Karimunjawa is inhabited by Javanese, Buginese, Maduranese, etcetera. They live
harmoniously in the surrounding not only with the same language but also with
different ones. This article aims at elaborating the interlingual communication and
intercultural discourse, mutual comprehensibility, and language transgenerational
process. Using convenient, snowball, and event sampling techniques, we chose the
respondents -- 12 out of 23 students of the Safinatul Huda Senior and Junior High
school students whose parents are intercultural and the twelve students’ parents. We
used observation, questionnaire, and interview to gather the data. The observation was
used to record the situation when the respondents were communicating each other
using different languages. The questionnaire was used to ask the respondents’
sociolinguistic profiles and multilingual competences, while the interview was used to
confirm the use of different languages and the trans-generational process of language
maintenance. Referential, inferential, and distributional methods were used. The result
shows that intercultural communication implies intercultural discourse and mutual
intelligibility of not only the same codes or languages but also different ones. Children
are exposed to bahasa Indonesia as the first language and language of instruction at
school. This study can support Stevens (2008) proposing mutual comprehensibility
supporting Hocket’s mutual intelligibility.
Language policy emphasizes on mother tongue/first language-based education system with adequate teachers and learning resource materials. The policy of language in Kenya emphasizes on the importance of first language; teachers overlook everyday reality of its usage, and tend to be irrelevant to their needs. The objective was to establish the influence of teacher preparation mother tongue/first language usage as a medium of instruction in rural ECDE centres in Nandi County, Kenya. The study adopted the Interdependence Theory. A descriptive survey research design was used. Target population was 4 Quality Assurance and Standards Officer (QASO), 200 head teachers and 400 teachers from 200 ECDE centres in the county. The sample size was 241 respondents, these were; 4 QASOs, 79 head teachers and 158 pre-school teachers. The study used purposive sampling technique to select seventy nine head teachers and four Sub County QASOs. The study used simple random sampling technique to select 158 teachers from the sampled schools. The instruments for data collection were interviews and questionnaires. Questionnaires were administered to the pre-school teachers, while Sub County Quality assurance officers and head teachers were interviewed. The instruments were piloted in Kericho County that had similar characteristics as the study area. The reliability of research instrument was tested using Cronbanch’s Alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicated that teacher preparedness, teacher attitude, instructional materials and medium of instruction accounted for 55.7% of classroom instruction. Classroom instruction was influenced by teacher’s preparedness. Good teacher preparation enabled them to implement the language policy effectively. The teachers lacked teaching and learning materials on vernacular languages. The study recommended that the government should support in-service training for pre-school teachers on the use of mother tongue/first language as a language of instruction; provide funds for the development and acquisition of L1 resources for teaching that ensures schools comply with the language policy
CULTURAL SNAPSHOT: FOSTERING CROSSCULTURAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH CULTURAL PRO...ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.4, No.4, December 2016
This study examines how a cultural snapshot project impacts Indonesian university students' perceptions of cross-cultural understanding. Through the project, 30 students captured photos depicting cultural phenomena in their environment and wrote reflections. The results showed the project enhanced students' cultural sensitivity and empathy, social tolerance, and understanding of diversity in three ways. First, it increased their awareness of and willingness to understand social issues through interacting with subjects of their photos. Second, it fostered tolerance by exposing students to diverse groups. Third, it highlighted the value of diversity by having students experience different cultural perspectives firsthand. The cultural snapshot project served as an effective intercultural
SAFARA est une revue internationale de langues, littératures et culture publiée chaque année par la Section d'Anglais de l'UFR des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Sénégal.
Azim akhtar decline of urdu &impact on education in upsatyendraurinfo
The document discusses the decline of Urdu language in education in Uttar Pradesh and its impact. It notes that historically both Urdu and Hindi were used as mediums of instruction in schools in the region. However, after independence the government promoted Hindi as the sole official language, neglecting Urdu. This went against the historical dual role of Urdu and Hindi in education. The document outlines how international organizations like UNESCO have emphasized the importance of using a child's mother tongue in early education. However, the Uttar Pradesh government has failed to implement mother tongue education policies and promote the use of Urdu in schools.
The Impact of Culture and Language Sensitive Physics on Concept Attainment ......................................................... 1
Marie Paz E. Morales
The Effect of Explicit and Recast Feedback on the Intermediate EFL Learners’ Listening Self-efficacy ................... 30
Samane Naderi
The Role of Community-Based Information Centers in Development: Lessons for Rural Zimbabwe ..................... 44
Shadreck Ndinde and Webster Kadodo
Influential Factors and Their Correlation on Student Imagination................................................................................ 54
Chao-Tung Liang and Chaoyun Liang
Investigating the Relationship between English Language Anxiety and the Achievement of School based Oral
English Test among Malaysian Form Four Students ....................................................................................................... 67
Lim Hooi Lian and Mardziah Bt Budin
Influencing Tax Compliance in SMEs through the Use of ICTs .................................................................................... 80
Edison Wazoel Lubua (PhD)
Strategic Intervention Material-Based Instruction, Learning Approach and Students‘ Performance in Chemistry
................................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Edwin I. Salviejo, Fidela Q. Aranes and Allen A. Espinosa
The Perceived Influence of Learning Environment on Design Student Imagination ................................................ 124
Ju-Sen Lin and Chaoyun Liang
English background as the predictors for students’ speaking skills in pakistanAlexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between students' English language background and their speaking skills in Pakistan. The study assessed 60 male secondary students' speaking skills using a standardized rubric. It found that students' last English class score and number of years in English medium schools significantly predicted their speaking score. However, attending an English language institute did not significantly impact speaking scores. Most students reported lacking confidence and shyness in speaking English with peers. The study aimed to provide information to help improve English language education in Pakistan.
This document summarizes a research paper about the status of Mewati language in relation to Hindi and Urdu in the Mewat region of India. It examines how social institutions like schools and madrasas contribute to language shift away from Mewati. The document discusses the Three Language Formula policy and how its implementation has pushed minority languages out of schools. While Urdu is taught in madrasas, its association with Muslim identity has also contributed to the decline of the local Mewati language. The document argues that language maintenance of minority languages like Mewati requires inclusion in school curriculums.
Language policy emphasizes on mother tongue/first language-based education system with adequate teachers and learning resource materials. The policy of language in Kenya emphasizes on the importance of first language; teachers overlook everyday reality of its usage, and tend to be irrelevant to their needs. The objective was to establish the influence of teacher preparation mother tongue/first language usage as a medium of instruction in rural ECDE centres in Nandi County, Kenya. The study adopted the Interdependence Theory. A descriptive survey research design was used. Target population was 4 Quality Assurance and Standards Officer (QASO), 200 head teachers and 400 teachers from 200 ECDE centres in the county. The sample size was 241 respondents, these were; 4 QASOs, 79 head teachers and 158 pre-school teachers. The study used purposive sampling technique to select seventy nine head teachers and four Sub County QASOs. The study used simple random sampling technique to select 158 teachers from the sampled schools. The instruments for data collection were interviews and questionnaires. Questionnaires were administered to the pre-school teachers, while Sub County Quality assurance officers and head teachers were interviewed. The instruments were piloted in Kericho County that had similar characteristics as the study area. The reliability of research instrument was tested using Cronbanch’s Alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicated that teacher preparedness, teacher attitude, instructional materials and medium of instruction accounted for 55.7% of classroom instruction. Classroom instruction was influenced by teacher’s preparedness. Good teacher preparation enabled them to implement the language policy effectively. The teachers lacked teaching and learning materials on vernacular languages. The study recommended that the government should support in-service training for pre-school teachers on the use of mother tongue/first language as a language of instruction; provide funds for the development and acquisition of L1 resources for teaching that ensures schools comply with the language policy
CULTURAL SNAPSHOT: FOSTERING CROSSCULTURAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH CULTURAL PRO...ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.4, No.4, December 2016
This study examines how a cultural snapshot project impacts Indonesian university students' perceptions of cross-cultural understanding. Through the project, 30 students captured photos depicting cultural phenomena in their environment and wrote reflections. The results showed the project enhanced students' cultural sensitivity and empathy, social tolerance, and understanding of diversity in three ways. First, it increased their awareness of and willingness to understand social issues through interacting with subjects of their photos. Second, it fostered tolerance by exposing students to diverse groups. Third, it highlighted the value of diversity by having students experience different cultural perspectives firsthand. The cultural snapshot project served as an effective intercultural
SAFARA est une revue internationale de langues, littératures et culture publiée chaque année par la Section d'Anglais de l'UFR des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Sénégal.
Azim akhtar decline of urdu &impact on education in upsatyendraurinfo
The document discusses the decline of Urdu language in education in Uttar Pradesh and its impact. It notes that historically both Urdu and Hindi were used as mediums of instruction in schools in the region. However, after independence the government promoted Hindi as the sole official language, neglecting Urdu. This went against the historical dual role of Urdu and Hindi in education. The document outlines how international organizations like UNESCO have emphasized the importance of using a child's mother tongue in early education. However, the Uttar Pradesh government has failed to implement mother tongue education policies and promote the use of Urdu in schools.
