This research investigates the vitality advantages and future capability of using Electrochromic Glazing (ECG) System in sustainable courtyards in residential buildings inside the climatic states of the Amman city at the concept stage.This research considers the applied methodology to improve sustainability of courtyard, considering solar irradiation and buildings energy needs for cooling and heating.The Revit “energy modeling software” programming is utilized to evaluate the energy efficiency, chiefly the decreases in lighting,”heating, ventilating, and air conditioning” (HVAC), for various states and contrast that to the regular glassThe study findings show that adding ECG system to courtyard reduces the energy consumption, therefore the building saves 25 % of the energy in clear state, and when the system is tinted, it saves 57,5% of the energy, this applies to the summer season. While in the case of winter, the ECG system is efficient in energy consumption with heating, the building saves 80% of energy consumption, which reduces the cost. The study concludes that the number of years needed to recover the price of ECG system is 7.8 years which means that the courtyard is a sustainable solution in residential design according to Revit Program and Enterprise Green Communities (EGC) standard
3 d finite element method modeling and simulation of the temperature of cryst...eSAT Journals
Abstract The temperature reached by solar cells/modules during operation has been simulated to have information about the temperature distribution in the solar cell/module. A finite element (FE) model of the solar cell/module was created in COMSOL Multiphysics environment. The simulations enable visualization of the temperature distribution in crystalline silicon solar cell. The effect of different encapsulating materials, Ethylene-vinyl Acetate (EVA) and silicone on cell temperature are also investigated. An unwanted side-effect of the encapsulation of solar cells into a PV module is that the encapsulation alters the heat flow into and out of the PV module, thereby increasing the operating temperature of the PV module. These increases in temperature have a major impact on the PV module by reducing its voltage, thereby lowering the output power. A finite element (FE) model representing a real crystalline silicon solar cell/module in terms of size, mechanical and material properties is created. An in-depth study of the FE software used, COMSOL Multiphysics is done in other to get the best output in terms of solver configuration and memory considerations. Four different geometries of the solar cell/module are created for these simulations; each representing a stage or variant in the solar module assembly. At first, the models are validated comparing results from simulations such as the effect of changes in solar irradiance, wind velocity and incident angle of solar irradiance on temperature with those in literature. The effect of the type of protective cover used in the encapsulation, either glass-glass or glass-Tedlar on cell temperature is analyzed. The thickness of the protective cover layers and its optical properties are also investigated based on their effects on cell/module temperature. All the simulations leading to the conclusions drawn about the cell/module temperature and its distribution were performed by varying wind velocity, irradiance, material sizes and incident angle among other model modifications. The color maps and graphs are presented in this study. Key Words: Modeling, COMSOL Multipysics, Crystalline silicon solar cell/module, FE simulations, Temperature
Pdlc film energy saving reports uniteglassUniteglass
In this study, the building energy reduction and daylight performance improvement effects of
remodeling old buildings using PDLC films were analyzed. The analysis results showed that both
remodeling methods using PDLC films were effective in terms of heating and cooling energy reduction
and daylight performance improvement.
A Comparison and Sustainability Analysis of Solar Thermal ReceiversPratish Rawat
Solar Thermal receivers are major component in applications, such as solar water heater for generating hot water for commercial and domestic purpose, solar space heating, concentrating solar power, or solar assist heating, ventilation and air conditioning. There are evacuated tubes and aerogel based solar receivers. A receiver should ideally absorb and convert incident sunlight into heat. For high efficiency receiver should not loss much heat out of its boundary. However, some radiation and convection heat loss occur in every receiver. In this paper comparative analysis of two type high efficiency receiver, evacuated tube and aerogel receivers has been done based on the parameters like sustainability, effectiveness, efficiency, and life cycle. A mathematical model of each receiver has been developed with other comparison parameter. Upon analysis it could be predict that aerogel receiver more sustainable and overall impact than vacuum or evacuated type receiver. Aerogel receiver also gives flexibility of design, geometry and temperature.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
3 d finite element method modeling and simulation of the temperature of cryst...eSAT Journals
Abstract The temperature reached by solar cells/modules during operation has been simulated to have information about the temperature distribution in the solar cell/module. A finite element (FE) model of the solar cell/module was created in COMSOL Multiphysics environment. The simulations enable visualization of the temperature distribution in crystalline silicon solar cell. The effect of different encapsulating materials, Ethylene-vinyl Acetate (EVA) and silicone on cell temperature are also investigated. An unwanted side-effect of the encapsulation of solar cells into a PV module is that the encapsulation alters the heat flow into and out of the PV module, thereby increasing the operating temperature of the PV module. These increases in temperature have a major impact on the PV module by reducing its voltage, thereby lowering the output power. A finite element (FE) model representing a real crystalline silicon solar cell/module in terms of size, mechanical and material properties is created. An in-depth study of the FE software used, COMSOL Multiphysics is done in other to get the best output in terms of solver configuration and memory considerations. Four different geometries of the solar cell/module are created for these simulations; each representing a stage or variant in the solar module assembly. At first, the models are validated comparing results from simulations such as the effect of changes in solar irradiance, wind velocity and incident angle of solar irradiance on temperature with those in literature. The effect of the type of protective cover used in the encapsulation, either glass-glass or glass-Tedlar on cell temperature is analyzed. The thickness of the protective cover layers and its optical properties are also investigated based on their effects on cell/module temperature. All the simulations leading to the conclusions drawn about the cell/module temperature and its distribution were performed by varying wind velocity, irradiance, material sizes and incident angle among other model modifications. The color maps and graphs are presented in this study. Key Words: Modeling, COMSOL Multipysics, Crystalline silicon solar cell/module, FE simulations, Temperature
Pdlc film energy saving reports uniteglassUniteglass
In this study, the building energy reduction and daylight performance improvement effects of
remodeling old buildings using PDLC films were analyzed. The analysis results showed that both
remodeling methods using PDLC films were effective in terms of heating and cooling energy reduction
and daylight performance improvement.
