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In this paper, we have analyzed a serial operational level Supply Chain
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for the optimality using a stochastic customer order. It evaluates minimum cost in
supply chain, simultaneously optimize quantitative decision variables and illustrates
the significance of capacity variable. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate
the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effects of changes on the cost and
parameters are studied.
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SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have analyzed a serial operational level Supply Chain
Performance like fill rate, Build –To - Stock etc., under an uncertainty environment
for the optimality using a stochastic customer order. It evaluates minimum cost in
supply chain, simultaneously optimize quantitative decision variables and illustrates
the significance of capacity variable. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate
the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effects of changes on the cost and
parameters are studied.
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SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have analyzed a serial operational level Supply Chain
Performance like fill rate, Build –To - Stock etc., under an uncertainty environment
for the optimality using a stochastic customer order. It evaluates minimum cost in
supply chain, simultaneously optimize quantitative decision variables and illustrates
the significance of capacity variable. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate
the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effects of changes on the cost and
parameters are studied.
Supply chain is defined as a system of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers where material, financial and information flows connect participants in both directions. Most supply chains are composed of independent agents with individual preferences. It is expected that no single agent has the power to optimise the supply chain. Supply chain management is now seen as a governing element in strategy and as an effective way of creating value for customers. The so-called bullwhip effect, describing growing variation upstream in a supply chain, is probably the most famous demonstration that decentralised
decision making can lead to poor supply chain performance. Information asymmetry is one of the most powerful sources of the bullwhipef fect. Information sharing of customer demand has an impact on the bullwhipef fect. Information technology has lead to centralised information, shorter lead times and smaller batch sizes. The analysis of causes of the bullwhipef fect has lead to suggestions for reducing the bullwhip effect in supply chains by strategic partnership. Supply chain partnership leads to increased information flows, reduced uncertainty, and a more profitable supply chain. The cooperation is based on
contacts and formal agreements. Information exchange is very important issue for coordinating actions of units. New business practices and information technology make the coordination even closer. Information sharing and strategic partnerships of units can be modelled by different network structures.
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SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY USING FUZZY LOGICIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have analyzed a serial operational level Supply Chain
Performance like fill rate, Build –To - Stock etc., under an uncertainty environment
for the optimality using a stochastic customer order. It evaluates minimum cost in
supply chain, simultaneously optimize quantitative decision variables and illustrates
the significance of capacity variable. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate
the benefit of the proposed strategies and the effects of changes on the cost and
parameters are studied.
Supply chain is defined as a system of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers where material, financial and information flows connect participants in both directions. Most supply chains are composed of independent agents with individual preferences. It is expected that no single agent has the power to optimise the supply chain. Supply chain management is now seen as a governing element in strategy and as an effective way of creating value for customers. The so-called bullwhip effect, describing growing variation upstream in a supply chain, is probably the most famous demonstration that decentralised
decision making can lead to poor supply chain performance. Information asymmetry is one of the most powerful sources of the bullwhipef fect. Information sharing of customer demand has an impact on the bullwhipef fect. Information technology has lead to centralised information, shorter lead times and smaller batch sizes. The analysis of causes of the bullwhipef fect has lead to suggestions for reducing the bullwhip effect in supply chains by strategic partnership. Supply chain partnership leads to increased information flows, reduced uncertainty, and a more profitable supply chain. The cooperation is based on
contacts and formal agreements. Information exchange is very important issue for coordinating actions of units. New business practices and information technology make the coordination even closer. Information sharing and strategic partnerships of units can be modelled by different network structures.
By combining the wireless network and E-commerce, suppliers can provide a more convenient and quicker
service on a human scale for their customers. The main advantages of such services are their high availability,
independence of physical location and time. Mobile commerce raises a number of security and privacy
challenges. However, security has always been the key issue for the development of mobile E-commerce, which
is more vulnerable than the traditional E-commerce mode. . In order to solve the problem of security gap in the
transmission of mobile E-commerce information, a framework based on J2ME/MIDP is proposed, which
combines double layer encryption schemes, stego-image and secure XML messages which transferred between
the mobile terminal and the server. Our method provide strong secure and invisible communication with high
security and high operating efficiency that compatible with many types of mobile terminal.