The Impact of Culture and Language Sensitive Physics on Concept Attainment ......................................................... 1
Marie Paz E. Morales
The Effect of Explicit and Recast Feedback on the Intermediate EFL Learners’ Listening Self-efficacy ................... 30
Samane Naderi
The Role of Community-Based Information Centers in Development: Lessons for Rural Zimbabwe ..................... 44
Shadreck Ndinde and Webster Kadodo
Influential Factors and Their Correlation on Student Imagination................................................................................ 54
Chao-Tung Liang and Chaoyun Liang
Investigating the Relationship between English Language Anxiety and the Achievement of School based Oral
English Test among Malaysian Form Four Students ....................................................................................................... 67
Lim Hooi Lian and Mardziah Bt Budin
Influencing Tax Compliance in SMEs through the Use of ICTs .................................................................................... 80
Edison Wazoel Lubua (PhD)
Strategic Intervention Material-Based Instruction, Learning Approach and Students‘ Performance in Chemistry
................................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Edwin I. Salviejo, Fidela Q. Aranes and Allen A. Espinosa
The Perceived Influence of Learning Environment on Design Student Imagination ................................................ 124
Ju-Sen Lin and Chaoyun Liang
English background as the predictors for students’ speaking skills in pakistanAlexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between students' English language background and their speaking skills in Pakistan. The study assessed 60 male secondary students' speaking skills using a standardized rubric. It found that students' last English class score and number of years in English medium schools significantly predicted their speaking score. However, attending an English language institute did not significantly impact speaking scores. Most students reported lacking confidence and shyness in speaking English with peers. The study aimed to provide information to help improve English language education in Pakistan.
This document summarizes a research paper about the status of Mewati language in relation to Hindi and Urdu in the Mewat region of India. It examines how social institutions like schools and madrasas contribute to language shift away from Mewati. The document discusses the Three Language Formula policy and how its implementation has pushed minority languages out of schools. While Urdu is taught in madrasas, its association with Muslim identity has also contributed to the decline of the local Mewati language. The document argues that language maintenance of minority languages like Mewati requires inclusion in school curriculums.
This study sought to determine the potential place of Afrikaans and IsiXhosa as
indigenous languages to promote communication education in South African
Universities. This study examined the approaches and curriculum development of the
use of Afrikaans and IsiXhosa to teach journalism trainees in Rhodes and North-West
Universities. For the purpose of this study, uses and gratification theory was employed
to examine how communication and engineering instructors have adopted Afrikaans
and IsiXhosa to teach and train students in the field of engineering and journalism. The
method adopted for this study was a mixed method approach combining qualitative
content analysis, observation and interviews. Furthermore, a review of previous studies
on the adoption of Afrikaans and IsiXhosa for communication and engineering
education was examined. The result showed that many of communication and
engineering trainers believed that the use of Afrikaans for communication and
engineering education aids socio-cultural development among white South Africans.
From the findings, it was observed that the idea of integrating Afrikaans and IsiXhosa
to teach journalism was premised on promoting local identities. Interestingly, the result
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the importance of the English language for the present and future. It begins by providing background on why English is studied by over 1 billion people worldwide and its importance as a global language. The purpose of the paper is then stated as knowing the importance, applications, and reasons for English being used internationally. The paper goes on to discuss reasons why English is used globally including historical factors from British imperialism, its structured order, and the advanced development of the United Kingdom. It also outlines how English is important now for fields like business, media, and tourism. The conclusion is that English proficiency in Indonesia remains low but is important for jobs and opportunities, and that the role of English will continue growing in Indonesia.
MICROTEACHING TO TRAINING OF TEACHING ABILITY FOR TEACHER CANDIDATE.PDFyos sudarman
This document provides the proceedings from the Fourth International Seminar on Languages and Arts held in Padang, Indonesia from October 23-24, 2015. The seminar focused on promoting local wisdom and enhancing learning related to language, art, and culture. It featured keynote presentations on various topics, including the relationship between language and wellbeing, the status and teaching of Indonesian and other languages, and examples of local wisdom from different regions of Indonesia and other countries in Asia. It also included parallel presentation sessions on additional topics at the intersection of language, art, culture, education and local wisdom. The proceedings provide an overview of the seminar, introductions and summaries of the various presentations, as well as the table of contents organizing the
Inclusive Education: A View of Higher Education In IndiaiBoP Asia
This document summarizes a public lecture given by Prof. Ganesh N. Devy at the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore, India on September 26, 2010. The lecture discussed issues of inclusiveness and access to higher education in India. It noted that despite decades of affirmative action, discrimination and marginalization still exist in Indian society. It argued that loss of indigenous languages and cultural amnesia have denied access to education for many communities. The lecture also highlighted the complex layering of social inequalities in India's caste system that has marginalized the majority of its population.
The planning policy of bilingualism in education in iraqBilal Yaseen
Iraq as a multicultural and multilingual country has different languages as Arabic, which is the dominant language, and
it also has some other minority languages, such as Kurdish, Turkish, Syriac....etc. Over the last 80 years, Iraq which was
involved in some political struggles, had faced many internal problems regarding the Arabic domination that occurred,
and this was owing to the absence of clear language policy used. Children learning in the Iraqi system, for instance,
speak and study all courses in Arabic, while speaking and using their own culture at home tend to be done in their first
language. The minorities’ language usage in Iraq was ignored both inside the schools as well as in the curriculum
construction. So this study focuses on the following issues: the first issue is, What is the strategy of language planning
policy in Iraq? the study discusses the strategy and the planning educational system that Iraq applies now, the second
issue is, What is the status of minority languages in Iraq? Iraq is a multicultural county and has many minorities
communities with different languages, the third issue is, What are the challenges of language in Iraq? as long as there is
different languages within one country the study also focuses on the challenges that been faced in the planning policy
system, and the last issue is, Is there a homogenous relationship during the current policy? How? the study shows the
homogenous relationship inside the current policy and the researches give many suggestions and recommendations
regarding to the current policy and what is needed for improving the educational planning policy system.
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND ISLAMIC STUDIES RESEARCH (AJHISR)
Vol.1, Issue 1, Jul-15 to Dec-15
Abstract:
Languages are tools that connect people globally and help them acquire knowledge. It is a highly critical decision to choose a language or a set of languages for inclusion in curriculum in a manner that would be most productive at personal, community and national level. What we need to see in our next generation has to be ‘sowed the seeds for’ today. Our study present an overview of choices related to languages inclusion in curriculum for Muslim children from the perspective of acquiring local languages, Arabic, English and other international languages. Findings suggest that learning this set comprising of 4 languages is already practiced in different cultures and institutions. However selection of languages to be included in mix needs be carefully considered. Paper also highlights factors that govern influence of a particular language globally or for communities and recommend a set of languages that can be adopted for curriculum with further research.
Advocating for Cultural Empowerment of Bilingual Students: Building Bridges ...NationalSocialScienc
This session discusses advocating for cultural empowerment of bilingual students. It focuses on how cultural wealth and funds of knowledge from diverse cultures, particularly Hawaiian and Hispanic cultures, can be used as an asset to build agency and empowerment. These cultures influence language, literacy, and learning. The presentation explores parallels between Hawaiian and Hispanic cultures in how students use cultural influences to mediate their learning both inside and outside the classroom. It discusses defining bilingual, English language learners, and discusses culturally responsive pedagogical practices to reflect cultural awareness and sensitivity of diverse students. Specific examples of how Hawaiian and Hispanic cultures shape identity and literacy through practices like hula dancing, surfing, cooking, and storytelling are also provided.
1) Culture teaching in foreign language education is important because language and culture are intertwined. Without understanding the cultural contexts and norms of the target language, learners may struggle with intercultural communication.
2) There are several theories and approaches to teaching culture in foreign language education. One influential model proposes teaching foreign language, language awareness, culture awareness, and providing cultural experiences.
3) It is important for learners to develop cultural awareness and cultural schemata in order to properly comprehend and use the target language in appropriate social and cultural contexts. Teaching cultural norms, customs, values and historical backgrounds can help with this.
This document discusses cultural competencies for teachers. It begins by defining culture and explaining how culture affects learning. It emphasizes that teachers should develop an awareness of their own cultural identity as well as an understanding of their students' cultures. The document then outlines four general competencies for teachers regarding culture: developing cultural awareness, providing culturally relevant curriculum and instruction, collaborating with parents and families, and making classroom assessments equitable and valid for all students. It provides details and examples for each competency.
This document summarizes a study on using the social networking site Edmodo in English language classes at a Turkish university. A group of 84 students used Edmodo supplementally, posting assignments and receiving teacher feedback. Surveys found that using Edmodo increased student motivation and participation, and decreased preparation time for teachers. Students reported enjoying using Edmodo because it resembled Facebook and allowed them to study English in a familiar online environment. The study concluded that social networking can be an effective tool for language learning when integrated properly with course curriculum to increase interaction, learner autonomy, and motivation. However, more research is still needed to fully evaluate the benefits of social networking in language classrooms.