A Comparison and Sustainability Analysis of Solar Thermal ReceiversPratish Rawat
Solar Thermal receivers are major component in applications, such as solar water heater for generating hot water for commercial and domestic purpose, solar space heating, concentrating solar power, or solar assist heating, ventilation and air conditioning. There are evacuated tubes and aerogel based solar receivers. A receiver should ideally absorb and convert incident sunlight into heat. For high efficiency receiver should not loss much heat out of its boundary. However, some radiation and convection heat loss occur in every receiver. In this paper comparative analysis of two type high efficiency receiver, evacuated tube and aerogel receivers has been done based on the parameters like sustainability, effectiveness, efficiency, and life cycle. A mathematical model of each receiver has been developed with other comparison parameter. Upon analysis it could be predict that aerogel receiver more sustainable and overall impact than vacuum or evacuated type receiver. Aerogel receiver also gives flexibility of design, geometry and temperature.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption cooling system for vehicle air ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present era more & more focus is to be given on energy conservation. Refrigeration & air conditioning is one of the growing field of engineering, the existing system are hampering the environment as they are suffering from various environmental problems such as depletion of ozone layer & global warming due to emission of harmful gases such as HFC’s ,CFC’s & CO2 as they were using traditional refrigerants. Waste heat driven Vapour adsorption cooling system is eco-friendly, efficient, & reliable in nature. But on the other hand this system having lowers COP as compare to existing systems which is Due to the lack of research and advancement in the system. By considering the environmental aspects & need of energy conservation it is necessary to design and developed the VAR’s system which will successfully compete the existing systems. This paper will give the idea about the Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption system of 2KW capacity for vehicle air-conditioning & refrigeration application. The adsorber bed is the heart of the cooling system and it can affect the performance of the system to the greater extent. So that while designing the VAR cooling system more focused is given on design and selection of adsorber bed. This article mainly focused on the various and important design parameters of the vapour adsorption cooling system Such as Adsorber bed design, adsorber and adsorbate mass, design of evaporator & condenser, Coefficient of performance(COP), Specific cooling power (SCP) and the other performance affecting parameters. Keywords: Vapour Adsorption, Design Parameters, Low Grade Thermal Energy, Adsorbate & Adsorbent.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
Even though PV systems have been promoted as a green form of electrification, such systems are still contributing to environmental impacts after considering life-cycle impact during material extraction, manufacturing processes of its components, installation, operation, and maintenance. This paper presents a life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia using monocrystalline silicon PV module. LCA had been carried out by using OpenLCA 1.8 software, Ecoinvent 3.5 database, and impact assessment method of IMPACT2002+ and CED. The influence of varying system capacity from 3 to 12 kWp, system lifetime of 21, 25 and 30 years, and solar irradiation of 1560.8, 1651.8, & 1935.5 kWh/m2/yr, were investigated. The results revealed that the greenhouse gas emissions rate, cumulative energy demand, and energy payback time of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia ranged from 37.97 to 67.26 g CO2-eq/kWh, 4387.10 to 4699.99 MJ/m2, and 6.37 to 7.90 years, respectively. This study also evaluated indicators of energy return on investment. The overall finding implies that the installation of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia offers significant potential for GHG emissions reduction in the country.
Development and Performance of Electro Hydraulic ExcavatorYogeshIJTSRD
The heavy earth moving machineries HEMM like hydraulic excavators play a major role in the construction and mining industries. In an industry of mining and construction, a hydraulic excavator plays a major role in action to perform a carry an heavy load. Employing the technology of automation, an alternative solution is made to replace the manual operation. By addressing the concept of automation in construction, the inevitable usage of embedded is accumulated to introduce in earthmovers. In a mass production or construction site, unplanned work would lead to time consuming and fault. To overcome the major disadvantage of time consuming, so implementation of automation is made on excavators. This could be made workers do other work sequentially with half monitoring the working process of excavator. This also favors the firm or industry to increase the work capability with an adequate number of laborers. K. S Mohan Raj | A Arun Negemiya | C Sangeevi "Development and Performance of Electro-Hydraulic Excavator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44966.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/44966/development-and-performance-of-electrohydraulic-excavator/k-s-mohan-raj
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Internet of Things project to preserve and protect the night time environment and our heritage of dark skies through environmentally responsible smart outdoor lighting. Companion android application was built using MIT App Inventor.
