This document discusses using radiometric terrain correction (RTC) to improve polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) land cover classification in boreal environments. It introduces a study using ALOS PALSAR data over Interior Alaska to classify land cover types. RTC of the polarimetric parameters is performed using a terrain model to address topographic effects. Classification accuracy is found to improve when applying RTC, particularly for deciduous forests. While RTC is an effective first-order correction, it does not fully address differences in scattering mechanisms related to terrain. Overall, RTC is a simple method that can improve PolSAR land cover classification by reducing the impact of topography on backscatter measurements.
This document analyzes the mass deficit of glaciers in the northern Antarctic Peninsula using satellite measurements. It finds that glaciers accelerated and thinned dynamically after the collapse of nearby ice shelves between 1995-2008. The total contribution to sea level rise from these glaciers over this period was estimated to be 0.04 mm/year, representing about 3% of total sea level rise. Precise ice velocity maps from SAR and surface elevation changes from altimetry were key inputs to calculate the mass imbalance and discharge changes of these glaciers.
This presentation summarizes geology, geochemistry, and alteration facies of the Rosemont Cu-Mo-Ag skarn deposit in southern Arizona. Unsupervised and supervised data analysis methods were used to characterize lithogeochemistry, develop a chemostratigraphic model, and predict skarn alteration facies. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of major element compositions defined lithogeochemical classes. Random forest modeling accurately mapped the spatial distribution of calcic, magnesian, and epidote skarn facies using mineral abundances. Relationships between copper grades and lithogeochemistry were also examined. The analyses provide insights into the deposit geology and improve understanding of the mineralizing system.
M. Dimitrijević, Noncommutative models of gauge and gravity theoriesSEENET-MTP
- The document describes a talk on noncommutative geometry and gravity theories given at a workshop in Serbia.
- Noncommutative geometry arises in string theory and could help address problems in quantum gravity and the standard model. The talk presents an approach using a star product to represent noncommutative algebras.
- Actions for noncommutative gauge theory and gravity are discussed. For gravity, a deformation of the MacDowell-Mansouri action is proposed based on the Seiberg-Witten map. This leads to modified field equations and corrections to the Einstein-Hilbert and cosmological constant terms.
Este documento describe PAIR (Prototype Software for Irrigation Performance and Drainage Indicator), un software prototipo para indicadores de rendimiento de riego y drenaje. Explica que PAIR utiliza varios indicadores de rendimiento para evaluar sistemas de riego. Describe la interfaz de PAIR y sus objetos principales como estructuras de medición, bombeo, información química del agua y herramientas de zoom y panorámica. También resume las bases de datos de PAIR relacionadas con mediciones de caudales, divisiones, parcelas y grupos
The document analyzes geometric distortions in imagery from the HJ-1A/B satellites and compares methods for geometric correction. It finds:
1) HJ-1A/B CCD imagery has both global and local geometric distortions even after initial correction.
2) Polynomial, thin plate splines, and finite element models were tested for correction using control points. Polynomial modeling performed worst while finite element modeling produced the best results with enough evenly distributed points.
3) Finite element modeling is recommended for precise geometric correction of HJ-1A/B imagery as it is a local method that provides stability and accuracy, especially with over 1,000 control points.
Sig t01-modelos de datos-dominios-representacionGabriel Parodi
Este documento introduce los conceptos básicos de ILWIS, un software SIG y de teledetección desarrollado por ITC. Explica que ILWIS puede manejar datos espaciales vectoriales y raster, y que los datos deben estar asociados a dominios que definen sus posibles valores o clases. También describe las representaciones que definen cómo se visualizan los datos espaciales.
Evaluating effectiveness of radiometric correction for optical satellite imag...Dang Le
One of our published researches in ACRS 31st in Hanoi.
It has been used for our project in processing optical satellite imagery to detect environmental pollution.
Detection and rectification of distorted fingerprintJayakrishnan U
This document discusses challenges in fingerprint recognition related to low quality fingerprints and distortions. It summarizes approaches to detect distorted fingerprints and rectify them for fingerprint matching. The key approaches discussed are:
1. Detecting distortions by analyzing registered ridge orientation and period maps of fingerprints as feature vectors.
2. Rectifying distortions by searching a reference database of distorted fingerprints to find the nearest neighbor and corresponding distortion field to inverse transform the input fingerprint.
3. Evaluating these approaches on benchmark datasets shows improved detection of distorted fingerprints and higher matching accuracy after rectification compared to previous methods.
This document analyzes the mass deficit of glaciers in the northern Antarctic Peninsula using satellite measurements. It finds that glaciers accelerated and thinned dynamically after the collapse of nearby ice shelves between 1995-2008. The total contribution to sea level rise from these glaciers over this period was estimated to be 0.04 mm/year, representing about 3% of total sea level rise. Precise ice velocity maps from SAR and surface elevation changes from altimetry were key inputs to calculate the mass imbalance and discharge changes of these glaciers.
