Ifm emu
•
1 like•152 views
The document discusses the evolution of monetary unions in Europe, beginning with the Snake arrangement in the 1970s which established narrow fixed exchange rate bands between EEC currencies. This was replaced by the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979, which aimed to coordinate exchange rate policies and pave the way for a European Monetary Union. The EMS used the European Currency Unit (ECU) and Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) to manage exchange rates within fluctuation bands. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991 furthered monetary integration by setting criteria for countries to irrevocably fix exchange rates by 1999 and introduce a common currency, establishing the European Central Bank and launching the Eurozone.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
The European Monetary System
The document discusses the origin and development of the European Monetary System (EMS) and the later introduction of the Euro. It describes how the EMS was established in 1972 to link European currencies and stabilize exchange rates. The Exchange Rate Mechanism formalized central rates for currencies within prescribed margins. The goals were greater stability and economic convergence. However, the EMS collapsed in 1992-1993 due to currency crises forcing rates outside margins. The Maastricht Treaty established the Euro and steps to economic and monetary union, including establishing the European Central Bank and requiring member states to meet fiscal and debt criteria. The Euro was officially launched in 1999 among 11 initial members.
Emu (Economic and monetary union)
The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) of the European Union was created in stages to coordinate economic policies and adopt a common currency, the euro. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991 laid out criteria for qualifying for the EMU and established a three stage process. Stage one involved capital flow liberalization. Stage two created the European Monetary Institute and strengthened economic coordination. Stage three established irrevocable currency conversion rates and introduced the euro under the European Central Bank. The EMU framework coordinates monetary, fiscal, and economic policies across EU members using the euro.
Economic and monetary union
This powerpoint presentation is completely based upon European union. I hope this will help you all in understanding the real concept....!
European Monetary Union
The European Monetary Union (EMU) originated from the European Monetary System (EMS) established in 1979 to implement fixed exchange rates. The EMS has since developed into a more extensive economic and monetary union with coordinated policies among member countries. The EU and EMU were formed to create a unified European market, enhance political stability and economic growth, and eliminate risks from separate currencies. Currently 19 EU member countries use the euro currency as part of the EMU.
Exchange rate behaviour
The document discusses various exchange rate systems and government intervention in foreign exchange markets. It begins by classifying exchange rate systems into fixed, freely floating, managed float, and pegged. It then provides details on how each system works, including examples. It also discusses currency boards, dollarization, and the euro. The document explains how governments can directly and indirectly intervene in foreign exchange markets and discusses different policy tools like exchange rate target zones. It concludes by defining international arbitrage opportunities like triangular and locational arbitrage.
Eurozone Crisis- TestCracker
The document discusses the ongoing Eurozone crisis, providing background information on the evolution of the Eurozone and European Union over time. It outlines some of the key factors that contributed to the crisis, including unsustainable deficits and debt levels in peripheral Eurozone economies. It also describes some of the measures taken in response to the crisis, such as bailout packages for Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Cyprus totaling hundreds of billions of euros, as well as the creation of institutions like the European Financial Stability Facility and European Stability Mechanism to manage the crisis.
43065380 project-report-euro
The document discusses the introduction of the euro currency in Europe in 1999 and its effects. Key points include removing exchange rate risks which makes cross-border investment easier, removing currency conversion fees for electronic payments between eurozone countries, and creating deeper financial markets in Europe. The euro also aims to increase price transparency and competition across borders. Adopting the euro helps provide macroeconomic stability for European countries under the European Central Bank.
Euro Currency
The document summarizes key information about the euro currency used by 12 European Union member states. It discusses the establishment of the euro through the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the central banks that administer it, and some initial exchange rates when countries adopted the euro. Additionally, it outlines how the euro may become a major global reserve currency, its relationship to oil prices, fluctuations in its exchange rate against the US dollar, and advantages like reduced transaction costs and exchange rate stability within the Eurozone.