This document examines teachers' attitudes toward using students' mother tongue as the language of instruction in lower primary schools in Kenya. It finds that mother tongue is less valued than English, which is seen as important for both instrumental and integrative purposes. While the language policy in Kenya supports using mother tongue for the first three years of primary school, in practice English is often used instead. The document recommends that the government encourage publishing instructional materials in mother tongues and that policymakers reevaluate their position to better promote both the instructional and subject use of students' native languages.
The document summarizes a qualitative research study on the impact of English on the identities of young Malaysian undergraduates from multilingual backgrounds. The study interviewed 20 students from public and private colleges in Selangor, Malaysia, exploring how they perceive English in relation to other languages they speak and how it has influenced their identity development. Key findings included English emerging as the dominant language for many, being viewed as practical but also threatening local languages and identities. The methodology is considered sound and inferences reasonable, but conducting similar studies in other regions of Malaysia could provide more insights into English's roles and impacts.
Multicultural education in a diverse cultural society is one of the important aspects to be addressed in order that it is not viewed as a threat in the current era of education 4.0. This researchaims at examining the implementation of multicultural education in German language learning, especially in the Aufbaustufe A2 course. The samples of this research were second semester students of class A in the Study Program of German Language Educationwith the total of 20 students. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires, interviews and document review. The data of the results of the questionnaire, interviews, and document review were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The results of this research show that students are aware of their existence and also the existence of other students who have different cultural backgrounds. In addition, they respect their own culture even though they are also open to learning and understanding German culture.
Students’ Utilization of Secondary School Libraries in Akinyele Local Governm...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on students' utilization of secondary school libraries in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) School libraries were not effectively utilized by students due to inadequate resources, poor funding, and lack of adequate provision for school library development.
2) Questionnaires were administered to 120 students and 10 librarians across 4 secondary schools to collect data on library usage and resources.
3) Analysis of the data found that most school libraries lacked adequate materials, funding, and services to meet students' information needs.
This document discusses a project called PEM that aimed to promote literacy among Muslim minority children in Thrace, Greece. The project used holistic and interdisciplinary approaches over 17 years, including developing new educational materials, teacher training, and community activities. A key focus was using literature classes to engage students in reading, despite struggles with the Greek language and low expectations. New teaching methods and unit-based lessons using diverse texts aimed to make reading meaningful and develop students' cultural understanding and identities. The document describes the progress of two students who benefited from these inclusive literacy practices.
If you don´t understand, how can you learn? João Soares
A new policy paper, No more excuses: Provide education to all forcibly displaced people, jointly produced by the GEM Report and UNHCR shows the scale of the education needs for refugees and internally displaced children and youth.
The paper calls for countries and their humanitarian and development partners to urgently ensure that those forcibly displaced are included in national education plans and to collect better data to monitor their education status and progress. It reveals new data showing that only 50% of refugee children are in primary school and 25% of refugee adolescents are in secondary school.
Beyond Constructionist thinking - 4 all MA and PHD students Curriculum and In...Magdy Aly
The document discusses past and potential future paradigms in education in light of technological advances. It outlines paradigm shifts from reproductive to productive learning, behaviorism to constructivism, teacher-centered to learner-centered approaches, teaching-centered to learning-centered models, and teaching to learning facilitation. Looking ahead, it argues the current constructivist paradigm will be challenged and institutions should focus on enabling learners to navigate vast information rather than just transmit content. A potential "navigationist" paradigm is proposed where teachers act as guides and learners develop skills to navigate knowledge on their own.
The INTERLINK program provides intensive English language training on US university campuses to prepare international students for academic study. The program focuses on experiential learning through student-centered, needs-based classes with small class sizes of 8-12 students. INTERLINK offers housing assistance, including options for dorms, homestays, and independent housing. All INTERLINK centers are accredited by the Commission on English Language Accreditation.
Language, customs and cultural diversityM S Siddiqui
Celebrate the International Mother Language Day by conducting the events to promote the hearing of all the voices and to display the social cohesion, cultural awareness, and tolerance. Encourage others to learn about the history of their mother language and the benefits of using more than one language.
multilingual education in India:Language Barriers and Tribal Education: A Com...Bhaskar Reddy
India, a country renowned for its rich linguistic diversity—it has 22 official languages in addition to a plethora of regional and local dialects—faces a significant language barrier in the academic domain. This difficulty has significant effects on the educational paths of its varied students and connects strongly beyond national, tribal, and regional contexts. In the middle of this linguistic maze, the Indian government launched an innovative program called Multilingual Education that is intended especially for tribal groups across the country. The goal of this comprehensive study is to identify the fundamental linguistic problems that Indian tribal children encounter in the ever-changing context of multilingual education. The present study will be conceptual in nature. The study is based on analysing reviews available in online domains, such as; Journals, papers, articles, research reports, book chapters,websites, and other related secondary sources. Many Research had demonstrated that a crucial element in raising the educational attainment of students of minority is an education that starts in the mother tongue and develops proficiency in the second language before using it as the medium of instruction. This minimizes the linguistic and cultural barriers that students must overcome when they enter school. Beside that this exploration will help the educational policy makers and curriculum planers to make effective policy and curriculum by integrating tribal culture, language and values.
Keywords: Challenges in Tribal Education, Multilingual Education, Language Problems, Tribal Students, Tribal Education.
Some of the challenges of linguistic diversity discussed in this paper are:
Linguistic discrimination and marginalization: The paper argues that linguistic diversity is
often seen as a problem or a threat by dominant groups, and that linguistic minorities face
various forms of discrimination and marginalization in education, employment, media, and
public services.
Linguistic endangerment and loss: The paper warns that linguistic diversity is under threat
from the forces of globalization, urbanization, and assimilation, and that many languages are
endangered or extinct due to lack of support, recognition, and transmission.
Linguistic conflict and violence: The paper examines how linguistic diversity can be a source
of conflict and violence in multilingual societies, especially when language is linked to
ethnic, religious, or political identities and interests, and when linguistic rights are violated or
denied.
Linguistic complexity and communication: The paper acknowledges that linguistic diversity
poses challenges for communication and understanding across linguistic boundaries, and that
it requires linguistic competence, awareness, and sensitivity to deal with linguistic
complexity and diversity.
Linguistic diversity is the variety of languages spoken by different groups of people. It
reflects the rich and complex cultural heritage.
This study sought to determine the potential place of Afrikaans and IsiXhosa as
indigenous languages to promote communication education in South African
Universities. This study examined the approaches and curriculum development of the
use of Afrikaans and IsiXhosa to teach journalism trainees in Rhodes and North-West
Universities. For the purpose of this study, uses and gratification theory was employed
to examine how communication and engineering instructors have adopted Afrikaans
and IsiXhosa to teach and train students in the field of engineering and journalism. The
method adopted for this study was a mixed method approach combining qualitative
content analysis, observation and interviews. Furthermore, a review of previous studies
on the adoption of Afrikaans and IsiXhosa for communication and engineering
education was examined. The result showed that many of communication and
engineering trainers believed that the use of Afrikaans for communication and
engineering education aids socio-cultural development among white South Africans.
From the findings, it was observed that the idea of integrating Afrikaans and IsiXhosa
to teach journalism was premised on promoting local identities. Interestingly, the result
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses the importance of the English language for the present and future. It begins by providing background on why English is studied by over 1 billion people worldwide and its importance as a global language. The purpose of the paper is then stated as knowing the importance, applications, and reasons for English being used internationally. The paper goes on to discuss reasons why English is used globally including historical factors from British imperialism, its structured order, and the advanced development of the United Kingdom. It also outlines how English is important now for fields like business, media, and tourism. The conclusion is that English proficiency in Indonesia remains low but is important for jobs and opportunities, and that the role of English will continue growing in Indonesia.
MICROTEACHING TO TRAINING OF TEACHING ABILITY FOR TEACHER CANDIDATE.PDFyos sudarman
This document provides the proceedings from the Fourth International Seminar on Languages and Arts held in Padang, Indonesia from October 23-24, 2015. The seminar focused on promoting local wisdom and enhancing learning related to language, art, and culture. It featured keynote presentations on various topics, including the relationship between language and wellbeing, the status and teaching of Indonesian and other languages, and examples of local wisdom from different regions of Indonesia and other countries in Asia. It also included parallel presentation sessions on additional topics at the intersection of language, art, culture, education and local wisdom. The proceedings provide an overview of the seminar, introductions and summaries of the various presentations, as well as the table of contents organizing the
Inclusive Education: A View of Higher Education In IndiaiBoP Asia
This document summarizes a public lecture given by Prof. Ganesh N. Devy at the National Institute of Advanced Studies in Bangalore, India on September 26, 2010. The lecture discussed issues of inclusiveness and access to higher education in India. It noted that despite decades of affirmative action, discrimination and marginalization still exist in Indian society. It argued that loss of indigenous languages and cultural amnesia have denied access to education for many communities. The lecture also highlighted the complex layering of social inequalities in India's caste system that has marginalized the majority of its population.