This presentation summarizes geology, geochemistry, and alteration facies of the Rosemont Cu-Mo-Ag skarn deposit in southern Arizona. Unsupervised and supervised data analysis methods were used to characterize lithogeochemistry, develop a chemostratigraphic model, and predict skarn alteration facies. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of major element compositions defined lithogeochemical classes. Random forest modeling accurately mapped the spatial distribution of calcic, magnesian, and epidote skarn facies using mineral abundances. Relationships between copper grades and lithogeochemistry were also examined. The analyses provide insights into the deposit geology and improve understanding of the mineralizing system.
M. Dimitrijević, Noncommutative models of gauge and gravity theoriesSEENET-MTP
- The document describes a talk on noncommutative geometry and gravity theories given at a workshop in Serbia.
- Noncommutative geometry arises in string theory and could help address problems in quantum gravity and the standard model. The talk presents an approach using a star product to represent noncommutative algebras.
- Actions for noncommutative gauge theory and gravity are discussed. For gravity, a deformation of the MacDowell-Mansouri action is proposed based on the Seiberg-Witten map. This leads to modified field equations and corrections to the Einstein-Hilbert and cosmological constant terms.
Este documento describe PAIR (Prototype Software for Irrigation Performance and Drainage Indicator), un software prototipo para indicadores de rendimiento de riego y drenaje. Explica que PAIR utiliza varios indicadores de rendimiento para evaluar sistemas de riego. Describe la interfaz de PAIR y sus objetos principales como estructuras de medición, bombeo, información química del agua y herramientas de zoom y panorámica. También resume las bases de datos de PAIR relacionadas con mediciones de caudales, divisiones, parcelas y grupos
The document analyzes geometric distortions in imagery from the HJ-1A/B satellites and compares methods for geometric correction. It finds:
1) HJ-1A/B CCD imagery has both global and local geometric distortions even after initial correction.
2) Polynomial, thin plate splines, and finite element models were tested for correction using control points. Polynomial modeling performed worst while finite element modeling produced the best results with enough evenly distributed points.
3) Finite element modeling is recommended for precise geometric correction of HJ-1A/B imagery as it is a local method that provides stability and accuracy, especially with over 1,000 control points.
Sig t01-modelos de datos-dominios-representacionGabriel Parodi
Este documento introduce los conceptos básicos de ILWIS, un software SIG y de teledetección desarrollado por ITC. Explica que ILWIS puede manejar datos espaciales vectoriales y raster, y que los datos deben estar asociados a dominios que definen sus posibles valores o clases. También describe las representaciones que definen cómo se visualizan los datos espaciales.
Evaluating effectiveness of radiometric correction for optical satellite imag...Dang Le
One of our published researches in ACRS 31st in Hanoi.
It has been used for our project in processing optical satellite imagery to detect environmental pollution.
Detection and rectification of distorted fingerprintJayakrishnan U
This document discusses challenges in fingerprint recognition related to low quality fingerprints and distortions. It summarizes approaches to detect distorted fingerprints and rectify them for fingerprint matching. The key approaches discussed are:
1. Detecting distortions by analyzing registered ridge orientation and period maps of fingerprints as feature vectors.
2. Rectifying distortions by searching a reference database of distorted fingerprints to find the nearest neighbor and corresponding distortion field to inverse transform the input fingerprint.
3. Evaluating these approaches on benchmark datasets shows improved detection of distorted fingerprints and higher matching accuracy after rectification compared to previous methods.
A SELF-ADJUSTIVE GEOMETRIC CORRECTION METHOD FOR SERIOUSLY OBLIQUE AERO IMAGE...grssieee
This document presents a self-adjustive geometric correction method for seriously oblique aerial images. It analyzes projection errors caused by the curvature of the Earth and terrain relief. A ternary quadratic polynomial model is used, with adjustments to better correct for relief-induced projection errors. Experiments on images taken at large viewing angles demonstrate the new model outperforms conventional models in correction accuracy and recovering locations of high objects.
Explanation of very simple methods for atmospheric corrections and an example adapted from a paper of the Dept. of Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Spain.
This document discusses several approaches for atmospheric correction of remote sensing imagery:
1) Image-based methods like the dark pixel method and regression method estimate and remove atmospheric path radiance.
2) The empirical line method uses ground targets of known reflectance to model atmospheric effects.
3) Radiative transfer models precisely account for atmospheric conditions using numerical models like MODTRAN or 6S to convert pixel values to surface reflectance.
4) Relative correction methods normalize images without absolute calibration to surface reflectance. Atmospheric correction is needed to accurately analyze surface properties from remote sensing data and compare images acquired at different times or wavelengths.