A Life-cycle Cost-benefit Analysis for Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems in Lightw...IEREK Press
There is a widespread consensus that energy efficiency of buildings is an essential component of sustainable developmentand several kinds of renewable energy technologies have been widely used to achieve this sustainable goal. As a rapidly developing country, China’s manufacturing industry still occupies a prominent position, with a large number of industrial buildingsthat are also a crucial part of urban planning. Compared with multi-story and high-rise commercial buildings, large industrial sheds have a much more usable roof area, where rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly used. However, due to the small structural margins of the lightweight steel-structured (LSS) industrial buildings and the large initial investment of the thin-film PV system, few case studies are available for this kind of industrial buildings. In this research, three representative cities in China, with varying levels of solar radiation availability, are selected as typical external design factors. Taking a typical LSS industrial building with an added thin-film rooftop PV system as an example, a life-cycle cost-benefit analysis is conducted from environmental and economic aspects. The results of the analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the rooftop thin-film PV system as a means to increase the energy efficiency of the LSS industrial buildings.
Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption cooling system for vehicle air ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present era more & more focus is to be given on energy conservation. Refrigeration & air conditioning is one of the growing field of engineering, the existing system are hampering the environment as they are suffering from various environmental problems such as depletion of ozone layer & global warming due to emission of harmful gases such as HFC’s ,CFC’s & CO2 as they were using traditional refrigerants. Waste heat driven Vapour adsorption cooling system is eco-friendly, efficient, & reliable in nature. But on the other hand this system having lowers COP as compare to existing systems which is Due to the lack of research and advancement in the system. By considering the environmental aspects & need of energy conservation it is necessary to design and developed the VAR’s system which will successfully compete the existing systems. This paper will give the idea about the Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption system of 2KW capacity for vehicle air-conditioning & refrigeration application. The adsorber bed is the heart of the cooling system and it can affect the performance of the system to the greater extent. So that while designing the VAR cooling system more focused is given on design and selection of adsorber bed. This article mainly focused on the various and important design parameters of the vapour adsorption cooling system Such as Adsorber bed design, adsorber and adsorbate mass, design of evaporator & condenser, Coefficient of performance(COP), Specific cooling power (SCP) and the other performance affecting parameters. Keywords: Vapour Adsorption, Design Parameters, Low Grade Thermal Energy, Adsorbate & Adsorbent.
The present work shows the importance of using thermal insulation for new building walls. To decrease cooling and heating load, so the electric power consumption for air-conditioning equipment drop to more than 50% of that without insulation. The experimental work includes building of two models of (1X1X1) m width, length and height located at (32.5 latitude) kut city, Iraq. The model is set to be each wall faced south, east, north and west direction exactly. The models built from brick (24cm), thermo-stone (20cm) and sandwich panel (5cm). Another type of insulation material were tested and compared with normal brick wall is styropor. The heat gain was calculated for all the above insulations compared with brick model. The results showed that the best model in energy saving is the sandwich panel model with about 70% energy save, while the thermo-stone model gives 33% and outside styropor 54.28%.
Even though PV systems have been promoted as a green form of electrification, such systems are still contributing to environmental impacts after considering life-cycle impact during material extraction, manufacturing processes of its components, installation, operation, and maintenance. This paper presents a life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia using monocrystalline silicon PV module. LCA had been carried out by using OpenLCA 1.8 software, Ecoinvent 3.5 database, and impact assessment method of IMPACT2002+ and CED. The influence of varying system capacity from 3 to 12 kWp, system lifetime of 21, 25 and 30 years, and solar irradiation of 1560.8, 1651.8, & 1935.5 kWh/m2/yr, were investigated. The results revealed that the greenhouse gas emissions rate, cumulative energy demand, and energy payback time of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia ranged from 37.97 to 67.26 g CO2-eq/kWh, 4387.10 to 4699.99 MJ/m2, and 6.37 to 7.90 years, respectively. This study also evaluated indicators of energy return on investment. The overall finding implies that the installation of residential-scale grid-connected PV systems in Malaysia offers significant potential for GHG emissions reduction in the country.
Development and Performance of Electro Hydraulic ExcavatorYogeshIJTSRD
The heavy earth moving machineries HEMM like hydraulic excavators play a major role in the construction and mining industries. In an industry of mining and construction, a hydraulic excavator plays a major role in action to perform a carry an heavy load. Employing the technology of automation, an alternative solution is made to replace the manual operation. By addressing the concept of automation in construction, the inevitable usage of embedded is accumulated to introduce in earthmovers. In a mass production or construction site, unplanned work would lead to time consuming and fault. To overcome the major disadvantage of time consuming, so implementation of automation is made on excavators. This could be made workers do other work sequentially with half monitoring the working process of excavator. This also favors the firm or industry to increase the work capability with an adequate number of laborers. K. S Mohan Raj | A Arun Negemiya | C Sangeevi "Development and Performance of Electro-Hydraulic Excavator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44966.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/44966/development-and-performance-of-electrohydraulic-excavator/k-s-mohan-raj
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Internet of Things project to preserve and protect the night time environment and our heritage of dark skies through environmentally responsible smart outdoor lighting. Companion android application was built using MIT App Inventor.