A Literature Survey: Fuzzy Logic and Qualitative Performance Evaluation of Su...theijes
Fuzzy logic can be a powerful tool for managers to use instead of traditional mathematical models when evaluating the performance of supply chains. The flexibility of the model allows the decision maker to introduce vagueness, uncertainty, and subjectivity into the evaluation system. In this paper we survey an alternative method of the performance evaluation system as opposed to the traditional quantitative methods. Performance evaluations represent a critically important decision that often involves subjective information. Models and heuristic techniques that focus on the use of different types of information are available; however, with few exceptions, the models are not robust enough to be applied in a practical, managerially useful manner. Fuzzy logic models provide a reasonable solution to these common decision situations. After extensive exploration of the literature, we recommend an outcome of exploring Fuzzy logic approach in evaluating qualitative aspects of performance of supply chain management. In this paper we survey fuzzy logic as a robust and easy understanding method to evaluate qualitative aspects of performance of supply chains.
study about the supply chain, flexibility and bullwhip effect on scm in small...sushil Choudhary
The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the
develop a conceptual model on the potential barriers in the implementation of supply chain flexibility in small-scale
industries. The model suggests that supply chain flexibility can be researched using a three-tier approach:
identification of risks, identification of potential barriers emerging from these risks, identification of bridges to these
barriers. The proposed is based on the view of problems of small-scale industries as well as the limited research on
supply chain flexibility. The studies indicated that the three main barriers to flexibility in supply chains are
improper integration between systems, Supply Chain Function cost and quickening pace of product innovation.
Some ways to overcome these barriers and act as bridges are also summarized. The field of study of supply chain
flexibility presents numerous options for fresh research work.
A global economy and increase in customer expectations in terms of cost and services
have put a premium on eective supply chain reengineering. It is essential to perform
risk benet analysis of reengineering alternatives before making a nal decision. Sim-
ulation provides an eective pragmatic approach to detailed analysis and evaluation of
supply chain design and management alternatives. However, the utility of this method-
ology is hampered by the time and eort required to develop models with sucient
delity to the actual supply chain of interest. In this paper, we describe a supply-chain
modeling framework designed to overcome this diculty. Using our approach, supply
chain models are composed from software components that represent types of supply
chain agents (like retailers, manufacturers, transporters), their constituent control ele-
ments (like inventory policy), and their interaction protocols (like message types). The
underlying library of supply chain modeling components has been derived from anal-
ysis of several dierent supply chains. It provides a reusable base of domain-specic
primitives that enables rapid development of customized decision support tools.
Introduction to Vendor Management Inventory Abu Talha
What is Supply Chain Management ? Integrating Management and information technology to flourish performance.
What Is Vendor Managed Inventory ?
1. Vendor Managed Inventory or VMI is a process where the vendor creates orders for their customers based on demand information that they receive from the customer. 2. VMI involves collaboration between suppliers and their customers which changes the traditional ordering process.
Schematic Diagram of VMI
WHY USE VMI ?
VMI removes the need for the customers to have significant safety stock. Lower inventories for the customer can lead to significant cost savings.
The customer can make profit from reduced purchasing costs. As the vendor receives data so the customer don’t need to produce purchasing costs ever.
Moreover, the need for purchase order corrections and reconciliation is removed which further reduces purchasing costs.
DUAL BENEFITS (both Supplier and Customer) 1. Less data errors and the overall speed of processing is increased. 2. Having aim to provide better service to the end consumer. 3. Purchase orders are generated on predefined basis. 4. Relation between suppliers and customers are getting strong enough.
Customer Benefits
1. A decrease in stockouts and a decrease in inventory levels. 2. Planning and ordering cost will be decreased. 3. Overall service level is elevated. 4. The customer is more focused in providing great service.