CAESAR II:The Combination of Direct Geometry Method and CAESAR Algorithm for ...BIOVIA
A new method called Direct Geometry, is proposed for 3D structure generation of molecules with various types of geometric constraints such as ring closures, chirality and cis-trans isomerism. This method is combined with the original CAESAR algorithm for super-fast conformation searches. The new method is based on a very simple iterative procedure which directly modifies atom coordinates according to the geometric constraints, such as bond lengths, bond angles, torsions, and various stereochemical constraints. As compared to the traditional Distance Geometry method, the new method is much simpler and more efficient for highly constrained molecules. The techniques for stabilizing and accelerating convergence are presented. The efficiency and the robustness of the Direct Geometry method are demonstrated by the successful 3D structure generation of C60 and other highly constraint structures from completely random coordinates. To further improve the overall performance, a new ring library technology is designed for better re-use and fast retrieval of ring conformations. Our test with nearly 6 million compounds shows that the new integrated method, called CAESAR II, the 2nd generation of the CAESAR algorithm, is significantly faster than the original one. The high performance suggests that the new algorithm can be used for on-the-fly conformation generation for many applications which involve conformational models. Validation studies, such as conformation diversity measurements, pharmacophore space coverage and the ability to reproduce of the bioactive conformation of ligands extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) will be reported.
This document discusses aerial mapping cameras used for remote sensing. It covers topics like angular coverage of different camera types, the remote sensing process, and center sensors. Key details include that aerial mapping cameras can have wide or narrow fields of view, depending on the camera lens, and remote sensing involves capturing aerial images then analyzing them to gather information about the area photographed.
GROUP03_AMAK:ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION PPTKrishbathija
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques. It introduces concepts like redundancy, forward error correction, retransmission, linear block coding, Hamming codes, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC). Specific error correction codes covered include Hamming codes, which use modulo-2 arithmetic to add redundant bits to detect and correct single bit errors. CRC codes are also discussed, which use cyclic codes and polynomial representations to detect errors by computing a syndrome value. The document provides information on generating and detecting errors for different codes.
An adjusting entry involves both an income statement account (revenue or expense) and a balance sheet account (asset or liability) to record unrecognized income or expenses for the period. There are two categories of adjusting entries: deferrals and accruals. Deferrals involve prepaid expenses, unearned revenue, and similar items. Accruals involve accrued expenses and accrued revenue. Important rules are that cash is never involved in adjusting entries and adjusting entries always involve a revenue or expense account.
This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communication. It covers the types of errors like single-bit and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) that work by adding redundant bits. Finally, it discusses Hamming codes that can not only detect errors but also correct single-bit errors through the strategic placement of redundant bits.
Image pre-processing involves operations on images to improve image data by suppressing distortions or enhancing features. There are four categories of pre-processing methods based on pixel neighborhood size used: pixel brightness transformations, geometric transformations, local neighborhood methods, and global image restoration. Pre-processing aims to correct degradations by using prior knowledge about the degradation, image acquisition device, or objects in the image. Common pre-processing methods include brightness and geometric transformations as well as brightness interpolation when re-sampling images.
This slides about brief Introduction to Image Restoration Techniques. How to estimate the degradation function, noise models and its probability density functions.
Introduction to aerial photography and photogrammetry.pptsrinivas2036
Aerial photography and photogrammetry are techniques used in remote sensing. Aerial photography involves taking photographs from aircraft and has been used since the 1850s. Photogrammetry uses photographs to measure and obtain spatial information about the objects and terrain photographed. It allows for the creation of topographic maps, cadastral maps, and large-scale construction plans more quickly and economically than traditional ground-based surveying. While aerial photography and photogrammetry provide advantages over field surveys, some on-site control and verification is still needed.
Fuqin Li_A physics-based atmospheric and BRDF correction for Landsat data ove...TERN Australia
1) A physics-based model was developed to correct Landsat data for atmospheric effects and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects over mountainous terrain.
2) The model removes topographic illumination effects like brighter slopes facing the sun and darker slopes facing away. It also detects deep shadows.
3) Validation shows the corrections reduce decorrelation with incident angle and improve separability for land cover classification of slopes with different aspects.
4) The quality of correction depends on the quality, resolution, and co-registration of the digital surface/elevation model used.
Neon and oxygen in stellar coronae - a unification with the SunAstroAtom
This document discusses measurements of the ratio of neon to oxygen (Ne/O) in stellar coronae and how it relates to resolving discrepancies in solar modeling. It finds that the Ne/O ratio increases with stellar activity level in weakly active stars, from around 0.2 for the least active up to 0.4 for more moderate activity levels. These ratios are typical of the quiet Sun. Understanding how elemental abundances like Ne/O vary with activity provides insights into chemical fractionation processes on the Sun and other stars.
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurately classifying wetland boundaries using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) polarimetric scattering analysis of a simple model of vertical dielectric pillars on a dielectric plate representing emergent vegetation on water validated that all three proposed markers can accurately identify wetland boundaries when water levels are relatively high.