Recommended
The European Monetary System
The document discusses the origin and development of the European Monetary System (EMS) and the later introduction of the Euro. It describes how the EMS was established in 1972 to link European currencies and stabilize exchange rates. The Exchange Rate Mechanism formalized central rates for currencies within prescribed margins. The goals were greater stability and economic convergence. However, the EMS collapsed in 1992-1993 due to currency crises forcing rates outside margins. The Maastricht Treaty established the Euro and steps to economic and monetary union, including establishing the European Central Bank and requiring member states to meet fiscal and debt criteria. The Euro was officially launched in 1999 among 11 initial members.
Emu (Economic and monetary union)
The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) of the European Union was created in stages to coordinate economic policies and adopt a common currency, the euro. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991 laid out criteria for qualifying for the EMU and established a three stage process. Stage one involved capital flow liberalization. Stage two created the European Monetary Institute and strengthened economic coordination. Stage three established irrevocable currency conversion rates and introduced the euro under the European Central Bank. The EMU framework coordinates monetary, fiscal, and economic policies across EU members using the euro.
Economic and monetary union
This powerpoint presentation is completely based upon European union. I hope this will help you all in understanding the real concept....!
European Monetary Union
The European Monetary Union (EMU) originated from the European Monetary System (EMS) established in 1979 to implement fixed exchange rates. The EMS has since developed into a more extensive economic and monetary union with coordinated policies among member countries. The EU and EMU were formed to create a unified European market, enhance political stability and economic growth, and eliminate risks from separate currencies. Currently 19 EU member countries use the euro currency as part of the EMU.
Exchange rate behaviour
The document discusses various exchange rate systems and government intervention in foreign exchange markets. It begins by classifying exchange rate systems into fixed, freely floating, managed float, and pegged. It then provides details on how each system works, including examples. It also discusses currency boards, dollarization, and the euro. The document explains how governments can directly and indirectly intervene in foreign exchange markets and discusses different policy tools like exchange rate target zones. It concludes by defining international arbitrage opportunities like triangular and locational arbitrage.
Eurozone Crisis- TestCracker
The document discusses the ongoing Eurozone crisis, providing background information on the evolution of the Eurozone and European Union over time. It outlines some of the key factors that contributed to the crisis, including unsustainable deficits and debt levels in peripheral Eurozone economies. It also describes some of the measures taken in response to the crisis, such as bailout packages for Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Cyprus totaling hundreds of billions of euros, as well as the creation of institutions like the European Financial Stability Facility and European Stability Mechanism to manage the crisis.
43065380 project-report-euro
The document discusses the introduction of the euro currency in Europe in 1999 and its effects. Key points include removing exchange rate risks which makes cross-border investment easier, removing currency conversion fees for electronic payments between eurozone countries, and creating deeper financial markets in Europe. The euro also aims to increase price transparency and competition across borders. Adopting the euro helps provide macroeconomic stability for European countries under the European Central Bank.
Euro Currency
The document summarizes key information about the euro currency used by 12 European Union member states. It discusses the establishment of the euro through the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the central banks that administer it, and some initial exchange rates when countries adopted the euro. Additionally, it outlines how the euro may become a major global reserve currency, its relationship to oil prices, fluctuations in its exchange rate against the US dollar, and advantages like reduced transaction costs and exchange rate stability within the Eurozone.
L7 the european monetary system
The document summarizes the monetary history of Europe from pre-17th century to the present. It describes how currencies originally used metals but bills of exchange later emerged. Public banks were established in the 17th-18th centuries in Amsterdam and London. The 19th century saw continued use of bills of exchange and the designation of certain currencies as legal tender within countries. The gold standard period from the late 19th century was unstable. Post-WWI and WWII attempts to restore monetary order included the Bretton Woods system and the European Monetary System (EMS), which evolved from a symmetrical system to one centered around the German Deutsche Mark.