The planning policy of bilingualism in education in iraqBilal Yaseen
Iraq as a multicultural and multilingual country has different languages as Arabic, which is the dominant language, and
it also has some other minority languages, such as Kurdish, Turkish, Syriac....etc. Over the last 80 years, Iraq which was
involved in some political struggles, had faced many internal problems regarding the Arabic domination that occurred,
and this was owing to the absence of clear language policy used. Children learning in the Iraqi system, for instance,
speak and study all courses in Arabic, while speaking and using their own culture at home tend to be done in their first
language. The minorities’ language usage in Iraq was ignored both inside the schools as well as in the curriculum
construction. So this study focuses on the following issues: the first issue is, What is the strategy of language planning
policy in Iraq? the study discusses the strategy and the planning educational system that Iraq applies now, the second
issue is, What is the status of minority languages in Iraq? Iraq is a multicultural county and has many minorities
communities with different languages, the third issue is, What are the challenges of language in Iraq? as long as there is
different languages within one country the study also focuses on the challenges that been faced in the planning policy
system, and the last issue is, Is there a homogenous relationship during the current policy? How? the study shows the
homogenous relationship inside the current policy and the researches give many suggestions and recommendations
regarding to the current policy and what is needed for improving the educational planning policy system.
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND ISLAMIC STUDIES RESEARCH (AJHISR)
Vol.1, Issue 1, Jul-15 to Dec-15
Abstract:
Languages are tools that connect people globally and help them acquire knowledge. It is a highly critical decision to choose a language or a set of languages for inclusion in curriculum in a manner that would be most productive at personal, community and national level. What we need to see in our next generation has to be ‘sowed the seeds for’ today. Our study present an overview of choices related to languages inclusion in curriculum for Muslim children from the perspective of acquiring local languages, Arabic, English and other international languages. Findings suggest that learning this set comprising of 4 languages is already practiced in different cultures and institutions. However selection of languages to be included in mix needs be carefully considered. Paper also highlights factors that govern influence of a particular language globally or for communities and recommend a set of languages that can be adopted for curriculum with further research.
Advocating for Cultural Empowerment of Bilingual Students: Building Bridges ...NationalSocialScienc
This session discusses advocating for cultural empowerment of bilingual students. It focuses on how cultural wealth and funds of knowledge from diverse cultures, particularly Hawaiian and Hispanic cultures, can be used as an asset to build agency and empowerment. These cultures influence language, literacy, and learning. The presentation explores parallels between Hawaiian and Hispanic cultures in how students use cultural influences to mediate their learning both inside and outside the classroom. It discusses defining bilingual, English language learners, and discusses culturally responsive pedagogical practices to reflect cultural awareness and sensitivity of diverse students. Specific examples of how Hawaiian and Hispanic cultures shape identity and literacy through practices like hula dancing, surfing, cooking, and storytelling are also provided.
1) Culture teaching in foreign language education is important because language and culture are intertwined. Without understanding the cultural contexts and norms of the target language, learners may struggle with intercultural communication.
2) There are several theories and approaches to teaching culture in foreign language education. One influential model proposes teaching foreign language, language awareness, culture awareness, and providing cultural experiences.
3) It is important for learners to develop cultural awareness and cultural schemata in order to properly comprehend and use the target language in appropriate social and cultural contexts. Teaching cultural norms, customs, values and historical backgrounds can help with this.
This document discusses cultural competencies for teachers. It begins by defining culture and explaining how culture affects learning. It emphasizes that teachers should develop an awareness of their own cultural identity as well as an understanding of their students' cultures. The document then outlines four general competencies for teachers regarding culture: developing cultural awareness, providing culturally relevant curriculum and instruction, collaborating with parents and families, and making classroom assessments equitable and valid for all students. It provides details and examples for each competency.
This document summarizes a study on using the social networking site Edmodo in English language classes at a Turkish university. A group of 84 students used Edmodo supplementally, posting assignments and receiving teacher feedback. Surveys found that using Edmodo increased student motivation and participation, and decreased preparation time for teachers. Students reported enjoying using Edmodo because it resembled Facebook and allowed them to study English in a familiar online environment. The study concluded that social networking can be an effective tool for language learning when integrated properly with course curriculum to increase interaction, learner autonomy, and motivation. However, more research is still needed to fully evaluate the benefits of social networking in language classrooms.
This document examines teachers' attitudes toward using students' mother tongue as the language of instruction in lower primary schools in Kenya. It finds that mother tongue is less valued than English, which is seen as important for both instrumental and integrative purposes. While the language policy in Kenya supports using mother tongue for the first three years of primary school, in practice English is often used instead. The document recommends that the government encourage publishing instructional materials in mother tongues and that policymakers reevaluate their position to better promote both the instructional and subject use of students' native languages.
The document summarizes a qualitative research study on the impact of English on the identities of young Malaysian undergraduates from multilingual backgrounds. The study interviewed 20 students from public and private colleges in Selangor, Malaysia, exploring how they perceive English in relation to other languages they speak and how it has influenced their identity development. Key findings included English emerging as the dominant language for many, being viewed as practical but also threatening local languages and identities. The methodology is considered sound and inferences reasonable, but conducting similar studies in other regions of Malaysia could provide more insights into English's roles and impacts.
Multicultural education in a diverse cultural society is one of the important aspects to be addressed in order that it is not viewed as a threat in the current era of education 4.0. This researchaims at examining the implementation of multicultural education in German language learning, especially in the Aufbaustufe A2 course. The samples of this research were second semester students of class A in the Study Program of German Language Educationwith the total of 20 students. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires, interviews and document review. The data of the results of the questionnaire, interviews, and document review were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The results of this research show that students are aware of their existence and also the existence of other students who have different cultural backgrounds. In addition, they respect their own culture even though they are also open to learning and understanding German culture.
Students’ Utilization of Secondary School Libraries in Akinyele Local Governm...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on students' utilization of secondary school libraries in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) School libraries were not effectively utilized by students due to inadequate resources, poor funding, and lack of adequate provision for school library development.
2) Questionnaires were administered to 120 students and 10 librarians across 4 secondary schools to collect data on library usage and resources.
3) Analysis of the data found that most school libraries lacked adequate materials, funding, and services to meet students' information needs.
This document discusses a project called PEM that aimed to promote literacy among Muslim minority children in Thrace, Greece. The project used holistic and interdisciplinary approaches over 17 years, including developing new educational materials, teacher training, and community activities. A key focus was using literature classes to engage students in reading, despite struggles with the Greek language and low expectations. New teaching methods and unit-based lessons using diverse texts aimed to make reading meaningful and develop students' cultural understanding and identities. The document describes the progress of two students who benefited from these inclusive literacy practices.
If you don´t understand, how can you learn? João Soares
A new policy paper, No more excuses: Provide education to all forcibly displaced people, jointly produced by the GEM Report and UNHCR shows the scale of the education needs for refugees and internally displaced children and youth.
The paper calls for countries and their humanitarian and development partners to urgently ensure that those forcibly displaced are included in national education plans and to collect better data to monitor their education status and progress. It reveals new data showing that only 50% of refugee children are in primary school and 25% of refugee adolescents are in secondary school.
Beyond Constructionist thinking - 4 all MA and PHD students Curriculum and In...Magdy Aly
The document discusses past and potential future paradigms in education in light of technological advances. It outlines paradigm shifts from reproductive to productive learning, behaviorism to constructivism, teacher-centered to learner-centered approaches, teaching-centered to learning-centered models, and teaching to learning facilitation. Looking ahead, it argues the current constructivist paradigm will be challenged and institutions should focus on enabling learners to navigate vast information rather than just transmit content. A potential "navigationist" paradigm is proposed where teachers act as guides and learners develop skills to navigate knowledge on their own.
The INTERLINK program provides intensive English language training on US university campuses to prepare international students for academic study. The program focuses on experiential learning through student-centered, needs-based classes with small class sizes of 8-12 students. INTERLINK offers housing assistance, including options for dorms, homestays, and independent housing. All INTERLINK centers are accredited by the Commission on English Language Accreditation.
Language, customs and cultural diversityM S Siddiqui
Celebrate the International Mother Language Day by conducting the events to promote the hearing of all the voices and to display the social cohesion, cultural awareness, and tolerance. Encourage others to learn about the history of their mother language and the benefits of using more than one language.
multilingual education in India:Language Barriers and Tribal Education: A Com...Bhaskar Reddy
India, a country renowned for its rich linguistic diversity—it has 22 official languages in addition to a plethora of regional and local dialects—faces a significant language barrier in the academic domain. This difficulty has significant effects on the educational paths of its varied students and connects strongly beyond national, tribal, and regional contexts. In the middle of this linguistic maze, the Indian government launched an innovative program called Multilingual Education that is intended especially for tribal groups across the country. The goal of this comprehensive study is to identify the fundamental linguistic problems that Indian tribal children encounter in the ever-changing context of multilingual education. The present study will be conceptual in nature. The study is based on analysing reviews available in online domains, such as; Journals, papers, articles, research reports, book chapters,websites, and other related secondary sources. Many Research had demonstrated that a crucial element in raising the educational attainment of students of minority is an education that starts in the mother tongue and develops proficiency in the second language before using it as the medium of instruction. This minimizes the linguistic and cultural barriers that students must overcome when they enter school. Beside that this exploration will help the educational policy makers and curriculum planers to make effective policy and curriculum by integrating tribal culture, language and values.
