
favorable physical properties that are recommendable for indoor uses in buildings. In
contrast, the panels cannot be recommended for load bearing purposes because they
exhibit poor mechanical properties, but these mechanical properties tend to improve as
the composition of CC increased from 40% to 100%. The MOR and MOE results obtained
in this research work lead to a conclusion that the mechanical properties of the panels
were improved as the percentage of CC replacement increased but possessed poor
physical properties. Within the experimental investigation and possible limitations
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP-E GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYM...IAEME Publication
Natural fiber composite is currently a leading module in the world of composites. It is due to many of its features such as freely available, easy processing, low cost, ability to replace usage of Glass fiber (Synthetic fiber), better strength properties and ecofriendly. They find useful applications in various fields from domestic to automotive sector as of now. Natural fibers with good content of lignocellulose, low density, and better elongation percentage are chosen for manufacturing of composites of above mentioned applications. Unidirectional & Continuous natural fiber composites are said to be anisotropic and having predominant mechanical properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP-E GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYM...IAEME Publication
Natural fiber composite is currently a leading module in the world of composites. It is due to many of its features such as freely available, easy processing, low cost, ability to replace usage of Glass fiber (Synthetic fiber), better strength properties and ecofriendly. They find useful applications in various fields from domestic to automotive sector as of now. Natural fibers with good content of lignocellulose, low density, and better elongation percentage are chosen for manufacturing of composites of above mentioned applications. Unidirectional & Continuous natural fiber composites are said to be anisotropic and having predominant mechanical properties.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
Fabrication of Particle Board from Indigenous Agricultural & Household WastesMd. Mydul Islam
Mainly a research project idea and background work. This project is under supervision of Dr. Md. Ashiqur Rahman, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET.
Fabrication and analysis of jute hemp reinforced fiberIJARIIT
There is a huge need for new materials in all fields of engineering, this invites the development of new materials which
suits the need. Utilization of biodegradable materials i.e. natural fibers for various applications to preserve the environment from
synthetic fibers invites the development of natural fiber reinforced polyester composites. In a country like India which is
producing an enormous amount of agricultural solid waste (in the form of leaf, fruits, stems etc.) there is lack of marketing for
the above said wastes, if this can be improved the farmers may get benefited. Natural fiber reinforced composites are preferred
than conventional materials because of their advantages like low density, light weight, high strength to weight ratio, low cost,
high toughness, and biodegradability. The present investigation deals with the preparation of jute, Hemp fiber and jute- Hemp
fiber (Hybrid) reinforced polyester composite and to determine the tensile modulus with an increase in percentage weight fraction
of the fiber and further the experimental results will be validated through ANSYS software.
Natural Fibre Sandwich Composite Panels-Analysis, Testing and CharacterisationIOSR Journals
The paper deals about the development, comparison, testing and analysis of composite materials and
sandwich composite panels. In this paper we have carried out testing of mechanical and physical properties of
coir composites, SMC laminate, Bamboo Composite, Cement bonded wooden particle composite. Then we have
used SMC Laminate on coir composite so as to increase its strength. Also we have carried out tensile test for
bamboo composite, coir composite, cement bonded composite. Then we have compared the values of these
composites. Water absorption test and flame test of coir composite, Bamboo composite has been carried out, so
as to find out the mechanical and physical properties of composite materials. Finally, Bending test and Analysis
of sandwich composite panels has been carried out for bamboo-EPS sandwich panel and Bison-EPS sandwich
panel to understand the characteristics of sandwich composite panels.
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
STUDIES ON METAKAOLIN BASED BANANA FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This paper investigates the effect of using high reactivity metakaolin on the properties of
Banana fiber reinforced concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength, and Impact resistance test were investigated. HRM content used in this study was 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of Banana fibers by volume of concrete.
The results indicated that the reference reinforced concrete with 2% Banana fibers by volume
showed a significant increase in Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength
and impact resistance, the percentage increase after 28-day relative to reference concrete were
29.6% , 30.7% and 179% respectively.
The results also showed that the incorporation of 15% HRM as a partial replacement by weight
of cement with 0.5% Banana fibers showed considerable improvement, the percentage increase in
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength and 2% of Banana fibre
showed improvement of Impact resistance test after 28-day compared to reference concrete were
12.3% , 46.8% , and 46.5% respectively .