Suppliers Benefits
1. A reduction in customer ordering errors. 2. Promotions can be easily promoted to inventory plans. 3. Customers' point of sell data makes forecasting easier. 4. Philosophy to customer’s stock levels helps to identify priorities.
Comparison between VMI & RMI
Vendor Managed Inventory(VMI)
1. Vendor stocks the resources in suppliers premises. 2. Vendor is solely responsible for the stock availability. 3. VMI focuses on collaboration and share information between trading partners. 4. It is termed as a model of family business.
Retail Managed Inventory (RMI)
1. Supplier stocks the resources in buyer’s premises.2. Retailer is solely responsible for the stock availability. 3. RMI always focused on improving forecasting. 4. It is termed as business model of business.
What Drives Inventory Effectiveness in a Market-Driven World? Lora Cecere
Survey Details: The research for this report was conducted from February 12 - October 8, 2015. Surveys were conducted among Manufacturers, Retailers, and Wholesalers/Distributors/Co-operatives with $250M+ in revenue and who use (and are familiar with) inventory optimization software (n=64). Respondents were evenly split between those using basic (ERP or ERP+APS) and advanced (software in addition to ERP/APS) software. All surveys were conducted by Supply Chain Insights.
Objective: To understand the impact of inventory optimization software on supply chain excellence. NOTE: inventory optimization software was defined as "any form of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), APS (Advanced Planned Software), or sophisticated inventory planning tools."
Highlight: Companies who use advanced software are more likely to be satisfied with their software, to be effective at making inventory decisions and to drive a return on investment for their software.
Reading Assignment Report-IIPlease thoroughly go through the R.docxcatheryncouper
Reading Assignment Report-II
Please thoroughly go through the Reading Assignment posted under Chapter 8 on Moodle (Vanteddu et al., 2006, Research Publication) at least twice.
Please make a summary of the research article in your own words that is at least two pages in length, clearly identifying the purpose, research contribution and conclusions of the research. Provide appropriate citations of the works referred to in your summary. Your summary must be typed. Please use appropriate font and 1.5 line spacing.
The material posted on our course website;
Understanding the concepts;
Want to have a one-to-one demonstration of solving a given problem;
Questions about your grade and where you stand at a given point of time in the semester etc.
Supply chain focus dependent safety stock placement
Gangaraju Vanteddu Æ Ratna Babu Chinnam Æ
Kai Yang Æ Oleg Gushikin
Published online: 18 April 2008
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract Increasing globalization, growing product range diversity, and rising
consumer awareness are making markets highly competitive, forcing supply chains
to adapt constantly to different stimuli. Growing competition between supply chains
(as well as players within them) is also warranting a priority for overall supply chain
performance over the goals of individual players. It is now well established in the
literature that, among the many order winners, both overall supply chain cost and
responsiveness (i.e., supply chain lead time) are the most significant determinants of
supply chain competitiveness. The literature, however, mostly focuses on supply
chain cost minimization with rather simplistic treatment of responsiveness. By
introducing the concept of a coefficient of inverse responsiveness (CIR), we facil-
itate efficient introduction of responsiveness related costs into the scheme of supply
chain (SC) performance evaluation and/or optimization. Thus, our model aids
supply chain managers in achieving better strategic fit between individual business
unit strategies and overall supply chain requirements in terms of cost efficiency and
responsiveness. In particular, it aids in strategic placement of safety stocks at dif-
ferent stages in the supply chain. Our model also offers managerial insights that help
improve our intuitions into supply chain dynamics. The model is more suited for
G. Vanteddu � R. B. Chinnam (&) � K. Yang
Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, Wayne State University,
4815 Fourth Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
G. Vanteddu
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Yang
e-mail: [email protected]
O. Gushikin
Ford Research and Advanced Engineering, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Int J Flex Manuf Syst (2007) 19:463–485
DOI 10.1007/s10696-008-9050-z
strategic SC alignment, for example, when dealing with product changeovers or
introduction of new product, rather than for operational control ...