Economics pres
This document discusses the formation of the Eurozone and the single European currency. It addresses why the Eurozone was initially deemed a non-optimal currency area due to issues like poor labor mobility and lack of fiscal transfers. However, the euro was introduced anyway for political reasons of further European integration. The document also briefly describes the precursors to the euro, including the European Exchange Rate Mechanism of the 1980s and the convergence criteria of the 1990s. Finally, it discusses advantages of the euro like encouraging trade by reducing transaction costs and currency risk, as well as having the European Central Bank which has helped reduce inflation.
Italy
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula located in southern Europe. It borders France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia to the north and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east. Italy has a long coastline and varies greatly in geography, from the Alps in the north to the Apennine Mountains running through the peninsula and over 3,000 kilometers of coastline. Italy has a long history and was once the center of the Roman Empire. It is now a parliamentary republic and member of the European Union, with Rome as its capital city.
Van Rompuy y Rajoy
The President of the European Council and the Prime Minister of Spain met to discuss the European and Spanish situations. They agreed that Spain's financial crisis was caused by private over-indebtedness during a housing boom, but eurozone deficiencies also contributed. Spain is implementing bold reforms and the eurozone has committed €100 billion to its financial sector. The President is confident Spain's reforms will restore stability if fully implemented rapidly. European leaders recognize further assistance may be needed if market defiance persists during Spain's adjustment period. Reforming the eurozone architecture is also underway to prevent future crises and progress on banking union is urgent.
Discuss the rationale for Ireland’s decision to join
This presentation discusses Ireland's decision to join the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979. It provides background on what the EMS was and Ireland's economy prior to joining. The main reasons Ireland joined were to anchor the Irish pound to the stable German Deutsche Mark, import Germany's economic fundamentals like low inflation, and distance itself politically from the unstable British economy and currency. While low inflation did not immediately follow, membership in the EMS aimed to promote monetary stability in Europe as countries moved toward economic and monetary union.
Denmark euro 20150111
Should Denmark adopt euro? Strong euro may get in trouble for exporters , like Denmark, and discourage foreign investment in the euro zone, but helps importers and euro zone investments around the world.
Eu
The European Union is an economic and political partnership between 27 European countries that was formed after World War II to promote peace, stability and prosperity in Europe. It has common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development, uses the euro as a shared currency, and is governed by institutions including the European Parliament, Council and Commission. The EU also has symbols like its flag of blue with yellow stars to represent the united diversity of Europe.
Euro crisis
The Eurozone debt crisis began in 2009 when it was realized that Greece could default on its debt, escalating over three years to include potential defaults by Portugal, Italy, Ireland and Spain. The crisis occurred due to countries violating debt-to-GDP ratios without penalties and overspending during economic recession. While emergency loans from stronger economies and institutions attempted to remedy the crisis, austerity measures aimed at reducing spending further slowed economic growth and tax revenues, exacerbating the issues. The crisis significantly impacted the global economy and financial markets due to the large size of the EU and Eurozone.
I f
The European Monetary System (EMS) was established in 1979 to limit exchange rate fluctuations between European currencies and link them to the German Deutsche Mark. The EMS defined the European Currency Unit and required member currencies to remain within a narrow band of 2.25% fluctuation from each other. However, differing economic policies among members strained the system, and Britain withdrew in 1992. The EMS was replaced in 1998 by the ERM-II which used the new euro as an anchor and maintained the same fluctuation bands ahead of countries joining the eurozone and adopting the euro currency.
Euro lesson for east asian currency
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from the development of the Euro for a potential common currency in East Asia. It provides background on the steps taken in Europe that led to the Euro, including exchange rate systems, treaties, and criteria for adopting the Euro. It also discusses unemployment trends, real exchange rate movements, and sovereign debt crises in Greece and Ireland as examples of challenges faced under the Euro. The diversity of East Asian countries suggests suitability of flexible EAEC institutions for a common currency.
International economic ch20
This document summarizes the evolution of the European single currency. It discusses how exchange rate cooperation developed through the European Monetary System from 1979-1998. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991 laid out criteria for countries to join the Eurozone and adopt the euro. The theory of optimum currency areas holds that fixed exchange rates are best for areas with high trade integration. Applying this framework, the decision to join the euro depends on whether the monetary efficiency gains from trade outweigh the economic stability losses from giving up an independent exchange rate.