A Life-cycle Cost-benefit Analysis for Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems in Lightw...IEREK Press
There is a widespread consensus that energy efficiency of buildings is an essential component of sustainable developmentand several kinds of renewable energy technologies have been widely used to achieve this sustainable goal. As a rapidly developing country, China’s manufacturing industry still occupies a prominent position, with a large number of industrial buildingsthat are also a crucial part of urban planning. Compared with multi-story and high-rise commercial buildings, large industrial sheds have a much more usable roof area, where rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly used. However, due to the small structural margins of the lightweight steel-structured (LSS) industrial buildings and the large initial investment of the thin-film PV system, few case studies are available for this kind of industrial buildings. In this research, three representative cities in China, with varying levels of solar radiation availability, are selected as typical external design factors. Taking a typical LSS industrial building with an added thin-film rooftop PV system as an example, a life-cycle cost-benefit analysis is conducted from environmental and economic aspects. The results of the analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the rooftop thin-film PV system as a means to increase the energy efficiency of the LSS industrial buildings.
Performance Analysis of BIPV Prototype System Installed in Greece and Main Af...CrimsonpublishersPRSP
Performance Analysis of BIPV Prototype System Installed in Greece and Main Affecting Parameters by A Peppas*, K Kollias, M Taxiarchou, D Mantelis, Ch Politi and I Paspaliaris in Peer Review Journal of Solar & Photoenergy Systems
Energy simulation & analysis of two residential buildingschirag aggarwal
-> Analysed and compared the energy consumption of a residential building modelled using common building materials and specifications used in Delhi for decades to that of modelled by altering the building envelope and the AC system specifications.
-> Used eQUEST software.
Comparison of Zero Energy Building from Different Climatespaperpublications3
Abstract: A Zero Energy Building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building that consumes its required energy from sources that are renewable with less energy consumption through the use of efficient technologies such that the balance of energy needed can be supplied with renewable technologies. In this paper four samples of existing building in two different climates (temperate and tropic) will be examined to explore the strategic differences of zero energy buildings in these climates.
The paper will analyze the zero energy buildings in terms of climatic differences, the strategies used in each of these climates. Four well documented cases studies from two different regions of the world are studied, in terms of their floor types, window systems, façade design and Passive design orientation. The findings from these case studies will be used to identify the large difference between these buildings.
For those in Colorado Springs, installing window film is top of the mind in spring, since the days of excessive cooling bills are right around the corner. Read more: https://www.greenlightwindowfilms.com/window-film-in-colorado-springs/reduced-energy-cost-in-colorado-springs/
r people here in San Antonio, installing window film is top of the mind in spring, since the days of excessive cooling bills are right around the corner. Read more: https://www.customtintsolutions.com/energysavings/reduced-energy-cost-in-san-antonio/
For those in San Antonio, installing window film is top of the mind in spring, since the days of excessive cooling bills are right around the corner. Read more here:https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/san-antonio-window-film/reduced-energy-cost-in-san-antonio/
Proper ventilation in one of the primary requirements of any domestic or commercial buildings. The conventional method employs usage of air conditioning or air cooling systems which requires high power consumption. The solar driven ventilation systems can be used in buildings which doesn’t require any external power. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving system of passive ventilation along use of phase change material as energy storage system. Passive design of buildings does not use the electrical and mechanical systems in providing comfortable indoor environment. Prem Shankar Sahu | Praveen Kumar | Ajay Singh Paikra "Review on Solar Chimney Ventilation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42427.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42427/review-on-solar-chimney-ventilation/prem-shankar-sahu
Nowadays the concept of Net ZEB is well-known
and widespread in the scientific community. The European
Union has set ambitious targets for 2020 and even more
ambitious for 2050. In order to reduce the domestic GHG
emissions by 80-95%, compared to 1990 levels- till 2050, the
building sector has to do its part and to pass through a deep
restructure. Therefore, it is grown the interest in design and
technical solutions for achieving a zero or nearly zero energy
building. This paper investigate several construction technologies
and system of energy production that can be adopted to build an
“enhanced saving” (parsimonious) building, which can strive for
the objective of NetZEB. Moreover the economic analysis of the
feasibility of the NZEB target has been developed.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
Case of Amman City
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(IJCIET),10(2),pp;
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1. INTRODUCTION
The courtyard dwelling is one of the most imperishable architectural forms, overriding
historical cultural and regional boundaries. Its balance of a straightforward and a simple
appropriate construction, social, environmental control and familial structures keep to engage
architectural historians and architects.Historically, courtyard house has been subjoined to
building for different functions, in the architecture of the Arab world, most dwellings contain
courtyard house and the main function of the courtyard house is its positive thermal effect on
the surrounding living spacesThe courtyard dwelling remains an appropriate form and shape,
not only for Arab and Islamic culture but also for the environmental conditions of
Mediterranean territories. It could offset the requirements of contemporaneous lifestyles, if it
considered and redefined in the socio-economic and new of technological changes.Looking at
the countries past; utilize of passive techniques like the courtyard is prevailing in its
architecture. That methods were needful for keeping agreeable, helpful and convenient
environments through inciting stack impact, particularly in the hotter months. Unfortunately,
with a presentation of air conditioning and the openness to oil, these components gradually
vanished. For the present, they are the topic of vernacular architecture design research of the
national area and consider as the quintessence of sustainability.This examination is a push to
restore or recapture the utilization of courtyard in an advanced setting in a modernistic context,
which was customarily known for its uncommon passive cooling performance, and to advance
vitality powerful structure in Mediterranean climates by inserting a simplified thermal model
utilizing the application of Electrochromic Glazing (ECG) system as an alternative cover to
conventional glazing cover in courtyard within the climate of Jordan using the Revit- energy
modeling software.There are many researches associating courtyard-dwelling form with social
and design theories, focusing on discussions of architectural form and history and associating
courtyard-dwelling form with thermal mass. But there are few researches revive courtyard-
dwelling form with new technology that rises as many questions that need to be answered in
this area, i.e. how can the new technologies revive the courtyard?The exploration utilizes ECG
system inside the climatic conditions of Amman city to prove higher total yearly energy saving
potential for courtyard.