3) Future work could include comparing the proposed simple markers to more accurate classification methods, analyzing the effects of varying incident angles and vegetation density, and determining how identified boundary
Polarimetric Scattering Feature Estimation For Accurate Wetland Boundary Clas...grssieee
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurate wetland boundary classification using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image analysis: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Polarimetric scattering feature analysis was performed on PolSAR data collected over Lake Sakata using the FDTD method for a simple water-emergent boundary model.
3) The FDTD analysis found that all three proposed markers showed potential for delineating the wetland boundary, with HH-VV phase difference averaging 141 degrees, double-bounce scattering dominating the decomposition, and high correlation coefficients in LR basis.
Polarimetric Scattering Feature Estimation For Accurate Wetland Boundary Clas...grssieee
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurately classifying wetland boundaries using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) polarimetric scattering simulations of a simple water-emergent boundary model found that all three proposed markers were useful, especially when the water level is relatively high.
3) Future work could include comparing the proposed simple markers to more accurate classification methods, varying parameters in the FDTD simulations, and relating scattering features to wetland classes from polarimetric decompositions.
The document discusses using ASTER satellite imagery and GIS for mineral exploration. It provides details on two case studies: 1) identifying gold deposits in Nevada using ASTER data integrated into a geodatabase, and 2) mapping alteration zones in India using ASTER shortwave infrared bands. The case studies demonstrate how ASTER imagery can be processed and analyzed using GIS and techniques like principal component analysis to produce geological maps and identify target areas for further mineral exploration.
The document summarizes a study of sea ice characteristics in the southern region of the Okhotsk Sea using X-band and L-band SAR data. Ground truth data was collected from over 60 sampling points on Lake Saroma in February 2010. Backscattering characteristics were analyzed for TerraSAR-X and ALOS PALSAR data using a scattering model. TerraSAR-X data showed better correlation with ice thickness than PALSAR, especially for thin sea ice. Scattering decomposition of PALSAR data provided reasonable relationships with snow depth and surface roughness parameters.
A SELF-ADJUSTIVE GEOMETRIC CORRECTION METHOD FOR SERIOUSLY OBLIQUE AERO IMAGE...grssieee
This document presents a self-adjustive geometric correction method for seriously oblique aerial images. It analyzes projection errors caused by the curvature of the Earth and terrain relief. A ternary quadratic polynomial model is used, with adjustments to better correct for relief-induced projection errors. Experiments on images taken at large viewing angles demonstrate the new model outperforms conventional models in correction accuracy and recovering locations of high objects.
Explanation of very simple methods for atmospheric corrections and an example adapted from a paper of the Dept. of Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Spain.
This document discusses several approaches for atmospheric correction of remote sensing imagery:
1) Image-based methods like the dark pixel method and regression method estimate and remove atmospheric path radiance.
2) The empirical line method uses ground targets of known reflectance to model atmospheric effects.
3) Radiative transfer models precisely account for atmospheric conditions using numerical models like MODTRAN or 6S to convert pixel values to surface reflectance.
4) Relative correction methods normalize images without absolute calibration to surface reflectance. Atmospheric correction is needed to accurately analyze surface properties from remote sensing data and compare images acquired at different times or wavelengths.
CAESAR II:The Combination of Direct Geometry Method and CAESAR Algorithm for ...BIOVIA
A new method called Direct Geometry, is proposed for 3D structure generation of molecules with various types of geometric constraints such as ring closures, chirality and cis-trans isomerism. This method is combined with the original CAESAR algorithm for super-fast conformation searches. The new method is based on a very simple iterative procedure which directly modifies atom coordinates according to the geometric constraints, such as bond lengths, bond angles, torsions, and various stereochemical constraints. As compared to the traditional Distance Geometry method, the new method is much simpler and more efficient for highly constrained molecules. The techniques for stabilizing and accelerating convergence are presented. The efficiency and the robustness of the Direct Geometry method are demonstrated by the successful 3D structure generation of C60 and other highly constraint structures from completely random coordinates. To further improve the overall performance, a new ring library technology is designed for better re-use and fast retrieval of ring conformations. Our test with nearly 6 million compounds shows that the new integrated method, called CAESAR II, the 2nd generation of the CAESAR algorithm, is significantly faster than the original one. The high performance suggests that the new algorithm can be used for on-the-fly conformation generation for many applications which involve conformational models. Validation studies, such as conformation diversity measurements, pharmacophore space coverage and the ability to reproduce of the bioactive conformation of ligands extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) will be reported.
This document discusses aerial mapping cameras used for remote sensing. It covers topics like angular coverage of different camera types, the remote sensing process, and center sensors. Key details include that aerial mapping cameras can have wide or narrow fields of view, depending on the camera lens, and remote sensing involves capturing aerial images then analyzing them to gather information about the area photographed.