Key words: Metakaolin, Compressive strength, Banana fiber, reinforced concrete
Mechanical Behavior of Areca Fiber and Maize Powder Hybrid CompositesIJERA Editor
Natural fibers are gaining the interest in packaging, domestic, low cost housing and other general applications. In this work the mechanical properties of randomly distributed areca fiber and maize powder reinforced phenol formaldehyde were studied. From the results Youngs modulus is maximum found in 300 ml of resin. The maximum tensile strength is for 300B composite plate. The maximum Young’s modulus for 300B is 135MPa, for bending strength of various composite plates, the composite plate with 400 ml PF resin shows the maximum bending load compared to other composite plates. The composite plate of 400C shows the maximum bending load compared to other composite plates. The maximum bending load for 400C composite plate is 0.854 kN. The adhesive tensile strength increases with decrease in Areca fiber and increase in maize powder up to 700 gms of Areca and 300 gms of maize powder. Later the adhesive tensile strength decreases with decrease in Areca fiber and increase in maize powder. Maximum adhesive tensile stress is 0.137 MPa for 400B composite plate compared to remaining composite plates.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
Fabrication of Particle Board from Indigenous Agricultural & Household WastesMd. Mydul Islam
Mainly a research project idea and background work. This project is under supervision of Dr. Md. Ashiqur Rahman, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET.
Fabrication and analysis of jute hemp reinforced fiberIJARIIT
There is a huge need for new materials in all fields of engineering, this invites the development of new materials which
suits the need. Utilization of biodegradable materials i.e. natural fibers for various applications to preserve the environment from
synthetic fibers invites the development of natural fiber reinforced polyester composites. In a country like India which is
producing an enormous amount of agricultural solid waste (in the form of leaf, fruits, stems etc.) there is lack of marketing for
the above said wastes, if this can be improved the farmers may get benefited. Natural fiber reinforced composites are preferred
than conventional materials because of their advantages like low density, light weight, high strength to weight ratio, low cost,
high toughness, and biodegradability. The present investigation deals with the preparation of jute, Hemp fiber and jute- Hemp
fiber (Hybrid) reinforced polyester composite and to determine the tensile modulus with an increase in percentage weight fraction
of the fiber and further the experimental results will be validated through ANSYS software.
Natural Fibre Sandwich Composite Panels-Analysis, Testing and CharacterisationIOSR Journals
The paper deals about the development, comparison, testing and analysis of composite materials and
sandwich composite panels. In this paper we have carried out testing of mechanical and physical properties of
coir composites, SMC laminate, Bamboo Composite, Cement bonded wooden particle composite. Then we have
used SMC Laminate on coir composite so as to increase its strength. Also we have carried out tensile test for
bamboo composite, coir composite, cement bonded composite. Then we have compared the values of these
composites. Water absorption test and flame test of coir composite, Bamboo composite has been carried out, so
as to find out the mechanical and physical properties of composite materials. Finally, Bending test and Analysis
of sandwich composite panels has been carried out for bamboo-EPS sandwich panel and Bison-EPS sandwich
panel to understand the characteristics of sandwich composite panels.
A perfect PPT for jute fiber.
No need to edit again on this.
An executed project by own for final year project in B.Tech. and we got 100% result on this.
Try this for your review
STUDIES ON METAKAOLIN BASED BANANA FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This paper investigates the effect of using high reactivity metakaolin on the properties of
Banana fiber reinforced concrete. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength, and Impact resistance test were investigated. HRM content used in this study was 5%,
10%, 15% and 20% with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of Banana fibers by volume of concrete.
The results indicated that the reference reinforced concrete with 2% Banana fibers by volume
showed a significant increase in Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength
and impact resistance, the percentage increase after 28-day relative to reference concrete were
29.6% , 30.7% and 179% respectively.
The results also showed that the incorporation of 15% HRM as a partial replacement by weight
of cement with 0.5% Banana fibers showed considerable improvement, the percentage increase in
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength and 2% of Banana fibre
showed improvement of Impact resistance test after 28-day compared to reference concrete were
12.3% , 46.8% , and 46.5% respectively .