European Monetary Union
The document discusses the creation and history of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It explains that the EMU was created both for economic and political reasons, including promoting growth, integration, and stability after issues with fluctuating currency exchange rates in the 1970s. The European Monetary System (EMS) was launched in 1979 as a precursor to the EMU to stabilize currencies and protect them from dollar fluctuations. The EMS established exchange rate limits but was asymmetric with Germany's currency dominating, which caused tensions. This led to discussions in the late 1980s and agreements, like the Single European Act and Delors Report, to further economic convergence and establish a true single currency, which became the Euro.
Euro
The document discusses the history and current state of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It covers the establishment of the euro, benefits and costs of a single currency, economic challenges facing the euro area, and Europe's response to the financial crisis. The euro area is experiencing its first recession since the euro's launch. The crisis has exposed weaknesses in EMU and differences between member states, calling into question the sustainability of a monetary union without further economic and political integration.
Erm 2 emu
A monetary union involves countries fixing exchange rates between their currencies and coordinating monetary policy. The European Union established a monetary union through the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in 1979, which pegged currencies within fluctuation bands. While initially successful in stabilizing exchange rates, the ERM collapsed in 1992 when high German interest rates caused currency crises for Italy and the UK. Further economic convergence was needed before establishing the euro in 1999 as a single currency for most EU member states.
Eurozone Crisis
The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009. Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency).
Economic and monetary Union
The document provides an overview of economic and monetary union (EMU) in the European Union. It discusses how EMU was established through agreements in Maastricht in 1991 to further economic integration among EU member states. EMU involves coordination of economic and monetary policies across participating countries, including a single currency (the euro) and monetary policy set by the European Central Bank. While EMU has benefits like tax-free trade, some argue it does not serve the interests of individual countries and poses communication and policy challenges for members with differing economies.
The European Monetary Union: the Never-Ending Crisis by Jaime Requeijo
The document discusses the ongoing crisis facing the European Monetary Union. It argues the Union was poorly constructed as political priorities took precedence over economic prudence. Member states also showed fiscal irresponsibility through growing public debts. This caused doubts among debt holders, increasing borrowing costs for vulnerable countries. The crisis was further exacerbated by economic downturns in several countries and spillover effects across financial markets. Measures adopted so far may not be enough to solve the problems plaguing the Union and further breakups remain a risk if issues are not addressed.
8. International Currency and Currency Crisis
This presentation deals with Euro Phases, Benefit and Cost of the Euro, Euro and Implication for India, Trade Invoicing in Euro vs. Dollars and South East Asian Currency Crisis
EURO Currency
The document provides information about the euro currency and the European monetary union in 3 paragraphs:
1) The euro is the official currency of the European Union and is used by 19 of its member states. It was introduced in 1999 and adopted in 2002 to increase economic integration and stability across the EU.
2) The Maastricht Treaty led to the creation of the euro and outlined convergence criteria for EU members to qualify for the eurozone. The European Central Bank was established to implement monetary policy for the eurozone.
3) Implementing the euro involved complex financial and economic changes across many markets and sectors. Member states transitioned from national currencies to the euro at different speeds, while ensuring contracts and obligations were
Exchange rates and European monetary ystem
This document discusses different exchange rate systems and international macroeconomic policy coordination. It begins by outlining the pros and cons of fixed versus flexible exchange rates, and the conditions for an optimal currency area. It then describes the creation of the European Monetary System, convergence criteria for the Euro, and the establishment of the European Central Bank. Hybrid exchange rate systems like adjustable pegs and crawling pegs are also introduced. Finally, it notes the obstacles to international macroeconomic policy coordination, including lack of consensus on the effects of monetary policies and appropriate policy mixes across countries.