2. METHODOLOGY
To achieve the new courtyard concept the research defines a methodology that divided into two
approaches, which are: The First one is a descriptive approach with an analytical method that
studies the new technologies of the ECG system.The second approach is an empirical one that
supports the main hypothesis of the research this is done through: An evaluation of the energy
benefits that may emerge from introducing ECG system rather than traditional glass over the
courtyard in Amman city buildings.
The vitality advantage of ECG framework is evaluated as far as its capacity to diminish the
general vitality utilization "from building framework, for example, Heating, Ventilating, and
Air Conditioning (HVAC) and electrical lighting on a yearly base through giving controlled
sunshine condition when contrasted with standard coating.
The energy advantage of ECG system is evaluated as far as its capacity to diminish the
general energy consumption "from building system for example, Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) and electrical lighting on a yearly base through giving controlled day
light environment when contrasted with standard glazing.
3. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 876 editor@iaeme.com
The Revit energy modeling software is utilized to assess the energy consumption and energy
performance, fundamentally the reductions in lighting and (HVAC).
2.1. The Elechtrochromic Glazing System
“The ECG system is a new type of technologies called smart window, dynamic glazing or
switchable glazing, it can convert transparency in response to outer changes, and its energy
reduction potential can be achieved through control of daylight, glare and solar heat”,
(Granqvist, et al., 2009) [1].
EC Glass that features a chemical composition that has the ability to change color when a
charge of electricity is applied, allowing a person to control when a window is tinted or
translucent.
This feature allows for optimal day lighting with the option of controlling glare or harsh
direct light, (Wadah, H., 2006) [2], Out of these various types Figure (1), the Electrochromic
windows provide the greatest versatility and thus the greatest potential in energy savings for
window applications, (Mäkitalo,2013)[3]; And out of all the conventional smart glass
technologies, ECG system (Electrochromic glass) is being known as one of the promising ones,
owing to the greatest dynamic control, as it allows heat and light through the glass. With its
unparalleled properties such as fastest switching times and durability, ECG System is expected
to revolutionize the architectural application section occupying the pioneer chunk of market
proceeds by 2020, (Premium market research reports, 2014) [4].
Table (1), displays the Center of Glass (COG) performance levels for ASHRAE 90.1-2007
code specified static glass per climate zone and Sage Glass performance for both clear and
tinted states utilized in the eQuest energy modeling, (the Sage Glass Energy Performance
Modeling report, 2010).
4. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
Case of Amman City
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Table 1: glazing performance per ASHRAE 90.1-2007 and actual Sage Glass characteristics
Type Thickness SHGC U-Value VLT
Sage Glass Double Pane
(Argon)
Clear
6mm
0.48 0.29 62%
Tinted 0.09 0.29 3.5%
Sage Glass Triple Pane
(Argon)
Clear 0.38 0.14 52%
Tinted 0.05 0.14 2.9%
Source: (Sage Glass Energy Performance Modeling, 2010) [5].
2.2. How Electrochromic Glazing (ECG) System Works?
There are several types of ECG systems and there are various ways to achieve the
electrochromic capability; this strategy relies upon transitional metal oxides, a standout
amongst the most widely recognized one and all the more notable is metal oxide EC, for
example, tungsten.
Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is well recognized for its good EC stability and properties, Figure
(2), displays the arrangement which is a five-layer, Tungsten trioxide (WO3) coating
sandwiched between dual glass panes.
“This technology, ECG system, works by passing a low-voltage electric current across a
microscopically-thin coating on the glass surface.
When a voltage is applied to the transparent conductive oxide layers in the device, ions
(lithium and hydrogen) move into the tungsten trioxide layer, the combination of which
produces a blue tint, if the voltage is reversed the ions move back to the counter-electrode and
the window is bleached” (Katanbafnasab and Abu-Hijleh 2013) [6]
.
2.3. The Thesis Case Study and Simulation Process
In this section, the researcher summarizes the results of a simple energy modeling exercise
conducted to assess the impact of Electrochromic glazing (ECG) system might have in the
applications of residential courtyards; by surveying the energy benefits that may emerge from
introducing ECG system rather than regular glass over the courtyard in Aldyrania House, in
Amman city.