Keywords: Challenges in Tribal Education, Multilingual Education, Language Problems, Tribal Students, Tribal Education.
Some of the challenges of linguistic diversity discussed in this paper are:
Linguistic discrimination and marginalization: The paper argues that linguistic diversity is
often seen as a problem or a threat by dominant groups, and that linguistic minorities face
various forms of discrimination and marginalization in education, employment, media, and
public services.
Linguistic endangerment and loss: The paper warns that linguistic diversity is under threat
from the forces of globalization, urbanization, and assimilation, and that many languages are
endangered or extinct due to lack of support, recognition, and transmission.
Linguistic conflict and violence: The paper examines how linguistic diversity can be a source
of conflict and violence in multilingual societies, especially when language is linked to
ethnic, religious, or political identities and interests, and when linguistic rights are violated or
denied.
Linguistic complexity and communication: The paper acknowledges that linguistic diversity
poses challenges for communication and understanding across linguistic boundaries, and that
it requires linguistic competence, awareness, and sensitivity to deal with linguistic
complexity and diversity.
Linguistic diversity is the variety of languages spoken by different groups of people. It
reflects the rich and complex cultural heritage.
This document is an undergraduate thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Teacher Education at Surigao del Sur State University in Tandag City, Philippines. The thesis examines the narratology of oral literatures of the Manuvos tribe in San Miguel, Surigao del Sur. It aims to identify prevalent genres of oral traditions among the Manuvos, translate these oral works into English, and explore how the Manuvos preserve their oral culture. The theoretical framework draws from Rene Girard's mimetic theory to analyze how the oral traditions are imitated and relate to the Manuvos' desires and culture.
This undergraduate thesis examines the oral literatures of the Manuvo tribe in San Miguel, Surigao del Sur. The study aims to identify prevalent genres of oral traditions among the Manuvo people, including themes, symbols, and plot structures. The researchers will translate sample oral literatures into English and analyze how the stories reflect Manuvo language and culture. They also seek to understand how the Manuvo preserve and transmit their oral traditions intergenerationally. The study is grounded in mimetic theory to explore how Manuvo oral traditions may have developed through imitation and the communication of desires.
Bilingualism in Malaysia, Brunei & SingaporeGurmin Hans
This document discusses bilingualism policies and realities in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. It provides overviews of the linguistic situations and education policies in each country. Malaysia promotes Bahasa Malaysia and English, with Chinese and Tamil schools using those languages. Singapore has four official languages and promotes English in schools. Brunei adopted a bilingual policy in 1985 emphasizing both Malay and English in education. The document discusses implications for each country and debates the advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism. It concludes that education reforms must be justifiable within national policies.
Lexical items in mandingo (dissertation) (repaired) new1Mel bliss
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on the lexical items of the Mandingo language. It discusses the Mandingo people and their language, stating that while Mandingo has significantly impacted the region, little research has been conducted on its lexicon. The document outlines the objectives, hypothesis, motivation, scope, sources of data/methodology, limitations, and provides historical background on the Mandingo people and their language. It also describes Mandingo society, orthography, vowels, consonants, and diphthongs.
Lexical items in mandingo (dissertation) (repaired)Mel bliss
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on the lexical items of the Mandingo language. It discusses the Mandingo people and their migration to Sierra Leone between 1840-1900. It also outlines the objectives and hypothesis of the study, which is to analyze and classify the nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs that make up the Mandingo lexicon. The chapter then discusses the sources of data collection, which include interviews with L1 Mandingo speakers, as well as textbooks and published materials. It acknowledges limitations such as difficulty communicating technical linguistic concepts to non-educated interviewees. Finally, it provides historical context on the Mandingo and an overview of their culture, religious practices, and the phonology of
MOTHER TONGUE BASED EDUCATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN BANGLADESHdipankar mondal
The document discusses mother tongue-based education for indigenous peoples. It notes that educating children in their native language helps them engage better in school and develop thinking skills. The document then provides examples of indigenous populations in countries like India, Philippines, and Bangladesh who face barriers to education related to lack of access to schools, poor quality education, and social stigma. It advocates for respecting indigenous cultures and providing a strong educational foundation in the children's mother tongue.
Multilingual education - a necessity to transform education.Christina Parmionova
This document provides information about an upcoming event organized by UNESCO on International Mother Language Day to discuss multilingual education. The event will explore how multilingual education can transform education systems by making them more inclusive, equitable and of higher quality. It will address the challenges of implementing multilingual education, as well as how it can support learning in crisis contexts like for refugees and endangered languages. The full-day event will include panels on these topics from experts and education officials, with the goal of promoting multilingual approaches to education.
this is my dissertation presented to the Language Studies Department Linguistic Unit, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone. Melvin Bunton Nicol
How Can ESL/EFL Teacher Education Improve the Education Quality of, and Trans...Iwan Syahril
The quality of teachers cannot exceed the quality of their teacher education programs and their teacher educators! We should start from teacher education when we want to improve teacher and teaching quality. In the International Conference on Language and Language Teaching 2018, I propose the idea of interdisciplinary teacher education initiated by Second/Foreign Language Teacher Education. With its strong emphasis on English language mastery and the recent development in multiliteracies and Content and Language Integrated Learning, L2/EFL Teacher Education can be the pioneers for interdisciplinary teacher education especially in developing nations. Teachers in this program can have the qualifications to teach not only English, but also other subjects such as science, social studies, math, arts, or technology, etc. Teachers educated in an interdisciplinary way will much more likely to have the capacity to think and teach in an interdisciplinary way too. It is what we need for the 21st century society. Education and educators must rise with the occasion!
Papua New Guinea has undergone significant education reforms in an attempt to develop a system that preserves local culture and languages while promoting national identity. The current reform, Outcomes-Based Education implemented in 1994, aims to make instruction more culturally relevant by initially teaching in local languages and incorporating local skills. However, the reform lacks concrete guidance, leaving teachers to design curricula. This poses challenges for teaching English, as students' language proficiency does not match expectations. Additionally, inconsistencies in the reform's implementation undermine its goals of maintaining linguistic diversity. Teachers are advised to bring English grammar resources to help students learn effectively.
Oluwadolanimi Zoe Tope-Banjoko is from two different cultural backgrounds, having been raised in Nigeria where she spent her early years. Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups and 521 languages, exposing her to a multicultural upbringing. She has three siblings, with two older sisters pursuing law and psychology careers after studying abroad in the UK and US. Oluwadolanimi herself attended preschool in Nigeria before changing schools and is now a sociology student sharing her life journey of navigating multiple cultures.
Ethnomathematics and Culturally relevant mathematics Education Vishwanath Foundation
The document discusses culturally relevant mathematics education for indigenous peoples in the Philippines. It describes how over 20 education initiatives have aimed to provide indigenous youth with education rooted in their own cultures. Two questions are raised: how is culturally relevant math education implemented, and what challenges do teachers face in making lessons relevant? Several examples are described, including the Pamana Ka school that researches indigenous practices and validates lessons with elders. The conclusion advocates for training more teachers in ethnomathematics to help advance culturally grounded math education for indigenous students.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the extent to which principles of intercultural language learning (IcLL) have been integrated into English as a second language (ESL) classrooms in the Philippines. The study surveyed 40 language teachers from two universities about their use of IcLL principles. Results showed that teachers perceived the principles of active construction and social interaction were integrated to a very high extent, while principles of making connections, reflection, and responsibility were perceived to be integrated to a high extent. Common classroom activities used were discussions, lectures, writing tasks, oral reports, role plays, and collaborative learning.
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Lexical items in mandingo (dissertation) new1Mel bliss
The document provides background information on the Mandingo language and people. It discusses how Mandingo is spoken widely in West Africa but is a minority language in Sierra Leone. It then outlines the objectives, hypothesis, motivation and scope of the research being conducted, which focuses on analyzing lexical items in Mandingo such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The document also provides historical context on the Mandingo people and their migration to Sierra Leone, in addition to describing their culture, religion, and way of life. Finally, it examines the sound system of the Mandingo language.
Teaching Urhobo as a Second Language through Poetry to Pupils in the Immediat...Premier Publishers
The Urhobo people who are found in the southern part of Nigeria have nurtured and promoted other languages and left their own language to perish. Urhobo has done this to the extent that even in Urhoboland, a great number of Urhobo people do not understand the language, and even if they do understand it, they are not able to speak it because it had not been their practice to respond in Urhobo language when they are spoken to or to speak it to people. As the Proprietors of this language realise that the language is being lost, there is a bid to resuscitate it. How can this be done since the Urhobo language has gradually lost its status of first language? In this work, the possibility of teaching Urhobo as a second language was discussed. Various methods of second language teaching were examined. The nature of poetry was also discussed and the means of teaching Urhobo through poetry was examined. The method of research applied was eclectic and it was based on the Theory of Naturalism.