EMU and the Growth and Stability Pact (GSP)
This document discusses the link between the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) in the European Union. It provides background on the establishment of the EMU, including the convergence criteria laid out in the Maastricht Treaty. It then explains that the SGP was created to ensure fiscal discipline among EU member states after adopting the euro, as monetary policy was now centralized but fiscal policy remained at the national level. The SGP requires members to keep their budget deficit below 3% of GDP and debt below 60% of GDP in order to support monetary stability within the eurozone.
EUECF13A-1401 - Update of 3 publications_LEAFLET_EN
The document provides information about the history and purpose of the euro. It began as a "virtual currency" in 1999 and was introduced as banknotes and coins in 2002. The goals of the euro and Economic and Monetary Union were to allow European economies to function more efficiently and offer greater prosperity and jobs to citizens. Adopting the euro meant some loss of national sovereignty but also economic benefits like price stability, lower interest rates, and increased trade and investment across Europe.
More Related Content
What's hot
L7 the european monetary system
The document summarizes the monetary history of Europe from pre-17th century to the present. It describes how currencies originally used metals but bills of exchange later emerged. Public banks were established in the 17th-18th centuries in Amsterdam and London. The 19th century saw continued use of bills of exchange and the designation of certain currencies as legal tender within countries. The gold standard period from the late 19th century was unstable. Post-WWI and WWII attempts to restore monetary order included the Bretton Woods system and the European Monetary System (EMS), which evolved from a symmetrical system to one centered around the German Deutsche Mark.
Economics pres
This document discusses the formation of the Eurozone and the single European currency. It addresses why the Eurozone was initially deemed a non-optimal currency area due to issues like poor labor mobility and lack of fiscal transfers. However, the euro was introduced anyway for political reasons of further European integration. The document also briefly describes the precursors to the euro, including the European Exchange Rate Mechanism of the 1980s and the convergence criteria of the 1990s. Finally, it discusses advantages of the euro like encouraging trade by reducing transaction costs and currency risk, as well as having the European Central Bank which has helped reduce inflation.
Italy
Italy is a boot-shaped peninsula located in southern Europe. It borders France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia to the north and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east. Italy has a long coastline and varies greatly in geography, from the Alps in the north to the Apennine Mountains running through the peninsula and over 3,000 kilometers of coastline. Italy has a long history and was once the center of the Roman Empire. It is now a parliamentary republic and member of the European Union, with Rome as its capital city.
Van Rompuy y Rajoy
The President of the European Council and the Prime Minister of Spain met to discuss the European and Spanish situations. They agreed that Spain's financial crisis was caused by private over-indebtedness during a housing boom, but eurozone deficiencies also contributed. Spain is implementing bold reforms and the eurozone has committed €100 billion to its financial sector. The President is confident Spain's reforms will restore stability if fully implemented rapidly. European leaders recognize further assistance may be needed if market defiance persists during Spain's adjustment period. Reforming the eurozone architecture is also underway to prevent future crises and progress on banking union is urgent.
Discuss the rationale for Ireland’s decision to join
This presentation discusses Ireland's decision to join the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979. It provides background on what the EMS was and Ireland's economy prior to joining. The main reasons Ireland joined were to anchor the Irish pound to the stable German Deutsche Mark, import Germany's economic fundamentals like low inflation, and distance itself politically from the unstable British economy and currency. While low inflation did not immediately follow, membership in the EMS aimed to promote monetary stability in Europe as countries moved toward economic and monetary union.
Denmark euro 20150111
Should Denmark adopt euro? Strong euro may get in trouble for exporters , like Denmark, and discourage foreign investment in the euro zone, but helps importers and euro zone investments around the world.
Eu
The European Union is an economic and political partnership between 27 European countries that was formed after World War II to promote peace, stability and prosperity in Europe. It has common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development, uses the euro as a shared currency, and is governed by institutions including the European Parliament, Council and Commission. The EU also has symbols like its flag of blue with yellow stars to represent the united diversity of Europe.