Information Flow Parametersfor Managing ^Organizational .docxcarliotwaycave
Information Flow Parameters
for Managing ^
Organizational Processes
Developing a framework for enhancing the design of systems and
improving management control of complex relationships.
I N T H E contemporary digital economy, intangible assets, of which information is a critical com-
ponent, fuel a dominant share of growth and prosperity. This is in contrast to the value added by
physical assets in the erstwhile traditional business model [3]. hiformation has typically been ana-
lyzed as a product, with the focus primarily derived from a snapshot view taken at a particular rime.
However, emphasis on the product view falls short of a precise measurement due to the nonquan-
tifiable nature of the characteristics
(such as relevance and reliability) of By Ravindra Krovi, Akhilesh C h a n d r a ,
information. A systematic and con- ^^ld Balaji RajagOpalan
scious effort to influence and control
the flow of information will lead to efficiencies in organizational processes. Therefore, it is impera-
tive to manage information flow (and not just information) to improve business process efficien-
cies, especially in organizational environments.
Numerous studies done in the business process understanding ot the dynamics of such flows. We
redesign realm have articulated the need for ratio- propose a parameter-based guiding framework oi
nalizing organizational processes [4]. If process effi- information flow to manage organizational
ciencies are to be realized, it is critical to take another processes. Ir establishes a foundation to assist organi-
look at the infrastructure based on the parameters zations in measuring and reporting information by
affecting the flow of information. Few studies, how- better managing their flow,
ever, have speciBcally addressed how flow irregulari-
ties can affect the process. The framework proposed Information Flow Dynamics
here adopts a process view of information, which In order to comprehend the process view, we draw
requires an understanding of information character- from an analogy of information flow with fluid How.
istics during its flow through communication chan- During its flow, a fluid is known to change its prop-
nels, and its processing by organizational agents, erties (such as velocity and viscosity) with respect to
Understanding the process view should help man- space and time llO]. Fine-tuning its measurable
agers in measuring the impact of flow parameter dimensions can meaningfully alter the nature of
variations on information quality. fluid flow. Knowledge of the relationship between
Companies, however, are often poorly organized properties of fluid and its flow is used in engineering
and underprepared to manage such complex infor- to design efficient fluid conduits (such as pipes) and
mation flows [1]. The existing state of underpre- altering fluid flow mechanisms (such as dams),
paredness may partly be attributed to a lack of Could there be a conceptual equivalent of infor-
COMMUNICATIONSOFTHE ACM F ...
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Ijetr011960
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-1, Issue-9, November 2013
90 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— A simple system dynamics model of a traditional
supply chain system is investigated. Particularly, the effect of
lead time, information quality and information sharing also
remanufacturing lead-time and the return rate on the inventory
variance and the generation of bullwhip effect were studied. Our
results clearly showed that the bullwhip in the closed loop
supply chain is bigger than one in traditional supply chain and
foreign to the collection rate and the inventory variance in every
stage decrease when the quality of information and the
information sharing is introduced into the traditional supply
chain. Furthermore, we found that the bullwhip effect in the
closed loop supply chain will increase when the short term lead
time of remanufacture cycle time increase.
Index Terms— BWE (Bullwhip Effect),Supply Chain.
I. INTRODUCTION
The operating phenomenon known as the ―Bullwhip Effect‖
(BWE) is affected by the flow of information upstream
through the supply chain. The Bullwhip Effect is the
amplification of the demand or order variance up the supply
chain, from customer to factory, as demand information
passes back through the supply chain. The phenomenon is
shown in Figure 1, which is generated by plotting 100 orders
placed by each node of a simulated supply chain. The
analogous amplification is due to effects of deteriorating
process quality and overtime as a result of a ―meltdown‖
incident The BWE has a number of consequences on the
operation of a supply chain. Because of the higher variance,
more safety stocks have to be carried with consequently more
investment, extra production capacity, and increased storage
space. Periods of intense resource utilization are followed by
periods of underutilization.
This oscillation shows that the supply chain harness enough
resources to meet the inflated peak periods.
Manuscript received November 20, 2013.