Evaluated regarding its capacity to limit the entire vitality utilization from building
frameworks, for example, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, (HVAC) in addition to
5. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 878 editor@iaeme.com
electrical lighting on a yearly premise amid giving controlled sunshine condition when
contrasted with regular coating.
The energy advantage of ECG system will be evaluated regarding its capacity to limit the entire
whole energy consumption from building systems such as Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning, (HVAC)) in addition to electrical lighting on a yearly premise during giving
controlled day light environment when contrasted with regular glazing.
A significant part of integrating ECG system technology into future courtyard dwelling
projects is to create the courtyard more sustainability, by utilizing the Revit simulation
software.
The Revit software is used to evaluate the energy performance, and gauge fundamentally the
decreases in lighting and (HVAC) breaking down the measurements of energy before and after
adding the Electrochromic glazing system, in three states, the first with conventional glazing,
the second by using ECG system in the clear state, the third by using ECG system in the tinted
state
2.4. The Selected Case Study– Aldyrania House Analysis.
Aldyrania house, is a one-story building of an area of 408 m2
with conventional plan, see Figure
(3), and the building has a total window area of 21 % of the facades. See Table (2). The analysis
of the house is done by Revit software, each zone area is represented as an individual zone in
a plan in this analysis, see Figure (4) and Figure (5).
Parameters, such as daylight illuminance and temperature, are calculated on a zone to zone
basis during simulation, see Figure (4); the climate used for the energy usage simulations is
for the Amman area in Jordan.
Figure (3): Aldyrania house exterior by Rivet 2016 source: (researchers, 2017).
Table (2): Basic data of the house Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016.
6. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
Case of Amman City
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Figure 4: Ground Floor Plan with zoning - Aldyrania house
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Figure 5: Detail drawing of the courtyard - Aldyrania house. Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit,
2016
2.5. Data Analysis
This section analyzes the total energy building with ECG system on three cases by using
simulation Revit tool, it consists of three parts, the first part calculates and compares the annual
energy use and cost for the three cases, the second part calculates the life cycle energy use and
cost for the three cases and the third part calculates then compares the heating and cooling loads
use and cost for the three cases.
N
A A
7. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
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2.6. Simulation Tool
Revit programming is an inclusive sustainable device which investigations a building’s design
from concept to detail, and Rivet Analysis gives a decent variety of examination, analysis,
reenactments and simulations of building energy usefulness and functionality which can
enhance performance of an investigation building.
The Revit software was selected for this research as it is widely utilized as an industry standard
when simulating building energy characteristics and indoor climate, Revit works with various
zones inside the building in which the occupant can specify parameters of components.
Significant parameters when implementing ECG system in Revit are the glazing performance
parameters and the periods within which the ECG system can operate.
The ECG system window parameters and performance data are presented in the previous
section, Table (1). It is capable to communicate and analyze with other tools to receive
preferable outcomes within the context of a specific building environment, Revit capabilities
in analyzing Aldyrania house are as follow:
2.7. Building Energy Analysis
The author used energy modeling to assess the potential impact of installing ECG system in a
single-family house and utilized the Revit software to analyze and develop a single-family
house model (Aldyrania house), general characteristics of the model is shown in the previous
section. Total building energy analysis — calculate whole energy of building with ECG system
on three cases of the building which is:
1. In the case of applied conventional glass on the building (normal state).
2. In the case of applied the ECG system on the building (clear state).
3. In the case of applied the ECG system on the building (tinted state).
2.8. Annual Energy Use/Cost
This part calculates and compares the annual energy use and cost for the three cases, (A)
normal, (B) clear, and (c) tinted.
2.8.1The First Case:
the cost of energy used in the building with the conventional glass, see Figure (6) and Figure
(7) =
The price of energy cost per square meter during the year × area of the building
Where …
The price equals 6.289$ as was estimated by Revit, see Figure (6).
The area of Aldyrania house is 408 m2
Thus, the cost of energy used in the building in this case = 6.289$×408m2
= 2565.9$.
8. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
Case of Amman City
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Figure 6: Annual Energy Use/Cost, Case one (conventional glass)
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Figure 7: detail Annual Energy Use/A. fuel (left) – B. electricity (right), Case one (conventional glass
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
2.8.2. The Second Case:
the cost of energy used in the building with the electrochromic glazing ECG system, in the
clear state, Figure (8) and Figure (9) =
The price of energy cost per square meter during the year × area of the building =
Where …
The price equals 5.329$ as was estimated by Revit, see Figure (8).
The area of Aldyrania house is 408 m2
Thus, the cost of energy used in the building in this case = 5.329$×408m2 = 2174.2 $.
9. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
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Figure 8: Annual Energy Use/Cost, Case two (clear state) Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Figure 9: detail Annual Energy Use/A. fuel (left) – B. electricity (right), Case two (clear state)
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
2.8.3. The Third Case:
the cost of energy used in the building with the electrochromic glazing (ECG) system, in the
tinted state, Figure (10) and Figure (11) =
The price of energy cost per square meter during the year × area of the building =
Where …
The price equals 4.194$ as was estimated by Revit, see Figure (10).
The area of Aldyrania house is 408 m2
Thus, the cost of energy used in the building in this case = 4.194$×408m2
= 1711.2 $.