GROUP03_AMAK:ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION PPTKrishbathija
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques. It introduces concepts like redundancy, forward error correction, retransmission, linear block coding, Hamming codes, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC). Specific error correction codes covered include Hamming codes, which use modulo-2 arithmetic to add redundant bits to detect and correct single bit errors. CRC codes are also discussed, which use cyclic codes and polynomial representations to detect errors by computing a syndrome value. The document provides information on generating and detecting errors for different codes.
An adjusting entry involves both an income statement account (revenue or expense) and a balance sheet account (asset or liability) to record unrecognized income or expenses for the period. There are two categories of adjusting entries: deferrals and accruals. Deferrals involve prepaid expenses, unearned revenue, and similar items. Accruals involve accrued expenses and accrued revenue. Important rules are that cash is never involved in adjusting entries and adjusting entries always involve a revenue or expense account.
This document discusses error detection and correction in digital communication. It covers the types of errors like single-bit and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) that work by adding redundant bits. Finally, it discusses Hamming codes that can not only detect errors but also correct single-bit errors through the strategic placement of redundant bits.
Image pre-processing involves operations on images to improve image data by suppressing distortions or enhancing features. There are four categories of pre-processing methods based on pixel neighborhood size used: pixel brightness transformations, geometric transformations, local neighborhood methods, and global image restoration. Pre-processing aims to correct degradations by using prior knowledge about the degradation, image acquisition device, or objects in the image. Common pre-processing methods include brightness and geometric transformations as well as brightness interpolation when re-sampling images.
This slides about brief Introduction to Image Restoration Techniques. How to estimate the degradation function, noise models and its probability density functions.
Introduction to aerial photography and photogrammetry.pptsrinivas2036
Aerial photography and photogrammetry are techniques used in remote sensing. Aerial photography involves taking photographs from aircraft and has been used since the 1850s. Photogrammetry uses photographs to measure and obtain spatial information about the objects and terrain photographed. It allows for the creation of topographic maps, cadastral maps, and large-scale construction plans more quickly and economically than traditional ground-based surveying. While aerial photography and photogrammetry provide advantages over field surveys, some on-site control and verification is still needed.
Fuqin Li_A physics-based atmospheric and BRDF correction for Landsat data ove...TERN Australia
1) A physics-based model was developed to correct Landsat data for atmospheric effects and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects over mountainous terrain.
2) The model removes topographic illumination effects like brighter slopes facing the sun and darker slopes facing away. It also detects deep shadows.
3) Validation shows the corrections reduce decorrelation with incident angle and improve separability for land cover classification of slopes with different aspects.
4) The quality of correction depends on the quality, resolution, and co-registration of the digital surface/elevation model used.
Neon and oxygen in stellar coronae - a unification with the SunAstroAtom
This document discusses measurements of the ratio of neon to oxygen (Ne/O) in stellar coronae and how it relates to resolving discrepancies in solar modeling. It finds that the Ne/O ratio increases with stellar activity level in weakly active stars, from around 0.2 for the least active up to 0.4 for more moderate activity levels. These ratios are typical of the quiet Sun. Understanding how elemental abundances like Ne/O vary with activity provides insights into chemical fractionation processes on the Sun and other stars.
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurately classifying wetland boundaries using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) polarimetric scattering analysis of a simple model of vertical dielectric pillars on a dielectric plate representing emergent vegetation on water validated that all three proposed markers can accurately identify wetland boundaries when water levels are relatively high.
3) Future work could include comparing the proposed simple markers to more accurate classification methods, analyzing the effects of varying incident angles and vegetation density, and determining how identified boundary
Polarimetric Scattering Feature Estimation For Accurate Wetland Boundary Clas...grssieee
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurate wetland boundary classification using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image analysis: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Polarimetric scattering feature analysis was performed on PolSAR data collected over Lake Sakata using the FDTD method for a simple water-emergent boundary model.
3) The FDTD analysis found that all three proposed markers showed potential for delineating the wetland boundary, with HH-VV phase difference averaging 141 degrees, double-bounce scattering dominating the decomposition, and high correlation coefficients in LR basis.
Polarimetric Scattering Feature Estimation For Accurate Wetland Boundary Clas...grssieee
1) The document proposes three potential markers for accurately classifying wetland boundaries using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery: HH-VV phase difference, double-bounce scattering from a four-component decomposition model, and correlation coefficient in the LR basis.
2) Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) polarimetric scattering simulations of a simple water-emergent boundary model found that all three proposed markers were useful, especially when the water level is relatively high.
3) Future work could include comparing the proposed simple markers to more accurate classification methods, varying parameters in the FDTD simulations, and relating scattering features to wetland classes from polarimetric decompositions.