Euro crisis
The Eurozone debt crisis began in 2009 when it was realized that Greece could default on its debt, escalating over three years to include potential defaults by Portugal, Italy, Ireland and Spain. The crisis occurred due to countries violating debt-to-GDP ratios without penalties and overspending during economic recession. While emergency loans from stronger economies and institutions attempted to remedy the crisis, austerity measures aimed at reducing spending further slowed economic growth and tax revenues, exacerbating the issues. The crisis significantly impacted the global economy and financial markets due to the large size of the EU and Eurozone.
What's hot (8)
Discuss the rationale for Ireland’s decision to join
Discuss the rationale for Ireland’s decision to join
Similar to Ifm emu
I f
The European Monetary System (EMS) was established in 1979 to limit exchange rate fluctuations between European currencies and link them to the German Deutsche Mark. The EMS defined the European Currency Unit and required member currencies to remain within a narrow band of 2.25% fluctuation from each other. However, differing economic policies among members strained the system, and Britain withdrew in 1992. The EMS was replaced in 1998 by the ERM-II which used the new euro as an anchor and maintained the same fluctuation bands ahead of countries joining the eurozone and adopting the euro currency.
Euro lesson for east asian currency
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from the development of the Euro for a potential common currency in East Asia. It provides background on the steps taken in Europe that led to the Euro, including exchange rate systems, treaties, and criteria for adopting the Euro. It also discusses unemployment trends, real exchange rate movements, and sovereign debt crises in Greece and Ireland as examples of challenges faced under the Euro. The diversity of East Asian countries suggests suitability of flexible EAEC institutions for a common currency.
International economic ch20
This document summarizes the evolution of the European single currency. It discusses how exchange rate cooperation developed through the European Monetary System from 1979-1998. The Maastricht Treaty of 1991 laid out criteria for countries to join the Eurozone and adopt the euro. The theory of optimum currency areas holds that fixed exchange rates are best for areas with high trade integration. Applying this framework, the decision to join the euro depends on whether the monetary efficiency gains from trade outweigh the economic stability losses from giving up an independent exchange rate.
European Monetary Union
The document discusses the creation and history of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It explains that the EMU was created both for economic and political reasons, including promoting growth, integration, and stability after issues with fluctuating currency exchange rates in the 1970s. The European Monetary System (EMS) was launched in 1979 as a precursor to the EMU to stabilize currencies and protect them from dollar fluctuations. The EMS established exchange rate limits but was asymmetric with Germany's currency dominating, which caused tensions. This led to discussions in the late 1980s and agreements, like the Single European Act and Delors Report, to further economic convergence and establish a true single currency, which became the Euro.
Euro
The document discusses the history and current state of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It covers the establishment of the euro, benefits and costs of a single currency, economic challenges facing the euro area, and Europe's response to the financial crisis. The euro area is experiencing its first recession since the euro's launch. The crisis has exposed weaknesses in EMU and differences between member states, calling into question the sustainability of a monetary union without further economic and political integration.
Erm 2 emu
A monetary union involves countries fixing exchange rates between their currencies and coordinating monetary policy. The European Union established a monetary union through the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) in 1979, which pegged currencies within fluctuation bands. While initially successful in stabilizing exchange rates, the ERM collapsed in 1992 when high German interest rates caused currency crises for Italy and the UK. Further economic convergence was needed before establishing the euro in 1999 as a single currency for most EU member states.
Eurozone Crisis
The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009. Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency).
Economic and monetary Union
The document provides an overview of economic and monetary union (EMU) in the European Union. It discusses how EMU was established through agreements in Maastricht in 1991 to further economic integration among EU member states. EMU involves coordination of economic and monetary policies across participating countries, including a single currency (the euro) and monetary policy set by the European Central Bank. While EMU has benefits like tax-free trade, some argue it does not serve the interests of individual countries and poses communication and policy challenges for members with differing economies.