Figure 8: Annual Energy Use/Cost, Case two (clear state) Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
10. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
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Figure 9: detail Annual Energy Use/A. fuel (left) – B. electricity (right), Case two (clear state)
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
The average cost of energy used in the building with the Electrochromic Glazing (ECG)
System= (the second case (clear) cost + the third case (tinted) cost) / 2
= (2174.2 +1711.2)/2=1943$.
To calculate the amount of savings in the bill for the building energy consumption, see Table
(3) =
(Amount of consumption in the case of conventional glass) - (consumption Amount after
application the ECG system) = 2565.9$ -1943$ = 622.9 $.
Table (3): Annual Energy Use Intensity and cost
Site Case
Electricity
(EUI)
Fuel
(EUI)
Total
(EUI)
The cost of
energy ($)
Amman
Conventional glass 109 348 740 2565.9
ECG system - clear
state
93 260 593 2174.2
ECG system-tinted
state
72 253 514 1711.2
* EUI: Energy Use Intensity
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
2.9. Life Cycle Energy Use/ Cost
This part calculates the Life Cycle Energy Use and Cost for the three cases.
To calculate the price of the Electrochromic glass material that is used in the building:
Every one-meter square (m2
) costs 100$. (Lee and DiBartolomeo, 2000).
On the other hand, Life cycle energy use and cost was estimated by Rivet and the results were
summarized in Table (4) that is shown below.
11. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
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Table (4): Life cycle energy use/ cost
Site Case
Life cycle
electricity
use
Life cycle
fuel use
Life cycle
energy cost
Amman
Conventional glass
1,330,619
KWH
4,255,482
MJ
85,658$
ECG system - clear
state
1,131,656
KWH
3,180,714
MJ
72,576$
ECG system-tinted state
884,777
KWH
3,098,505
MJ
57.125$
This means that:
* (Life cycle energy cost of Conventional glazing for 30 years) – (Life cycle energy cost of
ECG (taking average of clear and tinted states) for 30 years) =
=85,658$ - (72,576$+57,125$) / 2 = 85,658$ – 64,850$ = 20,808$
* Thus, the value of energy savings for 30 years = 20,808$
* So, The value of energy savings for one year = 20,808$/30 = 693.6$.
About the price of the ECG system installation it equals:
(The total area where ECG system has been applied, which is the courtyard roof in [m2
]) * (the
price of unit area [$/m2
]
= 54.16 m2
(see Figure 9) * 100 $/m2
(Lee and DiBartolomeo, 2000) = 5416 $
*So, the price of the ECG system installation=5416$
*The number of years needed to recover the price of ECG system= the price of the ECG
*The payback period (Years) equals:
Total system installation cost ($) / the value of energy savings for one year ($/Year)
=5416 ($) / 693.6 ($/Year) =7.8 Years.
So, the system is able to pay back the cost in 7.8 Years which is less that the Enterprise
Green Communities (EGC) standard 8.9 years and proves to be a sustainable system.
3. HEATING AND COOLING LOADS USE/COST
This part calculates and compares the heating and cooling loads use and cost for the three cases.
To calculate the amount of energy that will be used for heating and cooling,
The results graphs (the heating and cooling loads) are based on the back-end DOE-2 whole
building energy simulations run by Autodesk green building studio, these graphs explain how
much energy the building needs in order to heat and cool, and where the energy is used.
3.1. Monthly Heating Load
To calculate the amount of energy that will be used for heating, according to the previous
factors , Figures (12), (13), and (14), show the amount of energy used for heating for the three
cases, it is divided into two parts, upper one shows the heating gain (+) and lower one shows
the heating loss (-).
When the heating gain is equal to the heating loss, the energy consumption is less.
In this study January month will be chosen, because this month will have the lowest
temperature, thus, the heating load will be maximum and, in this condition, it will be feasible
to determine how much ECG system is capable of saving energy consumption, so saving cost.
12. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
Case of Amman City
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To calculate the heating gain of ECG system, the study has to focus on the factors that are
related to glass material properties which will change the gain according to them. The factors
that fulfill this criterion are two: window solar and window conductive, about the other factors
mentioned above they will be unchanged in all states so there will be no effect for them on the
case study of Aldyrania house.
To calculate the amount of energy in January before and after applying the ECG system as
shown in Figures (12), (13), and (14), Where the Window Conductivity (represents
temperature loss) will be with the Window solar (represents heating gain), see Table (5).
In the Figure (12), the amount of energy consumption with heating in January before applying
the ECG system (case one):
Window conductivity (heating loss) - Window solar (heating gain) = Heating load
10000 MJ – 5000 MJ =5000 MJ
Figure 12: Monthly Heating Load according to building factor, Case one (conventional glass)
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Figure (13), the amount of energy consumption with heating in January after applying the
ECG system in clear state (case two):
Window conductivity (heating loss) - Window solar (heating gain) = Heating load
5000 MJ – 4000 MJ = 1000 MJ
13. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
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Figure 13: Monthly Heating Load according to building factor, Case two (clear state)
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Figure (14), the amount of energy consumption with heating in January after applying the
ECG system in tinted state (case three):
Window conductivity (heating loss) - Window solar (heating gain) = Heating load
5000 MJ – 4000 MJ = 1000 MJ
Figure 14: Monthly Heating Load according to building factor, Case three (tinted state)
Month Case
Window
conductivity
(heating loss)
Window solar
(heating gain)
Monthly heating
load
January
Conventional glass 10000 MJ 5000 MJ 5000 MJ
ECG system -
clear state
5000 MJ 4000 MJ 1000 MJ
ECG system-tinted
state
5000 MJ 4000 MJ 1000 MJ
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit,
From the above Table (5). It is obvious that the ECG system is efficient in energy
consumption with heating, as the building needs only to spend 20% of the energy consumption
compared to conventional glass system which means in other words that the building will save
14. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
Case of Amman City
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80% of energy consumption., Therefore, using the ECG system will gain more energy with a
lower cost.