Key words: Metakaolin, Compressive strength, Banana fiber, reinforced concrete
Mechanical Behavior of Areca Fiber and Maize Powder Hybrid CompositesIJERA Editor
Natural fibers are gaining the interest in packaging, domestic, low cost housing and other general applications. In this work the mechanical properties of randomly distributed areca fiber and maize powder reinforced phenol formaldehyde were studied. From the results Youngs modulus is maximum found in 300 ml of resin. The maximum tensile strength is for 300B composite plate. The maximum Young’s modulus for 300B is 135MPa, for bending strength of various composite plates, the composite plate with 400 ml PF resin shows the maximum bending load compared to other composite plates. The composite plate of 400C shows the maximum bending load compared to other composite plates. The maximum bending load for 400C composite plate is 0.854 kN. The adhesive tensile strength increases with decrease in Areca fiber and increase in maize powder up to 700 gms of Areca and 300 gms of maize powder. Later the adhesive tensile strength decreases with decrease in Areca fiber and increase in maize powder. Maximum adhesive tensile stress is 0.137 MPa for 400B composite plate compared to remaining composite plates.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
Sustainable Building Materials in Kerala – An OverviewIDES Editor
Kerala, God’s own country is blessed with immense
natural resources. It’s high time that the state’s natural
resources being utilized effectively. While sustainable
development is the need of the hour, we have to take lead in
initiating activities that would minimize the exploitation of
our natural resources resulting in their effective utilization.
This paper narrates an overview of innovative building
materials especially using natural fibres available in Kerala
and discusses the feasibility of utilising such fibres in the
context of sustainable building materials in Kerala. The paper
also discusses how these materials can be effectively utilized
to reduce the huge investment in the construction industry.
Development of Wood-Plastic Composite at Dedan Kimathi University of Technolo...IJERA Editor
Disposal of plastics and other solid wastes has been a major problem in Kenya. Most of these wastes can be
recycled through various ways and methods to produce new products. Plastics can be combined with sawdust to
develop composite materials for applications such as in building. In this project, a wood-plastic composite
(WPC) was developed from sawdust and plastic solid wastes.
The composite bore the advantages of both wood and plastics which can be applied in various sectors including
interior design work and in automotive among others, thereby curbing the problem of garbage accumulation in
the environment. The project provides eco-friendly solutions by making best use of the available resources
(wood and plastic resins) thus, finding sustainable solutions to the problem of limited waste dumping sites and
deforestation in the country. The composites were made from PP and HDPE thermoplastics and mahogany
sawdust obtained from our wood workshop in Dedan Kimathi University. From the tests carried out and results
obtained, it was found that, the composite has more advantages than the individual constituent materials.
Water absorption test revealed that all the samples took up water though not as much pronounced as for plain
sawdust. Additionally, the rate of water reduction was found to be excellent. They took less time to release the
absorbed water to the environment meaning that they can be applied in humid or wet environ. The composite
samples were easy to machine since they were easily shaped using a handsaw.