The document discusses using ASTER satellite imagery and GIS for mineral exploration. It provides details on two case studies: 1) identifying gold deposits in Nevada using ASTER data integrated into a geodatabase, and 2) mapping alteration zones in India using ASTER shortwave infrared bands. The case studies demonstrate how ASTER imagery can be processed and analyzed using GIS and techniques like principal component analysis to produce geological maps and identify target areas for further mineral exploration.
The document summarizes a study of sea ice characteristics in the southern region of the Okhotsk Sea using X-band and L-band SAR data. Ground truth data was collected from over 60 sampling points on Lake Saroma in February 2010. Backscattering characteristics were analyzed for TerraSAR-X and ALOS PALSAR data using a scattering model. TerraSAR-X data showed better correlation with ice thickness than PALSAR, especially for thin sea ice. Scattering decomposition of PALSAR data provided reasonable relationships with snow depth and surface roughness parameters.
This document summarizes a study comparing RADARSAT-2 and TerraSAR-X quad-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of grasslands in western Canada. The study found that while the two sensors produced qualitatively similar imagery, TerraSAR-X imagery had higher noise levels and entropy, indicating less statistically significant polarimetric information compared to RADARSAT-2 imagery. The higher resolution and shorter wavelength of TerraSAR-X may not have been optimal for characterizing the subtleties of grasslands in early spring when this data was acquired.
SEGMENTATION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA WITH A MULTI-TEXTURE PRODUCT MODELgrssieee
1) The document describes a segmentation algorithm for polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data that can model both scalar-texture and multi-texture scattering.
2) The algorithm uses log-cumulants and hypothesis testing to determine whether a scalar-texture or dual-texture model best fits the data within each segment.
3) The algorithm is tested on simulated multi-texture PolSAR data and is shown to accurately segment the classes and estimate their texture parameters. However, when applied to real data sets, the algorithm only finds the simpler scalar-texture case.
TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMETRIC SAR DATA TWO-POINT STATISTIC OF POLARIMET...grssieee
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze two-point statistics of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It introduces wavelet variance and kurtosis as metrics that can be applied to PolSAR data transformed using a wavelet frame. It then provides an example of applying this analysis to ALOS PALSAR data over Hawaii's Papau Seamount to characterize sea surface features.
THE SENTINEL-1 MISSION AND ITS APPLICATION CAPABILITIESgrssieee
The Sentinel-1 mission is part of the GMES program and consists of two satellites to provide C-band SAR data for emergency response, marine and land monitoring, and other applications. The satellites operate in a near-polar orbit with a 12 day repeat cycle. The main acquisition mode is an interferometric wide swath mode with 5m range and 20m azimuth resolution over a 250km swath. Sentinel-1 will support operational services and create a long-term SAR data archive.
The document summarizes the status of the GMES Space Component program. It describes the Sentinel satellite missions for monitoring land, ocean, atmosphere and emergency situations. The Sentinels will provide long-term data continuity as well as improved coverage compared to existing missions. Sentinel data will be freely and openly available to both operational users and the science community. The program is on track, with the first Sentinel launches beginning in 2013.
PROGRESSES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CFOSAT SCATTEROMETERgrssieee
The document describes the progress of the development of CFOSAT SCAT, a Ku-band scatterometer onboard the Chinese-French Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT). CFOSAT will measure global ocean surface winds and waves to improve weather forecasting, ocean dynamics modeling, climate research, and understanding of surface processes. The SCAT instrument is a rotating fan-beam radar scatterometer that will retrieve wind vectors using measurements of backscatter at incidence angles from 26 to 46 degrees. It has a wide swath of over 1000km and specifications are designed to achieve high-precision wind measurements globally. System details including parameters and the operation mode are provided.
DEVELOPMENT OF ALGORITHMS AND PRODUCTS FOR SUPPORTING THE ITALIAN HYPERSPECTR...grssieee
The document describes the SAP4PRISMA project which aims to develop algorithms and products to support the Italian hyperspectral PRISMA Earth observation mission. The project will focus on data processing, quality assessment, classification methods, and generating level 3 and 4 products for applications like land monitoring, agriculture, and hazard monitoring. It will include the generation of "PRISMA-like" synthetic test data to support algorithm development and validation. The research will be carried out across multiple work packages focusing on topics like data quality, classification methods, calibration/validation, and developing applicative products.
EO-1/HYPERION: NEARING TWELVE YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL MISSION SCIENCE OPERATION A...grssieee
1) The EO-1 Hyperion instrument has collected over 65,000 scenes over its 12-year mission to study land and coastal ecosystems using imaging spectroscopy.
2) Studies using Hyperion data have identified spectral indices related to chlorophyll that correlate with carbon flux measurements at different sites, including a Zambian woodland and North Carolina forest sites.
3) Time series of Hyperion data at flux tower sites show seasonal changes in these spectral indices that match patterns in ecosystem carbon uptake and release.