Effects of Language of the Catchment Area in Learning Kiswahiliresearchinventy
Kiswahili one of the compulsory subjects that is nationally examined but there has been complaints about poor performance in schools. This paper is a report of a study carried out in 2012 in Kapseret Division of Uasin Gishu County. The study assessed the effects of the language of the catchment area in learning Kiswahili. The study was guided by sociocultural theory (SCT) and was descriptive in nature. Simple random sampling was used to select 15 out of 50 schools in Kapseret Division, it was also used to select 20 %(750) of standard six pupils from each of the selected schools. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 upper primary Kiswahili teachers; one class six Kiswahili teacher and a Kiswahili panel head from the selected schools. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists. It was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques such as percentages and frequencies. The investigation found out Nandi was the language of the catchment area but Kiswahili was used in communication because of different ethnic communities. Kiswahili be used in schools, parents be sensitized to have a positive attitude towards Kiswahili hence changing the learners attitude.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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addition, its richness can attract visitors to enjoy the fish not only for family consumption but
also for family income.
To get more family income in Karimunjawa happened not only at present but also in the
past when fishermen coming from Borneo, Celebes and other regions, migrating to
Karimunjawa. In Karimunjawa, in the beginning of their settlement, they interacted with local
people, Javanese people residing years there; they blended with them to be a part of
Karimunjawa community. The migration happened in the XV century (Kesuma, 2004). They
migrated then settled in Karimunjawa to build a new life by marrying the local people of
Karimunjawa. Year by year, they have had children and grandchildren, that this becomes the
background why Karimunjawa becomes a place for more various plurilingual society.
In Indonesia, plurilingual communities exist everywhere because they have at least two
different languages in their communication. Sometimes, they communicate using bahasa
Indonesia and local languages interchangeably at the same time. When someone, for example,
uses Javanese talking to his/her friend, but his/her friend answers in bahasa Indonesia.
Alternatively, they switch or mix their languages. However, what happens in Karimunjawa is
a bit different from what happens in other areas in Indonesia. The difference is in the number
of the languages and the language origins. In terms of their number, languages in Karimunjawa
can be identified as Javanese, Buginese, Maduranese, Bau-baunese, Bajonese, for instance; in
terms of their origins, the main languages used mostly came from Borneo, Celebes including
Wakatobi, and Madura beside Javanese as the primary language of Karimunjawa as a part of
Central Java.
Javanese as the biggest local language having the biggest number of speakers in Indonesia
shows its strength in Karimunjawa as one of the sub-districts of Jepara regency consisting of
27 islands located in the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. Javanese is competing with
migrant languages coming from Borneo and Celebes like Buginese, Bau-baunese,
Wakatobenese, which is automatically competing with bahasa Indonesia as the national
language and language of instruction. In this case, does Javanese decrease its strength?
Karimunjawa is now resided by 4861 people of different ethnic groups among other things
Javanese, Buginese, Bajonese, Mandarese, Wakatobinese, Butonese. The ethnic groups inhabit
only five out of twenty-seven islands namely, Karimunjawa, Kemujan, Nyamuk, Parang,
Genting spreading in Java Sea. The ethnic groups originally came from different regions of
Borneo and Celebes and migrated to Karimunjawa for different reasons. This indicates that in
Karimunjawa there are Javanese, the biggest language, and other languages with different
numbers of the speakers.
In the beginning of their settlement in Karimunjawa, they used their home local languages.
However, they become familiar with Javanese, and now they even use Javanese in their
conversations among family members and even outside home. Beside Javanese, Buginese is
the strongest. Both languages, Javanese and Buginese are learned by their children.
From the title, there are two highlights namely Karimunjawa and plurilingualism.
Karimunjawa has been studied by other scholars like Suliyati (2016) investigating
Karimunjawa from the inter-ethnic pattern of communication by showing several families
using different languages. Rochwulaningsih et. al (2014) studied Karimunjawa from central-
peripheral relationships between Karimunjawa island as the centre while Kemujan, Nyamuk,
Genting, and Parang islands as the periphery in terms of the relationship patterns studied from
social-political, and geographical location focusing on the political and economic domination.
Rochwulaningsih (2015) also studied Parang island from how social and cultural values
affected what happened in Parang island related to educational values due to inconsistency of
the supporting educational resources such as teachers due to natural problems hindering
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teachers from going to Parang Island. The lack of teachers can trigger the awareness of Parang
community to have self-reliance to fulfill their needs. This current study has a different focus
from those studies. This current study focuses on mutual intelligibility of different languages
namely Javanese, bahasa Indonesia, and migrant languages consisting of those languages
brought by their ancestors to Karimunjawa from Borneo, Celebes, or other islands in Indonesia.
Besides, this study focuses on their policy in choosing language due to various languages found
in their environment and the intercultural families’ policy in exposing languages to children
for maintaining purposes.
Plurilingualism can be seen as a characteristic of Karimunjawa due to various ethnic groups
living in the district. We can find not only Javanese but also Maduranese, Mandarese,
Buginese, Wakatobinese, Bau-baunese, Bajonese. Plurilingualism has been studied by other
scholars in other countries such as Voipio-Huovinen and Maisa Martin (2012) investigating
the teachers’ perception toward the immigrant students’ plurilingualism. The result of the study
shows that the teachers were confused with the immigrant students’ plurilinguality indicating
ability to speak different languages. The confusion is triggered by the government policy
stating that Finnish is the mandatory language which does not accommodate other languages
at schools. Another study was done by Meyer, Gekeler, Manger, and Urank (2013)
investigating the teachers’ perceptions on the students’ plurilinguality and multilinguality in
European schools. Plurilingualism studied in this current research is what happened in
Karimunjawa, Indonesia, where the communities are mostly fishermen originally from Borneo
and Celebes islands, migrating to Karimunjawa approximately in the 15th century.
To study Karimunjawa, I focused on the societies living in Kemujan, Karimunjawa, and
Nyamuk islands due to their availability of the data. Parang and Genting have not been explored
yet due to time limitation and uniformity of the data based on the information gathered. Since
the biggest population inhabit Kemujan and Karimunjawa, the study focuses on Kemujan and
Karimunjawa, while the study in Nyamuk is only for confirmation. This study focuses on the
intercultural communication, interactional discourse, and children’s language competence, and
language transgenerational process.
Discussing plurilingualism, we have to discuss multilingualism. Plurilingualism is
distinguished from multilingualism (Rosello, 2012). According to Council of Europe (2001) in
Otwinowska-Kasztelanic (2012:38), plurilingualism refers to someone’s ability to
communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds, while multilingualism refers to
knowledge of different languages of people as a social group. This implies that plurilingual
people will be automatically multilingual and pluricultural in the sense that they understand the
cultural values represented by the languages they know. What is accepted and what is not
accepted represented by the language can be the bases for consideration in using language. As
plurilingual, maybe a person does not have the same degree of abilities of different languages
s/he knows. S/he may be really good at a certain language, but not really good at another one.
In other words, some people may have both production and comprehension ability of a certain
language, but some others may have only comprehension.
Communication can be successful if there is mutual intelligibility or comprehensibility. By
mutual comprehensibility, people who interact each other can understand each other and can
reach what they want (Stevens, 2008). Mutual intelligibility can be used to measure whether a
certain code is a dialect of a language (Chambers & Trudgill, 2004:3). Chambers & Trudgill
(2004) stated that measuring dialects as a part of language is not always easy. There are factors
that can affect it namely not only linguistics but also politics. For example, linguistically, Malay
has similarities with bahasa Indonesia, but they are categorized as different languages because
they belong to different countries.
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Furthermore, what is commonly proposed is dealing with mutual intelligibility which is
built among speakers of the same code. However, what is studied in this current study is the
society which is plurilingual but has mutual intelligibility. The members of the society can
communicate using different languages. Based on the communication components proposed
by Saville-Troike (2003) inspired by Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING mnemonic into eleven
components namely genre, topic, purpose or function setting, key, participants, message form,
message content, act sequence, rules for interaction, and norms of interpretation, we can say
that mutual intelligibility is not only built linguistically but also socio-linguistically and
discourse strategically, This implies that mutual intelligibility has linguistic foundation,
sociolinguistic pillar, and discourse strategy.
2. METHODS
This study was conducted in Karimunjawa sub-district especially Kemujan island, since
Kemujan is the island whose residences show strong love to their original language even they
live in the environment in which Javanese is the biggest number of the speakers. In Kemujan,
we can find intercultural marriage like Javanese and Maduranese, Maduranese and Buginese,
Javanese and Mandarese. Especially Buginese, in Kemujan, build “Kampung Bugis” to
develop resorts and Buginese language in order to characterize Kemujan as the centre of
Buginese.
The number of the language used in Kemujan is not as big as that in Karimunjawa island.
We can find Buginese that becomes the second biggest language in Karimunjawa after
Javanese. The respondents who are the students of junior and senior high schools of Safinatul
Huda were chosen randomly using convenience, snowball, and availability sampling
techniques. The criterion for choosing the object of the study is the mixed-marriage families.
Therefore, only those whose parents are interethnic marriages.