Production of A Safety Helmet Using Palm Kernel Fiber And Shell Particulatesinventionjournals
Palm Kernel Fiber (PKF) with Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) particulates as filler were used as reinforcement in polymer matrix composite to investigate their suitability for the production of a safety helmet. The Palm Kernel Fiber (PKF) was initially used as the reinforcement while epoxy resin (Bisphenol-A-glycidyl) served as the matrix. Six specimen were produced having 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% PKF content in the composite and their mechanical properties (Tensile strength, Impact strength, Flexural strength and Hardness strength) were evaluated. The specimen having the optimum desirable mechanical properties was adopted for hybridization with the PKS as filler. Specimen D (10% PKF) with the highest impact strength of 6.62 J/mm2 , hardness of 6.9 HRF, tensile strength of 26.75 N/mm2 and flexural strength of 31.02 N/mm2 was selected and reproduced with PKS particulates as filler. The PKF and PKS were mixed in the ratio of 1% PKS - 9% PKF, 2% PKS – 8% PKF, 3% PKS – 7% PKF, 4% PKS – 6% PKF, 5% PKS – 5% PKF and 6% PKS – 4% PKF. All the mechanical tests (Impact, hardness, tensile and flexural strength) evaluated for the hybrid samples. Specimen D6 (6% PKF – 4% PKS) offered the most acceptable combination of mechanical properties; impact strength of 7.27 J/mm2 , hardness of 6.7 HRF, tensile strength of 21.55 N/mm2 and flexural strength of 34.61 N/mm2 . Since impact is the most critical property in this research, and specimen D6 offered the highest, it was adopted for the production of the sample safety helmet.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bonding Performance of Maltodextrin and Citric Acid for Particleboard Made Fr...UniversitasGadjahMada
Maltodextrin and citric acid are two types of natural materials with the potential as an eco-friendly binder. Maltodextrin is a natural substance rich in hydroxyl groups and can form hydrogen bonds with lignoselulosic
material, while citric acid is a polycarboxylic acid which can form an ester bond with a hydroxyl group at lignoselulosic material. The combination of maltodextrin and citric acid as a natural binder materials supposed
to be increase the ester bonds formed within the particleboard. This research determined to investigate the bonding properties of a new adhesive composed of maltodextrin/citric acid for nipa frond particleboard. Maltodextrin and citric acid were dissolved in distillated water at the ratios of 100/0, 87.5/12.5, 75/25 and 0/100, and the concentration of the solution was adjusted to 50% for maltodextrin and 60% citric acid (wt%). This adhesive solution was sprayed onto the particles at 20% resin content based on the weight of oven dried particles. Particleboards with a size of 25 × 25 × 1 cm, a target density 800 kg/m3 were prepared by hot-pressing at press temperatures of 180 degrees or 200 degrees, a press time of 10 minute and board pressure 3.6 MPa. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were tested by a standard method (JIS A 5908). The results showed that added citric acid level in maltodextrin/citric acid composition and hot-pressing temperature had affected to the properties of particleboard. The optimum properties of the board were achieved at a pressing temperature of 180 degrees and the addition of only 20% citric acid. The results also indicated that the peak intensity of C=O group increased and OH group decreased with the addition of citric acid and an increase in the pressing temperature, suggesting an interreaction between the hydroxyl groups from the lignocellulosic materials and carboxyl groups from citric acid to form the ester groups.
Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Techn...ijtsrd
The natural fibers like Banana, Coir, Cotton, Sisal and Jute have attracted the attention of scientists and technologist for application in consumer goods, low cost housing and other civil structures. Nonwoven products are taking the place of many woven and knit materials because of their lower cost and lighter weight. Nonwoven fabrics are also predominate in the geotextiles industry because of their higher permeability, better friction and construction survivability compared to that of woven products point out Niir Board (2000). The fibres apart from low cost and renewable in nature, it is more attractive as reinforcing material for composite says Billie. J. Collien et al., (2001). The use of natural material gives the user or a designer more inspiration and indicates the flow and performance of a product.A study was conducted in three districts of Southern part of Tamil Nadu namely Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi to find out the preference of nonwoven made up of natural fibres such as Jute, Coir, Banana and blends which were low cost and locally available fibers. Seven nonwoven samples were prepared by needle punching process from the selected natural fibers such as Jute, Coir, Banana as 1st, 2nd & 3rd samples Coir and Jute, Coir and Banana, Banana Jute as 4th, 5th, 6th samples and Jute Coir Banana as 7th sample. The study revealed that the country fishermen and company owners were concerned with marine environment and they preferred to select nonwoven made of natural fibres at affordable cost. Dr.Sr.Mary Gilda | Dr.V.Subramaniam"Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3573.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/clothing-and-textiles/3573/preparation-of-nonwoven-fabrics-using-natural-fibers-by-needle-punching-technology/drsrmary-gilda
Composite materials have occupied major part in current era due to its light weight,
good stiffness, high specific strength and flexible nature. Due to large availability of
naturally occurring fibers and their capability to hybridize with glass fiber, the
applications of these fibers vary according to purpose. While thinking about composites
the main points to be considered are Cost effectiveness and Environmental friendliness.