EO-1/HYPERION: NEARING TWELVE YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL MISSION SCIENCE OPERATION A...grssieee
1) The EO-1 Hyperion instrument has collected over 65,000 scenes over its 12-year mission to study land and coastal ecosystems using imaging spectroscopy.
2) Studies using Hyperion data have identified spectral indices related to chlorophyll that correlate with carbon flux measurements at different forest, grassland, and woodland sites globally.
3) Time series of Hyperion data at sites in Zambia, North Carolina, and Kansas show seasonal changes in these spectral indices that match patterns in ecosystem carbon uptake and release measured by flux towers.
EO-1/HYPERION: NEARING TWELVE YEARS OF SUCCESSFUL MISSION SCIENCE OPERATION A...grssieee
EO-1/Hyperion has been collecting hyperspectral imagery for over 12 years, acquiring over 65,000 scenes. Researchers have been using these data to develop and validate algorithms for estimating vegetation properties like fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI). Comparisons of Hyperion data to field measurements at flux tower sites show these algorithms can accurately track vegetation changes over time and relate spectral properties to productivity metrics like light use efficiency and gross ecosystem productivity. This work is helping prototype data products for the upcoming HyspIRI mission.
This document is a return and exchange form for a wetsuit company. It provides instructions for customers to fill out when returning an undamaged item for a refund, exchange, or size change. The form requests information like the customer's order details, contact information, the suit being returned and its size, the reason for return, and if applicable, the new desired size. It also provides the return shipping address and notifies customers that the company is not responsible for lost or damaged return packages.
This document provides instructions for clients of Fox Tax Planning and Preparation for preparing to have their taxes filed. It lists important income and deduction documentation to bring to an appointment, such as W-2s, 1099s, receipts for donations. It also includes an engagement letter detailing the services to be provided, responsibilities of both parties, fees, and electronic filing and signature procedures. Clients are asked to sign the letter agreeing to the terms and return it along with their tax information.
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1. USE OF RADIOMETRIC TERRAIN
CORRECTION TO IMPROVE
POLSAR LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION
Don Atwood1 and David Small2
1) University of Alaska Fairbanks
2) University of Zurich, Switzerland
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 1
2. Presentation Overview
• Introduce Boreal Land Cover Classification project
• Focus on species differentiation in boreal environment
• Introduce reference data for land cover classification
• Introduce method of Radiometric Terrain Correction (RTC)
• Terrain-flattened Gamma Naught Backscatter
• Perform RTC on polarimetric parameters to address topography
• Demonstrate synergy of PolSARpro and MapReady Tools
• Compare results for RTC-corrected and non-corrected classification
• Characterize optimal classification approach for Interior Alaska
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 2
3. Study Region
Boreal environment of Interior Alaska
Characterized by:
• rivers
• wetlands
• herbaceous tundra
• black spruce forests (north facing)
• birch forests (south facing)
• low intensity urban areas
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 3
5. Study Data
Quad-Pol data selected:
• ALOS L-band PALSAR
• 21.5 degree look angle
• Of April, May, July, and Nov dates,
July 12 2009 selected
• Post-thaw
• Leaf-on
• Coverage includes Fairbanks and
regional roads
Pauli Image
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 5
6. Problem of Topography
Span (Trace of T3 Matrix) Wishart Segmentation
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 6
7. Backscatter Reference Areas
Sensor
Aβ & β0
Aγ & γ0 Nadir
Near
Aσ & σ0
Standard areas for Ellipsoid Normalization Far
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 7
9. Terrain-flattening
The concept of a single Local Incident Angle determining the terrain’s
local normalization area is flawed:
• adapted from ellipsoidal incident angle for ocean, sea-ice, &
flatlands
• fails to account for foreshortening and the radiometric impact of
topography.
To improve sensor model:
➡use local contributing area, not angle!
Ref.: Small, D., Flattening Gamma: Radiometric Terrain Correction for SAR Imagery,
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 13p (in press).