3.2. Monthly Cooling Load
In the cooling mode, In August, because it is the highest month in temperature degree in
Amman city. Heating Gain is one of the most factors that affect the energy consumption for
cooling. So, when the heating gain is bigger, we will need more energy for cooling, see figures
(15), (16), and (17).
Figure 15: Monthly cooling Load according to building factor, Case one (conventional glass) Source:
(researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Figure 16: Monthly cooling Load, Case two (clear state) Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
15. Shireen M. Al-Saleh and Wael W. Al- Azhari
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Figure 17: Monthly cooling Load, Case three (tinted state) Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
Table (6): The cooling load in August before and after applying the ECG system
Month
Case
Window
Solar
Monthly Cooling Load
August
Conventional glass 20000 MJ 20000 MJ
ECG system - clear state 15000 MJ 15000 MJ
ECG system-tinted state 8500 MJ 8500 MJ
Source: (researchers, 2017) by Revit, 2016
The table above (6) shows that, when applying the ECG system, the building will save 25%
of the energy in case clear state, and when the glass in tinted state, it will save 57, 5% of the
energy.
4. CONCLUSION
The researchers have presented an alternative design of courtyard by utilizing ECG System for
the future, what the researcher suggest is the surprising level of flexibility within the armature
of the traditional courtyard form.
The ECG system can provide the designer with more design flexibility and the ability to utilize
more glass in the covering of the courtyard and the ECG systems represent simple and an
elegant solution for the control of heat and light occurrence on the covering of the courtyard.
By applying ECG system as an alternative to regular glazing in the courtyard roof in the
residential house, (Aldyrania) among the climate of Amman city using the Revit energy
modeling software, the findings have illustrated that the predicted energy benefits from
replacing conventional glass with ECG system have the following effects:
Adopting ECG system to conventional courtyard house is enhances it is efficiency of
energy consumption
• Adopting ECG system for cooling in summer season saves 25 % and 57, 5% of
energy consumption, in clear state and tinted state respectively.
• Adopting ECG system is efficient as well in winter, the building saves 80% of
energy consumption, in both clear and tinted states.
16. Reviving Courtyard Concept Using Electrochromic Glazing System in Residential Building - The
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• Adopting ECG system showed that the number of years needed to recoup the price
of ECG system is 7.8 years which means the courtyard is a sustainable idea
according to Enterprise Green Communities (EGC) standard.
• Saving expenses; as the analysis suggests that the amount of annual savings in the
electricity bill for the energy consumption for a whole-house equals 622.9 $/m2
when using the ECG system and this indicates ECG is a competitive system at a
price of approximately 100 $/m2
, within ten years.
• Reducing the annual energy consumption significantly in a residential building
located in Amman city in Jordan as shown by the results.
A sustainability of the courtyard by using ECG System would confirm the central
proposition of this research, thus the courtyard house is a model of low-energy design and is a
unit which creates the essential building blocks for the making of sustainable designs.
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
From the results of this research the researchers recommend the following:
• Using this approach in residential buildings can help the investors to reduce the
costs for the building and energy.
• Suggesting future work to further assess the potential impact of ECG System in
residential applications includes:
➢ Additional modeling for the single apartment scale or/and for urban scale
➢ Additional climates examples in other cities either in Jordan or other countries in
the Middle East.
➢ Compare performance to different orientation or areas of the courtyard.
REFERENCE
[1] Granqvist, C. Lansaker, P. Mlyuka, N. Nik-lasson, G. and Avendano, E. (2009), Progress
in chromogenics: new results for electrochromic and thermochromic materials and devices,
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93(12), 2032-2039.
[2] Wadah, H. (2006), Climatic aspects and their effect on the dimensions of courtyards in
Arab buildings, in Brian Edwards, Magda Sibley, Mohamad Hakmi and Peter Land (eds.),
Courtyard Housing, Past, Present and Future. (PP. 220-241), New York: Taylor and
Francis.
[3] Mäkitalo, J. (2013), Simulating control strategies of electrochromic windows Impacts on
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[4] Smart Glass Market by Technology Application and by Geography - Global Forecast to
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[5] 2020, (Jun 26, 2014), Global Information –Premium Market Research Reports, from-
http://www.giiresearch.com/report/mama257147-global-smart-glass-smart-windows-
market-by.html#TOC. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
[6] Sage Glass report 2010, from http://sageglass.com/. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
[7] Katanbafnasab. M and Abu-Hijleh. B, (2013), Assessment of the Energy Impact of Using
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