The present experimental study aims at learning the mechanical behaviour of hybrid
natural fiber composites. Natural Fibers such as Sisal and Coconut coir are used as
hybrid composites. These natural fibers are mixed with Epoxy Resin. Fiber resin mixture
was subjected to Compression moulding. Moulding was carried out for Raw hybrid fibers
and Chemically treated hybrid fibers.The mechanical properties testing such as tensile
and impact strength were carried out for the samples cut from the fabricated composite
panels to the dimensions as per ASTM standard. Then the results were compared. This
paper mainly deals with how effectively composites can be made without compromising
its properties compared to other conventional materials to cope up with the changing
market strategy.
Fabrication of Particle Boards From Rice HuskIJMERJOURNAL
Abstract: Globally, the construction industry is growing at a rapid pace as a consequence of increasing population and standard of living. High performance synthetic materials for construction such as glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced composites are available today. However, these materials are mainly used for high-tech applications in aerospace and motor sports due to their high costs. Therefore, lightweight and high-strength wood and wood-based composite boards are still the preferred option for construction due to their reasonable costs. The growing shortage of wood has also led to the development of suitable alternative materials for construction. Rice husk particleboard is one such material, which is being considered as a potential substitute for wood and wood-based board products.The use of natural sponge particles (rice husks) as reinforcement for the production of particleboard was the thrust of this research work. These fibres being cheap and readily available with low energy demand during manufacturing are strong contenders for this work. Although number of research is carried out the suggested combination of rice husk, resin, catalyst, accelerator is not addressed so far. The particles, whose mass fraction was the variable were cut down into smaller sizes and mixed with resins and other binders. The resulting slurry was then poured into rectangular moulds, which were compacted until the composite became hard. Water absorbity, electrical conductivity tests were carried out on the samples. These tests confirmed the possible use of sponge particles as reinforcement in the production of particleboard. The developed particleboard composites can be used in density particleboards for general purpose requirements like panelling,Ceilings, partitioning, etc
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. O. D. Atoyebi, C. O. Osueke, S. Badiru, A. J. Gana, I. Ikpotokin, A. E. Modupe and G.A. Tegene
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1194 editor@iaeme.com
panels with 50% CC and 50% SB are the most preferred since they had preferable
performance for both physical and mechanical properties.
Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse, Corncob, Particle Board, Waste and urea formaldehyde
Cite this Article: O. D. Atoyebi, C. O. Osueke, S. Badiru, A. J. Gana, I. Ikpotokin, A. E.
Modupe and G.A. Tegene, Evaluation of Particle Board from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corn
Cob, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019,
pp.1193–1200
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&Type=01
1. INTRODUCTION
With the continuous increase in global human population there has been a corresponding increase
in the scarcity of basic survival needs of people. The continuous consumption of these scarce
resources raises concerns on the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs in years
to come. The problems that we are facing globally is a clear response of the ecosystem to human
resource mismanagement; the global warming, increase in sea level, floods, earth quakes,
disorder of seasons, are only a few of many complex problems that the world faces presently.
The solution to the problem above is the principle of sustainable development. One of the
approaches to sustainable development is reducing the amount of waste being generated and
recycling the waste in a way that can be useful to the economic, social and environmental goals
of sustainable development [1, 2]. Agro waste is one of the major solid wastes produced in the
world. Examples of agro wastes include grape vines, fruit bearing trees, sugarcane bagasse, corn
cob etc.
This research examines the possibility of converting some agro waste materials, particularly
Sugarcane Bagasse and Corn Cob, in the production of Particle boards. “Particle board has been
defined as a generic term for panels manufactured from linger cellulosic materials, usually wood,
primarily in form of discrete pieces or particles, as distinguished from fibers, combined with a
synthetic resin or any other suitable binder and bond together under heat and pressure in a hot
pressure by a process in which the entire inter particle bond is created by the added binder, and
to which other materials have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties” [3].
Particle board is made by compressing wood chips with glue. In flat-pressed particle board,
the chips are mainly parallel to the surface. The chips in the surface layer are thinner than those
in the middle layer making the surface of the particle board denser and more compact than the
middle. In standard particle board, the most commonly used binder is Urea Formaldehyde.