To collect the data, we used three methods namely observation, interview, and
questionnaire. There were 12 (twelve) cross-lingual families interviewed. The number was
obtained by offering the children studying at junior and senior high schools of Safinatul Huda
Karimunjawa located in Kemujan island. The school is the only school in Kemujan. There were
236 students studying at Safinatul Huda Foundation comprising 136 junior high school students
and 100 senior high school students. Out of 236 students, there are 45 students whose parents
are cross-ethnic marriage. From 45 students, 12 students were willing to be visited and
interviewed. Therefore, we only visited those who were willing to accept our visit. The visit is
intended to get the information related to the use of languages and their competences. We
interviewed the children and their parents to triangulate the data. Triangulation was also done
for analysis to get correct forms of Buginese and other languages which the researcher cannot
speak or understand. The event sampling technique was used when schools are active so we
can meet the respondents organized by the school master instead of vising them one by one.
The questions were related to their first and other languages they learn, their parents’
origins, the way they got their language competences, the language used in their conversation,
their ability in Javanese as the dominant language, and the ability of writing the languages they
learn, for instance. Beside questionnaire, we used observation for looking at how interaction
happens especially when they were using different languages but could understand each other.
In other words, how mutual intelligibility is built even though the speakers are using different
languages.
To check the translation of the data, the researchers used informants, the Buginese in order
to get suitable translation. To explain inter-lingual communication, we used translation method
in order to show how different languages were analyzed from linguistic point of view. It is to
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confirm the correct form and meaning. We used abductive inferential technique (Krippendorff,
2004) for showing the mutual comprehensibility of the intercultural discourse.
The abductive inferential technique was used when not only analyzing the text, in this case,
the conversation but also the context and the users’ competences. The technique was used to
confirm how and why mutual intellibility can happen.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plurilingual society in Karimunjawa can be characterized from the ability of using more than
one language beside bahasa Indonesia. The society can not only speak bahasa Indonesia but
also their migrant languages and Karimunjawa local language including Javanese. Therefore,
it can be seen in how they interact each other.
When communicating each other in a family, for example, they use different languages but
understand each other. The ability of understanding each other can be reached since the
speakers have the same background knowledge. From the background knowledge as context,
they use easily the context that can help them grasp the meaning of the discourse which is going
on. For example, a daughter in law, Javanese, speaking with a mother in law, Maduranese, can
understand each other well. The question is how they can understand each other while using
different languages. Javanese and Maduranese have different linguistic systems, but those can
communicate, and the way to communicate is that they speak using different languages in their
interaction. See the following fragment between Sobirin, Buginese husband and Kasiyatun,
Javanese wife.
Husband (Buginese) : Dek, mangkate lao Jepara?
Darling, depart to Jepara
‘Darling, may I go to Jepara?’
Wife (Jepara/Javanese) : Iyo, kapan mangkatmu?
Yes, when departure your
‘Yes, when will you leave?’
Husband (Buginess) : so’ Seneng.
next Monday
‘Next Monday’
Wife (Jepara / Javanese) : Lha, barang mu wis mbok siapke durung?
PART belonging your already PART prepared yet
‘Have you prepared your belongings?’
Husband (Buginese) : Matu’pi ako araweng di. Apa’na utajeng toi wak Dalang
Later only afternoon yes. Because I wait for Sir Dalang
‘Later, this afternoon because I have to wait for Mr. Dalang’
aga yolo’.
Also past
Wife (Jepara/Javanese) : mmm
Husband (Buginese) : Makkasamang siseng pi (u)penno barak(ku)
Together while only I drop off belonging my
‘I will go together to drop off my belongings too’
Wife (Jepara / Javanese : Oo....Lha kancamu sopo?
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PART friend your who
‘then with whom will you go?’
Husband (Buginese) : Paling engka eppa tau kapang. Iya, wak Dalang,
PART exist four person seem I Sir Dalang
wak mail, wak Semmang.
Sir Mail, Sir Semang
‘It seems there are four people, me, Mr. Dalang, Mr. Mail,
and Mr. Semmang’
Wife (Jepara / Javanese) :Yo wes hati-hati yo lek mangkat
Yes already careful yes PART leave
‘OK, take care when leaving’
Husband (Buginese) : Iye’.
yes
‘Yes’.
Wife (Jepara / Javanese) : Lha, kamu sudah sampai sana belum?
PART you already reach there yet
‘Have you got there?’
Husband (Buginese) : nappa (ka’)he araweng, nappa silalo(ku) lettu’ ku anu
Just in time I afternoon, just I arrive there
apang enneng, ku PLTU saliweng mapettang mompa’
about six at PLTU still dark
I’ve just arrived around six, at PLTU, it has been dark’’
Wife (Jepara/Javanese : Lha sepiro?
PART how much
‘How much’
Husband (Buginese) : Mattamba mompa’. Sepullo kajunna tinumbu. Nappa
(Buginese)
Add still ten fish kind of fish just
‘Do you think they will order some more?’
(u)telpong bosku’e Makkada(i) sakkilo paleng? Engka
I telephone boss my
‘let me telephone my boss’.
duappulolima kilong
twenty-five kilograms
‘twenty-five kilograms’
kapang balena.
Apparently
‘apparently’
Wife (Javanese) : Sok mok timbang maneh, kok semono?
Later PART weigh again PART such amount
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‘next, you should weigh again to know the accurate
weight’
Husband (Buginese) : Makkeda siaga kilo? Paling engka duappulolima kilo
kapang.
Asked how many kilo approximately twenty-
five kilo apparently
‘Please ask how many kilo? Maybe twenty-five kilo’
Wife (Javanese) : Lha wes masak durung?
PART already cook yet?
‘Have you cooked”
Husband (Buginese) : De ’pasi dek. Nappa(ki) je’ silalona lettuk he.
Bale(ku) lagi de’pa
Not yet still darling. Just now I only reach fish my
not yet
‘Not yet darling, I just arrived, I have not weighed the
fish’
utimbangngi. Makkeda siaga kilo.
I weigh asked how many kilo.
‘I have not cooked yet. I have just arrived, but why did
you ask me whether I have weighed the fish?’
Wife (Javanese) : Yo wes gih masako disek
Yes already then cook earlier
‘Okey, please cook now!
Husband (Buginese) : Yo matu’pi pale’da, (u)telpong bos ku yolo
Yes later only PART I telephone boss my earlier
‘Yes, later. I will telephone my boss first’.
da, Matu’pi wenning Mattelpong(ka) si pemeng.
Yes later, evening telephone me again
‘Yes, you can call me later again this evening’
Wife (Javanese) : Ya. (Yo)
Yes
The fragment (1) indicates a long conversation among speakers using different languages.
The speakers were using different languages – the husband using Buginese, while the wife
using Javanese. The conversation can construct a complete discourse which is coherent,
meaning that there is a meaning connectivity between what the husband means and what the
wife means. They understand each other, even though they use different languages.
Interlingual communication happens in the fragment (1) between, Buginese and Javanese.
To explain this, the fragment (1a) will be presented below to counter the fragment (1).
(1a) Husband (Buginese) : Dek, mangkate lao Jepara?(Buginese)
Dik, tak mangkat Jepara ya?(Javanese)
Darling, depart to Jepara
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Darling, may I go to Jepara?
Wife (Jepara/Javanese) : Iyo, kapan mangkatmu?(Javanese)
Iye, panna ki tarakka? (Buginese)
Yes, when departure your
Yes, when will you leave?
Husband (Buginess) : so’ Seneng. (Buginese)
Suk Senen. (Javanese)
next Monday
Next Monday
In the conversations, the comprehensibility can be seen from the smoothness of the
communication and the connectivity or coherence of the conversation. For example, the
husband asking the wife to leave for Jepara using Buginese and the wife answering in Javanese
can understand each other. The different languages can be identified from the linguistic systems
used, for example from the words they used. If the couple used Buginese, the fragment will be
as follows.
(1b) Husband : Dek, mangkate lao Jepara?(Buginese)
Wife : Iye, panna ki tarakka? (Buginese)
However, if they used Javanese the fragment will be as follows.
(1c) Husband : Dik, tak mangkat Jepara ya?(Javanese)
Wife : Iyo, kapan mangkatmu?(Javanese)
Mutual intelligibility or comprehensibility may be created by both linguistic and
sociolinguistic competences of the speakers. The linguistic competence does not only refer to
the knowledge about phonological, morphological, syntactical aspects but also the embodied
experience they have. For example, they can understand the words or expressions they hear or
they can produce words or clauses or sentences that their hearers or readers can understand
each other because they have ability of using the languages they use appropriately. Their ability
may be created due to the exposure to the languages in the family or society, and the family
plays an important role of exposing children to language. Alternatively, a language engagement
process happens due to marriage. Therefore, the exposure happens when a spouse introduces
his or her spouse to a language he/she has. Intensively, they learn and teach each other the
language they have. Due to exposure they can learn each other, they ask each other, they
practice each other, they make mistake each other. As stated by Takjuding named himself as
Jambu standing for Javanese, Maduranese, and Buginese, when interviewed, he said that he
could communicate with his wife using different languages and they could understand each
other.
Since they know well, they feel low anxiety. Therefore the learning process can happen
quite well. This statement supports Krashen’s hypotheses concerning affective factors
(Krashen, 1981[2002]). If a learner is in a low anxiety, he or she can learn much better because
he or she is not in a threatening situation like feeling anxious, nervous, uncomfortable. When
they are with their spouse, they feel comfortable and intimate. Therefore, they do not hesitate
and worry of making mistakes.