Sanjay Yadav, Student M.E. (I.M.) Department of Mechanical
Engineering, JIT Borawan, Khargone, M.P. India (e-mail:
sanjayyadav180380@gamil.com).
Abhishek Yadav,Assi. Pro. Department of Mechanical Engineering, JIT
Borawan, Khargone, M.P. India
Narendra Kushwaha, HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
JIT Borawan, Khargone, M.P. India
Figure 1 Illustration of the Bullwhip Effect from Time
Series Data.
II. GOALS AND CONTRIBUTION TO THE
LITERATURE
The literature indicates that much of the BWE is due to
erratic human behavior, it indicated that the BWE is caused
by ―strategic interactions among rational supply-chain
members,‖ whereas others take a systems dynamics approach
relating a supply chain‘s structure, policies, and interactions
to demand variability implification. The current state of
investigation of the BWE involves restrictive assumptions
about many aspects of the supply chain. The constant
lead-time assumption is especially restrictive in light of the
variable lead times actually present in many supply chains.
Another characteristic of Bullwhip-related studies is the focus
on two-stage supply chains, with customer-retailer being the
first stage, and retailer-manufacturer the second. Other than
Forrester‘s simulation model and the Beer Game, Bullwhip
research has so far generally focused on these two-stage
scenarios. In our research, we create a serial supply chain
simulation model to determine order-up-to levels and order
quantities for each stage. we create a series of experiments
that employ factors related to lead-time variation, information
quality, and information sharing. Our purpose is to gain
insights to help reduce overall variability within a supply
chain. We model serial supply chains and wish to answer the
following questions:
1. What is the effect of lead times in supply chains?
2. What is the extent to which information sharing helps?
3. What impact does the quality of information on the BWE ?
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Approaches to Analyzing the Bullwhip Effect
The Bullwhip Effect—Impact of Lead Time,
Information Quality, and Information Sharing
Sanjay Yadav, Abhishak Yadav, Narendra Kushwaha
2. The Bullwhip Effect—Impact of Lead Time, Information Quality, and Information Sharing
91 www.erpublication.org
The original characterization of the BWE is due to Forrester
(1958, 1961), who employed a continuous simulation system
called ‗DYNAMO’ to simulate a four-node
production-inventory-distribution system.
Forrester described the behavior of the system under
various internal conditions and its response to external
changes and shocks. His underlying theme was that the
structure, policies, and interactions within a supply chain
cause variability amplification. This approach is also
employed in the simulation-driven works of Towill (1991),
Wickner, Towill, and Naim (1991), and Towill, Naim, and
Wickner (1992) and, to a lesser extent, of Bhaskaran (1998).
Bhaskaran analyzed a manufacturing supply chain using
simulation and showed how the various components
interacted with each other, concluding that the lack of
coordination in supply chains led to inventory fluctuations
and to a high average inventory level. This involves
representing the relationships within a supply chain, such as
replenishment policies, as a set of transfer functions. These
transfer functions can then be used to relate the output of the
system (orders) to the input (demands) by utilizing the
z-transform of the output and input variables (Dejonckheere et
al. 2004).
IV. INVESTIGATION AND METHODOLOGY
Factors Investigated
Lead-Time Variation.
The first factor deals with the modeling of supply
chain lead times, which previous investigations of the BWE
have restricted to constant values. We investigate various
levels of leadtime variation, using the distribution to represent
stochastic lead times. We create four scenarios based on
different levels of the coefficient of variation for the
lead-time.
Information Quality Level.
The second factor is the ―quality‖ of information
available or chosen. This information is used directly in
lead-time demand forecasting and inventory parameter
updating. It may also affect the order streams, inventory
levels, stockouts, and other aspects of a supply chain. We
distinguish between four information quality levels (IQL) that
may be used for updating the order-up-to point: levels 0, 1, 2,
and 3.
Level 0. IQL0
Means no new information is used. This is the case
where there is no new information collected to aid in
updating, or possibly the case where the demand and
lead-time distributions are known and thus the ―best‖ order-
up-to value can be chosen in advance, with no need for any
updating.