Particle board can be coated with a variety of surface materials, examples are; veneer, melamine,
laminate, plastic, paper, etc. The boards are usually coated on both sides in order to prevent
warping. Boards are also made already primed for painting (treated with filler at the factory or
coated with priming paper). The fire-resistance properties of particle board can be improved with
Alkyd Filler or Melamine Coating [4]. If the boards are intact and dry, particle boards may be
reused on a case-by-case basis. Re-use is the most popular way of disposing particle boards. This
is because they are mainly clean natural wood and can be disposed of (in accordance with local
environmental authority guidelines) by burying them in the ground, composting, taking to landfill
or burning at a temperature of more than 800 C with other wood material [5].
Sawdust is often mixed with other remnant pieces of wood to create a sheet of particle board
[6, 7, 8]. The most common particles are wood chips, shavings and flakes, which are often
gathered from lumber mills, and brought in their raw state to the particle board manufacturer. The
sawdust is sifted, and each particle is housed separately in accordance with its size. Final touches
include buffing, cutting and laminating. Rollers or finishing plates are used to buff and sand the
wood before it is cut into standard dimensions - 8 to 10 feet wide by 24 feet long. Afterward, the
3. Evaluation of Particle Board from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corn Cob
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boards can also be laminated or finished with a veneer, which is a thin paper covering that imitates
real wood. Finished boards are packed and stored until shipment [9].
The particle board which used bamboo presented loss of early stability due to higher swelling
after 2-hour immersion; however, when the swelling of the samples after 24 hours is considered,
these particleboards showed similar performance compared to those only with wood particles.
The use of bamboo particles was proved as promising for the production of particle boards, not
only for those made exclusively with bamboo particles, but also through the combination with
wood particles [10]. In certain cases, similar results were obtained when Particle boards made
with bamboo particles were compared to particle boards manufactured exclusively with wood
particles. The bamboo particles have potential for this purpose, with the possibility of adjustment
of some production parameters for reaching performance equivalent to wood panel.
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to
extract their juice. It is a dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane.
Bagasse is utilized as a biofuel and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials. For each
10 tons of sugarcane crushed, a sugar factory produces nearly 3 tons of wet bagasse. Since
bagasse is a by-product of cane sugar industry, the quantity of production in each country is in
line with quantity of sugarcane [11]
Maize cobs are a by-product of the maize crop, consisting of the central fibrous rachis of the
female inflorescence (the maize “ear”). The development of maize processing in the 20th
century
resulted in an increase in the volumes of this by-product [12]. About 180 kg of cobs are obtained
from each ton of maize shelled [13]. In the USA, it was estimated that about 50 million tons of
cobs were produced annually in the 2000s [14].
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material that were used for this work includes sugar cane bagasse, maize cob and urea
formaldehyde resin (Top Bond). The corncob were sourced from Landmark University Teaching
and Research farm while the sugar cane bagasse was sourced from Kaduna (Northern part of
Nigeria).
The corncob that were collected were room dried for 7 days making it satisfactory for
crushing it to smaller sizes. The corncob were milled and sieved with the aid of sieve shakers so
as to obtain particles passing through a British standard sieve of aperture size 4.75mm and
retained in a sieve of aperture size 1.18mm, the particles that pass through the 1.18 mm sieve
were discarded to avoid the problem of balling during mixing and also to facilitate the
homogeneous mixing of the particles with the adhesive. The volume of corncob particles required
for the production of 14 panels for the experimental design is 10290 cm3
. The moisture content
of the processed corncob particles were about 2 to 3%.
Figure 1 Corncob (a) before grinding (b) after grinding
4. O. D. Atoyebi, C. O. Osueke, S. Badiru, A. J. Gana, I. Ikpotokin, A. E. Modupe and G.A. Tegene
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1196 editor@iaeme.com
The sugarcane bagasse needed for this experiment were collected from Kaduna, Northern part
of Nigeria and transported to Landmark University. After determining the moisture content the
bagasse were room dried for 7 days which will make the grinding process effective. They
sugarcane bagasse were sieved through British standard sieves of 4.75mm and 1.18mm apertures
to remove oversized and undersized particles and enhance uniformity and avoid balling. The
volume of sugarcane bagasse required for the production of 14 panels for the experimental design
is 10290cm3
.
Figure 2 Sugarcane Bagasse (a) before grinding (b) after grinding
Composites Mix Design: The boards were made in panels of sizes 350 mm × 300 mm ×
30 mm by varying the amount of sugarcane bagasse (SD) and corncob (CB) as given in Table 1.