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 9
10. Terrain-flattening
Solution: Use simulated image to Normalize β0
X
Example over Switzerland
ASAR WS data courtesy ESA
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 10
11. Terrain-flattening
Convention 1 2 3 4 5
Earth Model None Ellipsoid Terrain
Reference Area
Area Derivation
Normalisation
Product GTC NORLIM RTC
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 11
12. Terrain Correction
in Coastal BC
Vancouver
GTC (Sept 2008) Integrated contributing area
ENVISAT ASAR WSM data courtesy ESA (based on SRTM3)
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 12
13. Terrain Correction
in Coastal BC
GTC (Sept 2008) Integrated contributing area
ENVISAT ASAR WSM data courtesy ESA (based on SRTM3)
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 13
17. Coherency Matrix
Scattering Matrix
S XX S XY
S =
S
YX SYX
S XX + SYY
2
(S XX + SYY )(S XX − SYY )* * 2 (S XX + SYY )S * XY
T3 =
1 (S − S )(S + S )* S XX − SYY
2
2 (S XX − SYY )S * XY
2 XX YY XX YY
2 S (S + S )* 2 S XY (S XX − SYY )
*
4 S XY
2
XY XX YY
T11: “Single Bounce” T22 : “Double Bounce” T33 : “Volume Scattering”
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 17
18. Radiometric Terrain Correction
of Coherency Matrix
• Radiometric Terrain Correction:
Coherency Matrix
terrain corrected
T11 T12 T13 Coherency Matrix
T3 = T21 T22 T23
T11 T12 T13
T3 = T21 T22 T23
Area Normalization
T31 T32 T33
T31 T32 T33
• Scale all matrix elements by Area Normalization
• Acknowledge that angular dependence of scattering
mechanisms is not addressed
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 18
19. Radiometric Terrain Correction
of Coherency Matrix
GTC: No Normalization RTC: Terrain-model Normalization
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 19
20. Radiometric Terrain Correction
of Coherency Matrix
GTC: No Normalization RTC: Terrain-model Normalization
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 20
21. Integration of PolSARpro
and MapReady
Ingest PALSAR data Terrain-correct Perform Wishart Export to GIS
Generate T3 decomposition Cluster-busting
RTC using area image provided by UZH
Lee Sigma Speckle Filter
POC
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 21
22. Radiometric Terrain Correction
of Coherency Matrix
Wishart - No Normalization Radiometric Terrain Correction
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 22
23. Radiometric Terrain Correction
of Coherency Matrix
USGS Reference Radiometric Terrain Correction
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 23
27. Accuracy Assessment
No Normalization
Open Developed Barren Deciduous Evergreen Mixed Shrub/ Woody Herbaceous User
No Normalization Water Land Land Forest Forest Forest Scrub Wetlands Wetlands Accuracy
Open Water 42402 22539 15229 2168 1512 99 1024 6299 498 46%
Developed Land 836 27431 1304 3130 903 458 123 2663 64 74%
Barren Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Deciduous Forest 11217 50614 1795 390417 228454 112888 12687 52712 528 45%
Evergreen Forest 13734 69849 6849 162366 323079 49803 12643 94157 617 44%
Mixed Forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Shrub/ Scrub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Woody Wetlands 7062 15611 4924 56052 135667 12103 30585 480635 11594 65%
Herbaceous Wetlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Producer Accuracy 56% 15% 0% 64% 47% 0% 0% 76% 0% 51%
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 27
28. Accuracy Assessment
With RTC
Open Developed Barren Deciduous Evergreen Mixed Shrub/ Woody Herbaceous User
Normalized T3 Water Land Land Forest Forest Forest Scrub Wetlands Wetlands Accuracy
Open Water 45570 33695 17297 3595 2188 165 1616 9905 739 40%
Developed Land 942 27464 1320 4717 1547 608 148 1878 27 71%
Barren Land 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Deciduous Forest 10161 59438 1461 482548 234568 128097 10344 30375 147 50%
Evergreen Forest 10614 50149 4409 53025 335583 30621 13520 138224 527 53%
Mixed Forest 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Shrub/ Scrub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Woody Wetlands 7964 15298 5614 70248 115729 15860 31434 456084 11861 64%
Herbaceous Wetlands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
Producer Accuracy 61% 15% 0% 79% 49% 0% 0% 72% 0% 54%
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 28
29. Accuracy Assessment
Comparison
Producer Class RTC No RTC Improvement
Open Water 61% 56% 5%
Developed Land 15% 15% 0%
Deciduous Forest 79% 64% 15%
Evergreen Forest 49% 47% 2%
Woody Wetlands 72% 76% -4%
• RTC yields improved accuracy (particularly for Deciduous Forest)
• But statistics may not tell the whole story: the USGS reference has
a stated accuracy of approximately 75%!
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 29
30. Impact of RTC
on forest classification
No Normalization USGS Reference RTC
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 30
31. Conclusions
• In general, PolSAR classification is difficult!
• Data fusion provides greatest hope for accurate classification results
• Radiometric variability caused by topography dominates PolSAR classification
• Area-based RTC offers effective way to “flatten” SAR radiometry
• RTC of Coherency Matrix shown to improve classification accuracy:
• Impact most pronounced for Deciduous Forests
• Although not complete, RTC approach is simple and effective
• Different scattering mechanisms (SB, DB, Volume) have different
sensitivities to topography. RTC does not address this
• However, RTC is very effective first order correction for segmenting
polarimetric data by phenology rather than topography
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small 31
32. Discussion
Don Atwood
dkatwood@alaska.edu
(907) 474-7380 32
IGARSS July 2011 Don Atwood & David Small
Photo Credit: Don Atwood