Acquisition happens due to willingness to learn. For those who do not want to learn they
do not acquire the language exposed to. For example, the chief secretary’s wife, Muhsin’s wife,
Bacuk’s wife are Javanese, but they do not want to learn their husband’s languages, they cannot
speak their husband’s languages. The chief secretary’s wife marrying the chief secretary,
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Mandarese, cannot speak Mandarese, but his husband can speak Javanese. The husband can
speak Javanese well even he could use the highest level of Javanese that is krama. When
interviewed, he used krama, even the researcher did not realize that he is Mandarese due to his
good Javanese. Another example is that Muhsin’s wife cannot speak Mandarese even though
Muhsin is Mandarese. They speak bahasa Indonesia among them and even with their son. They
expose their son to bahasa Indonesia instead of Javanese and Mandarese.
3.1. Interlingual communication resulting in intercultural discourse
Communication among plurilingual people can be identified from the languages they use. They
can interact well and they can understand each other, even though they use different languages.
They use both different linguistic and sociolinguistic characteristics or constraints but they can
understand each other. For example, the conversation happened when the husband, the
Buginese, was going to leave for a town. The conversation can construct a complete discourse
which is coherent, meaning that there is a meaning connectivity between what the husband
means and what the wife means. They understand each other, even though they use different
languages. Maduranese is speaking with Buginese and Buginese is speaking with Javanese.
The following are the examples. In the conversation fragment (1), for example, the
comprehensibility can be seen from the smoothness of the communication and the connectivity
or coherence of the conversation. For example, the husband asking the wife to leave for Jepara
using Buginese and the wife answering in Javanese can understand each other.
Different languages represent different cultural values of interaction. As stated by Evans
and Green (2006), language conveys what people think, feel, and do. For example, when
Javanese people speaking Javanese language, they apply Javanese cultural values appropriate
for communication. In Javanese culture, it is believed that people must respect others in
different speech styles. If Javanese speak to the elders, they may use higher speech styles. With
three levels of speech –ngoko, krama,kKrama inggil people will choose krama to speak with
the elder or respected ones. For example, even though the relationship between husband and
wife is close or even intimate, they use ngoko. Ngoko mixed with krama results in basa.
According to Purwoko (2011), the basa Javanese level is still strong in the Javanese repertoire.
In terms of its maintenance, it is not alarming unlike the krama or krama inggil. In this case,
the Javanese wife uses Javanese with basa, and the Buginese husband answers in Buginese by
considering Buginese culture in communicating with her. However, the Javanese used by the
wife in example (1) can be considered as ngoko. The use of ngoko may imply that husband and
wife have the same position. They are like friends.
When plurilingual people communicate each other, they produce utterances that can make
the participants of the communication understand each other. This implies that they share the
same knowledge. For example, when a Maduranese husband is speaking with a Javanese wife,
he can understand each other even though they use different languages. They have been living
together, they have shared the same knowledge because of their experience of living together.
If we look at the theory proposed by Evans and Green (2006) concerning language as the
representation of human feeling, thought, and experience, that can be a social identity of the
speakers, we can say that spouses can understand their spouses because of their same
experience in their togetherness. They experience, feel, think of their family together about
their family members related to all aspects of life. Therefore, they can understand each other.
The experiences, feelings, and thought are stored in the mind. When they communicate
they use expressions they acquire before. Like what Lakoff and Johnson (1999) said that
language represents embodied experiences. Since language represents what people think, feel,
and experience, it can be the identity of the speaker. From the language they use, people will
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be identified from their language. For example, plurilingual societies in Karimunjawa in which
they can communicate each other even though they use different language; this can show their
identity as plurilingual people with different languages coming from different regions in
Indonesia. This identity does not exist in other regions in Indonesia.
Therefore, language can indicate someone’s identity. However, when this happens to the
plurilingual people, by having different languages, they produce intercultural speech or
conversation. A conversation between Javanese and Buginese in example (1) can show that the
participants can understand each other even though they use different languages. The languages
show different cultural norms. This can be said that the communication between plurilingual
persons indicates intercultural discourse.
A language has its own convention among its speakers building certain norms. If we can
refer to example (1), we can see that there are two language systems namely Buginese and
Javanese having different norms. The husband is Buginese, who is asking his wife for leaving
for Jepara located in different islands. The wife, Javanese woman, plays her role to serve her
husband who is going for a certain purpose. She reminded him whether he had already prepared
all his belongings before he enjoyed the trip. As a Javanese wife, she knows what to do when
her husband is leaving home due to some businesses.
3.2. Mutual intelligibility or comprehensibility of different languages
After discussing the communication pattern—interlingual communication and the type of
discourse –- intercultural one, we come to discussion about the mutual intelligibility that can
be built by communication with different languages. Mutual intelligibility can be used for
linguistic testing whether two or more codes belong to the same language or different one like
what proposed by Chambers & Trudgill (2004). From what proposed by Chambers & Trudgill,
it can be inferred that the mutual intelligibility can be reached due to the same language.
However, in this study, the communication happens in plurilingual society of Karimunjawa,
having more than one language. The participants of the communication use different languages
in one event, for example, the husband speaks Javanese but the wife speaks Javanese. The
example (1) is a discourse happening at home between husband and wife. From the data, we
can say that mutual intelligibility may happen due to shared knowledge interrelated with the
communication components like what proposed by Saville-Troike (2003). When we refer to
example (1), we can say that the setting is home; the participants’ relationship is husband and
wife; the purpose is informing and asking permission for going to another district as the capital
of Jepara regency for doing business. When the husband asked for permission in Buginese, the
wife agreed by saying in Javanese. The mutual comprehensibility is shown by the connectivity
of the meaning between asking permission and agreement.
3.3. Language Transgenerational Process
A language transgenerational process happening in Karimunjawa varies depending on the
family language policy. If the family chooses bahasa Indonesia, the family may expose bahasa
Indonesia to their children. The policy determines the language exposed to children. The
language chosen is bahasa Indonesia due to its function as national language and language of
instruction. If we look at the following example, the language the respondents are competent
is bahasa Indonesia. For example, in Najmuddin family, the mother is Javanese, the father is
Buginese, but the language chosen for their children to expose to is bahasa Indonesia like
stated in the following interview fragment.
1. Oh, masih sekolah. Nggih. Iya. Jadi untuk Hamid itu dikenalkan
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PART still school yes (JV) yes (IND) so for Hamid that introduced bahasa
pertamanya apa?
language first what?
‘Well, they are still studying. What language are they introduced for the first time?’
Pakai bahasa... bahasa Indonesia bu.
Use language language Indonesian Mam.
‘bahasa Indonesia’, Mam.
In the fragment (2), when asked, Najmudin said that their children were exposed to bahasa
Indonesia. This indicates that they are not exposed to the mother’s or father’s language. They
are exposed to bahasa Indonesia for education purposes. Even bahasa Indonesia is used for
talking each other at home. Mr. Najmudin uses bahasa Indonesia talking with Mrs. Najmudin
and with his children. He answered as he said in the following fragment.
2. Oh... kalau Pak Najamudin, berbicara dengan Bu Najamudin? Pakai bahasa
PART when Sir Najmudin, talk with Madam Najmudin? Use language
apa?
what?
‘When talking with your wife, what language do you use?’
Bahasa Indonesia, malah.
Bahasa Indonesia, PART
‘Of course, Bahasa Indonesia’
Another family like Muhsin exposes bahasa Indonesia to their kid. The father is Mandar
while the mother is Javanese. Either the father or the mother does not expose his or her own
language to their child. Language exposure plays an important role to language acquisition. It
can make children observe, listen, notice, and store what they are exposed to. If they are
exposed to English, they will learn English, but if they are exposed to Javanese, they will
acquire Javanese.
Language acquisition will succeed if the exposure is given. The exposure may be created
by the parents or caretaker, after that the friends at the playground. Exposure at home can be
intensive if parents or caretakers are along with the children 24 hours that can make them use
the languages anytime, anyplace, anyone they are communicating with. For example, they use
it when they have dinner, they will be exposed to the language referring to food, menu, tools,
etcetera. However, if there is no exposure, there will not be language acquisition. Exposure can
give input to children. This supports Krashen’s theory on input hypothesis. Even Krashen
(1981[2002]) says that language acquisition will succeed if the input children get follows the
formula i+1. This formula implies that acquisition must be comprehensible or children must
get comprehensible input otherwise they will not learn or acquire language.
4. CONCLUSION
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that plurilingual societies in Karimunjawa can
be characterized from some consequences in language use and in interaction. The plurilingual
families have their own policies in learning or teaching and using languages. Since they are
competent in different languages, they have interlingual conversation which implies mutual
intelligibility. In plurilingual families, for some families, bahasa Indonesia is chosen to be
exposed to their children. In other words, plurilingualism in Karimunjawa indicates some
changes in terms of language use in family and for children. The language exposed to children
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tends to be bahasa Indonesia due to its role as national language which is used in formal
education. Bahasa Indonesia is acquired and used at home. This may influence the role of
Javanese that make Javanese displaced by bahasa Indonesia.
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