Table 1 Particle Board Experimental Design
Composition
Code
%composition
SB:CC
Volume
Equivalent (cm3
)
Volume of
adhesive used
(cm3
)
C1 SB100CC0 2940 : 0 735
C2 SB80CC20 2352 : 588 735
C3 SB60CC40 1764 : 1176 735
C4 SB50CC50 1470 : 1470 735
C5 SB40CC60 1176 : 1764 735
C6 SB20CC80 588 : 2352 735
C7 SB0CC100 0 : 2940 735
The calculated volume of composite particles required were measured and batched into
cellophane bags and tightly sealed to avoid moisture absorption. The measured adhesive volume
was poured into the head pan and half of the particles batched in the cellophane was first poured
into the head pan and thorough mixing done after which the remaining particles was emptied into
it and mixed until the adhesive is uniformly distributed and a homogeneous mixture obtained.
The mixture obtained was spread into the mould to form a mat and the formed mat in the mould
went through a press cycle of three phases; pressing in an hydraulic jack to reduce the board
height, afterwards in an oven and allowed to dry for 1h at 80 °C and lastly cold pressing to
facilitate the setting of the thermoplastic resin. Afterward, the mould was opened and placed
under room temperature for 24 h and then placed in the oven for 3 h at 110 °C. After the oven
drying, the formed panels were conditioned to 74 % humidity and a temperature of 24 ℃ for two
weeks to give boards as shown in Figure 3. From each batch sample, three (3) test pieces
measuring 50 mm x 50 mm x 15 mm were cut for the physical tests (density, water absorption
5. Evaluation of Particle Board from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corn Cob
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and thickness swelling) and three (3) other test pieces measuring 50 mm x 50 mm x 300 mm were
cut for the mechanical tests (modulus of rupture and modules of elasticity) to ensure
reproducibility.
Figure 3 Samples of particle board from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corncob
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Physical Test
Table 2 Mean Values of Density, Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling of boards.
Board type
Mean
Density
(Kg/m3
)
Water Absorption (WA) Thickness Swelling (TS)
% WA after 2
hours
% WA after 24
hours
% T.S after 2
hours
% T.S. after 24
hours
CC 100SB0 620 52.25 76.5 16.25 21.25
CC 80SB20 535 47.5 77.4 10 15
CC 60SB40 572 44.5 60.3 8.05 13.6
CC 50SB50 503 45 48 9.18 14.32
CC 40SB60 605 41.75 44.7 7.42 13.14
CC20SB80 593 35.25 45 6.55 16.2
CC 0SB100 400 40.5 54.7 5.55 12.5
3.1.1. Density Test
The mean density values obtained for 100% SB and CC panels were 620 kg/m3
and 400kg/m3
respectively. While the mean value for various percentage for various percentage combination of
SB and CC panels ranged from 503 kg/m3
to 605 kg/m3
as shown in Table 2. It was observed that
the panel with highest density is obtained from the batch of 100% CC. Also from the Table it was
observed that the panel densities increased as the percentage of CC increase. Since the maximum
density, 620 kg/m3
is less than 640 kg/m3
, therefore manufactured boards can be graded according
to ANSI A208.1(1999) [15] as low density particle board, Grade 1(LD-1).
3.1.2 Water Absorption
Water absorption (WA) test is poised towards investigating the amount of moisture [16] or water
that the particleboards with varying composition of SB and CC particle can absorb within a
specified period of time. The particleboard specimen were immersed in water for 2 hours and 24
6. O. D. Atoyebi, C. O. Osueke, S. Badiru, A. J. Gana, I. Ikpotokin, A. E. Modupe and G.A. Tegene
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1198 editor@iaeme.com
hours at a temperature of 23o
C. After 2 hours of immersion in water CC20SB80 was observed to
have the least value for WA while CC100SB0 had the highest value of water absorption. Similarly,
after 24 hours of immersion of the specimen in water CC 40SB60 and approximately CC20SB80 had
the least value of WA as shown in Table 2. Therefore, from this test, CC20SB80 had a better
performance when compared with CC100SB0. A significant decrease in WA was noticed with the
20% replacement of CC with SB and as the percentage of SB increase was noticed that the WA
kept decreasing relatively but subsequently when the percentage of SB reached 100% the WA
showed increment as shown in Table 2. The initial decrease in WA can be explained by the
increase in the compaction of the panels. SB can be said to possess higher compressibility when
compared with CC because when equal pressure is applied to equal volumes of SB and CC
contained in different containers, SB was observed to compress more than CC. therefore when
the less compressible CC was added to the more compressible SB less void spaces were present
thereby giving less room for the penetration of water.