Level 1. IQL1
Assumes that the histories of incoming demands and
of lead times are available. Information on lead-time variance
is not used in updating the inventory policy parameters, which
could be due to a mistaken assumption of constant lead times
or the belief that lead-time variation is not important.
Level 2. IQL2
Assumes that the histories of incoming demands and
of lead times are available, but in this case an estimate of
lead-time variance is generated and used for up-dating the
inventory policy parameters.
Level 3. IQL3
Assumes that the inventory manager tracks and
stores the final lead-time demand realizations for each order.
Forecasts should be more accurate and exhibit less
―nervousness‖ when employing IQL3, since the final
realizations of lead-time demand are used instead of the
intermediate surrogate data of lead time and demand.
Information Sharing.
The first two factors were lead-time variation and
information quality level. The third factor is information
sharing. With no information sharing, each node generates its
own forecast, based on local information, and the forecast is
then used to generate a new order-up-to value, and
consequently, the order size for the current period. The idea of
information sharing is that if the nodes were aware of the
current customer demands, they would make
forecasts with that information and fine-tune their inventory
system parameters accordingly. Since the customer‘s demand
order stream will have a variance less than or equal to the
variance of the orders coming from the downstream partner,
the assumption is that a node using customer information will
smooth the fluctuations in the order-up-to level and the
resulting order stream will have a lower variance.
V. SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL
We employ single-stage lead times with the entire delay
occurring during transportation. We assume that any
information delay, or the delay necessary for the order to ―get
into the right hands,‖ is zero. We also assume that the time to
fill an order once it is received (order processing delay) is also
zero. The mean lead times at the customer, retailer,
wholesaler, distributor, and factory are 0, 4, 4, 4, and 4 time
units, respectively, not including the review period, R=1. We
assume that these delays are gamma-distributed.
Lead-Time Demand
Let X be the demand during the protection period L+
R. Then X has mean µX that we estimate by X, and
variance that we estimate by . Hence, X for an order
placed at time t, is the convolution
(1)
VI. SCOPE OF INFORMATION
With no information sharing, supply chain nodes possess
only local information and are ―blind‖ to what is going on
outside their level. Each node‘s supply chain knowledge-base
is derived from the incoming demand flow coming from the
downstream partner and the outgoing flow of orders being
placed with the upstream partner. With information sharing,
each node in the supply chain receives information on
customer demand, in addition to orders from its downstream
supply chain partner. The nodes make no assumptions
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-1, Issue-9, November 2013
92 www.erpublication.org
regarding the demand or lead-time distribution, except that
the lead time is stationary. Each node makes all assessments
based only on the available data and attempts to adjust its
actions to adapt to the ―current‖ conditions. So, for example,
even though customer demand is iid, and thus the mean and
variance do not change over time, the retailer does not
―know‖ this and will update the inventory policy parameters
using forecasts based upon the most recent demand
information.
Inventory Policy.
The order-up-to point, S, is determined using typical
inventory management methods, which include the normal
approximation in setting the safety stocks. Thus, S is the base
stock that allows the system to meet the demand during the
time period L+R. We use a safety factor of z=2.0 (service
level of 97.72%) in calculating
S = X + zsX (2)
Forecasting and Estimation.
When updating, we use forecasts of the lead-time
demand mean (X) and its standard deviation (sx) to set an
order-up-to level that would yield a desired service level.
How we forecast X and sX depends on the information
available, i.e., which IQL is used.
VII. ANALYSIS
The Impact on the BWE of Not Updating Inventory
Parameters
We determine that with no updating, i.e., when we employ
IQL0, then no variance amplification occurs. Each of the
eight scenarios that utilize IQL0 show no BWE at all. But
since IQL0 has a known impact, we now exclude it from our
experimental analysis. Thus, for the remaining factors and
factor levels, we analyze 24 scenarios (3 information quality
levels x 4 lead time variance levels x 2 information sharing
levels) instead of the initial 32.