3.1.3 Thickness Swelling
From the data obtained as given in Table 2, CC0SB100 exhibits the least swelling compared to the
other board types after immersion in water in both 2 hours and 24 hours. However, of all the test
specimens CC100SB0 swells the most after 2 and 24 hours with values 16.25% and 21.25%
respectively. It was also observed that as the percentage of sugarcane bagasse increase the T.S
value keep decreasing.
From the data, it is clear to see that the TS data obtained for 2 hours immersion follows the
same pattern as that of water absorption, but this pattern is seen to change after 24 hours. The
percentage WA of CC80SB20 after 24 hours is more than that of CC100SB0, but the reverse was
the case in TS. Therefore, CC 80SB20 swells less than CC100SB0 even with a higher WA
percentage.
3.2. Mechanical Test
Table 3 Mean Values of Modulus of Rupture and Modulus of Elasticity
Board type MOR (N/mm2
) MOE (N/mm2
)
CC100SB0 4.4 21.14
CC80SB20 3.3 21.13
CC60SB40 3.6 20.5
CC50SB50 3.7 26.33
CC40SB60 3.2 16.68
CC20SB80 2.3 13.58
CC0SB100 1.9 11.28
It was observed that 100% CC board had the highest value for MOR followed by C4 which
is 50% CC and 50% SB while 100% SB board had the least value as shown in Table 3.
Modulus of elasticity (MOE) also showed a similar increase and decrease pattern in value shown
in Table 3 expect CC 80SB20 had greater value than CC 60SB40 which is the opposite of MOR
value obtained. It was also observed that CC 50SB50 had the highest value for MOE which was
26.333 N/mm2
and the least was CC 0SB100 with MOE value of 11.28 N/mm2
.
According to BS EN 13353 [17] panels intended for structural purposes that have densities
greater than the minimum requirement which is 420kKg/m3
were also required to have their
7. Evaluation of Particle Board from Sugarcane Bagasse and Corn Cob
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minimum values for MOR and MOE to be 5N/mm2
and 400 N/mm2
respectively. From the result
obtained from the test which is shown in Table 3 although none of the panels produced had values
of MOR and MOE that met the minimum requirement but CC100SB0 had 4.4 N/mm2
value of
MOR which is reasonably very cloth enough to the minimum requirement. This therefore
suggests that the panels cannot be used for structural or load bearing purposes. Sekaluvu, et al
[18] investigated the properties of particleboards made from only CC and obtained mean values
of MOR and MOE to range between 0.32 to 1.5 N/mm2
and 5.89 to 61.82 N/mm2
respectively
which is similar to the result of MOE obtained in this research work but the MOR result obtained
in this research work is much better.
4. CONCLUSION
In this research work it has been shown that it is possible to produce particleboards with less
sophisticated machines and still obtain reasonable physical properties. From the result obtained,
a 20% to 60% replacement of SB with CC with particle size ranging from 1.18 to 4.75 mm and
equal volume of adhesive exhibited favorable physical properties that are recommendable for
indoor uses in buildings. However, the panels cannot be used for structural purposes or load
bearing purposes because they exhibit poor mechanical properties which tends to improve as the
composition of cc increased from 40% to 100%. The MOR and MOE results obtained in this
research work could lead to a conclusion that the mechanical properties of the panels were
improved as the percentage of CC replacement increased. A 100% CC had the highest value for
MOR followed by 50% CC while 50% SB and 50% CC had the highest value for MOE. Within
the experimental investigation and possible limitations, the panels with 50% CC and 50% SB are
the most preferred for their physical and mechanical properties.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the contribution of Landmark University Farms and Civil Engineering
Department laboratories for a conducive environment given to carry out the research.
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