The Impact on the BWE of Information Sharing
Our results with regard to information sharing confirm
much of what has been found when analyzing simpler
systems. We will find information sharing does not eliminate
the BWE. We find information sharing to be the most
significant factor at all stages of the supply chain except the
retailer‘s. The exception of the retailer is expected, since the
advantage of information sharing is that all stages receive
customer demand information, which the retailer has whether
information is shared or not. When observing the
experimental means, we see that the use of information
sharing decreases the total variance amplification at the
wholesaler
The Impact on the BWE of Information Quality
We start by noting again that all scenarios utilizing IQL0 no
updating of order up to level showed no Bullwhip Effect
whatsoever, and were excluded from further analysis. We
analyze the remaining three information quality levels (IQL1,
IQL2, and IQL3). When observing total variance
amplification, we find information quality to be significant at
all of the supply chain. In general, we find IQL2 to be the
biggest aggravator of the Bullwhip Effect. We recognize that
IQL2, which uses demand rate (D) and lead time (L) data to
forecast the lead-time demand, will result in forecasts with
greater variability than IQL1 or IQL3. Forecast variability
leads to ―nervousness‖ of the order-up-to level, which results
in the BWE.
VIII. RESULT
Given our supply chain structure, regular updates of the
order-up-to level are a necessary condition for the Bullwhip
Effect (BWE). We see this by its absence with no updating.
We conclude that the initiation of the BWE is due the to
manager‘s attempts to adjust the inventory policy to
correspond to the latest data. These adjustments cause system
―nervousness,‖ which is a precursor to the BWE. We do not
believe adjustments to inventory policies are always
detrimental. It may have a positive influence on cost and
service aspects of the system, but they do lay the groundwork
for the variance amplification of demand.
Information sharing reduces total variance amplification and
stage variance amplification. We find that information
sharing decelerates the BWE as we go up the supply chain,
which could be the result of planning ahead, since the upper
supply chain would be responding to customer demand
information before the demands actually show up in the form
of an order from the downstream partner. Information sharing
protects a supply chain against failures. When observing
BWE differences between the models when not using
information sharing. We attribute this to the cascading effect
that failures (stockouts) at the upper may have on multiple
downstream nodes. When information is shared, the
cascading phenomenon disappears. information quality is an
important factor in BWE formation and we see that better
information quality reduces it. We believe that information
quality drives the BWE by affecting the stability and accuracy
of the lead-time demand forecasting process. Less stable or
accurate forecasting processes will result in less accurate and
more variable order-up-to levels, which result in greater order
variability. At the outset, we posed three research questions:
what is the effect of stochastic lead times in supply chains; to
what extent does information sharing help in attenuating the
Bullwhip Effect; and what is the effect of the quality of
information available. We hope that we have answered these
questions satisfactorily in this experiment.
REFERENCES
[1] G Bhaskaran, S. 1998. ―Simulation analysis of a manufacturing
supply chain‖. Decision Sciences 29(3) 633–657.
[2] Cachon, G. P., M. Fisher. 2000. ―Supply chain inventory
management and the value of shared information. Management
Science” 1032–1048.
[3] Chatfield, D. 2001. SISCO and SCML—Software tools for supply
chain simulation modeling and information sharing.
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Management
Science and Information Systems, Penn State University,
Pennsylvania.
[4] Croson, R., K. Donohue. 2003a. ‗Behavioral causes of the
Bullwhip Effect and the observed value of inventory
information‘. Working paper, Department of OPIM, The
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
[5] Kim, J., D. Chatfield, T. Harrison, J. Hayya. 2004. ‗Quantifying the
Bullwhip Effect in a supply chain with stochastic lead time.‘
4. The Bullwhip Effect—Impact of Lead Time, Information Quality, and Information Sharing
93 www.erpublication.org
[6] Working Paper, ―Center of Supply Chain Research‖, Smeal
College of Business, Penn State University,Pennsylvania.
[7] Lee, H., P. Padmanabhan, S. Whang. 1997a. ―The Bullwhip Effect
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