The European Monetary Union: the Never-Ending Crisis by Jaime Requeijo
The document discusses the ongoing crisis facing the European Monetary Union. It argues the Union was poorly constructed as political priorities took precedence over economic prudence. Member states also showed fiscal irresponsibility through growing public debts. This caused doubts among debt holders, increasing borrowing costs for vulnerable countries. The crisis was further exacerbated by economic downturns in several countries and spillover effects across financial markets. Measures adopted so far may not be enough to solve the problems plaguing the Union and further breakups remain a risk if issues are not addressed.
8. International Currency and Currency Crisis
This presentation deals with Euro Phases, Benefit and Cost of the Euro, Euro and Implication for India, Trade Invoicing in Euro vs. Dollars and South East Asian Currency Crisis
EURO Currency
The document provides information about the euro currency and the European monetary union in 3 paragraphs:
1) The euro is the official currency of the European Union and is used by 19 of its member states. It was introduced in 1999 and adopted in 2002 to increase economic integration and stability across the EU.
2) The Maastricht Treaty led to the creation of the euro and outlined convergence criteria for EU members to qualify for the eurozone. The European Central Bank was established to implement monetary policy for the eurozone.
3) Implementing the euro involved complex financial and economic changes across many markets and sectors. Member states transitioned from national currencies to the euro at different speeds, while ensuring contracts and obligations were
Exchange rates and European monetary ystem
This document discusses different exchange rate systems and international macroeconomic policy coordination. It begins by outlining the pros and cons of fixed versus flexible exchange rates, and the conditions for an optimal currency area. It then describes the creation of the European Monetary System, convergence criteria for the Euro, and the establishment of the European Central Bank. Hybrid exchange rate systems like adjustable pegs and crawling pegs are also introduced. Finally, it notes the obstacles to international macroeconomic policy coordination, including lack of consensus on the effects of monetary policies and appropriate policy mixes across countries.
EMU and the Growth and Stability Pact (GSP)
This document discusses the link between the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) in the European Union. It provides background on the establishment of the EMU, including the convergence criteria laid out in the Maastricht Treaty. It then explains that the SGP was created to ensure fiscal discipline among EU member states after adopting the euro, as monetary policy was now centralized but fiscal policy remained at the national level. The SGP requires members to keep their budget deficit below 3% of GDP and debt below 60% of GDP in order to support monetary stability within the eurozone.
EUECF13A-1401 - Update of 3 publications_LEAFLET_EN
The document provides information about the history and purpose of the euro. It began as a "virtual currency" in 1999 and was introduced as banknotes and coins in 2002. The goals of the euro and Economic and Monetary Union were to allow European economies to function more efficiently and offer greater prosperity and jobs to citizens. Adopting the euro meant some loss of national sovereignty but also economic benefits like price stability, lower interest rates, and increased trade and investment across Europe.
Adopting A Common Currency
The document discusses the adoption of a common currency in Europe and its advantages. It outlines the history of the euro, from the Werner Plan in 1970 to the establishment of the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979. The EMS aimed to stabilize exchange rates between European currencies. This eventually led to the creation of the euro in 1999 to further economic integration and remove exchange rate uncertainty within the EU. Adopting a common currency has benefits like reducing transaction costs and optimizing allocation of resources across borders.
The Economic and Monetary Union: Past, Present and Future
The Economic and Monetary Union: Past, Present and FutureCASE Center for Social and Economic Research
Twenty years of euro history confirms the euro’s stability and position as the second global currency. It also enjoys the support of majority of the euro area population and is seen as a good thing for the European Union. The European Central Bank has been successful in keeping inflation at a low level. However, the European debt and financial crisis in the 2010s created a need for deep institutional reform and this task remains unfinished.The European Union at a Crossroads: An Action Plan
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a policy brief on the current state of the European Union. It begins by outlining the economic advantages of adopting a single currency, such as reduced transaction costs and exchange rate uncertainty. However, it notes that more economic and fiscal integration is needed to ensure long-term success. The document then presents an action plan to strengthen economic governance and establish a European Debt Agency. It argues that growth is also important to overcoming the crisis. In conclusion, the policy brief advocates bold action to take advantage of the crisis and overcome current challenges facing the European Union.
The EU at a Crossroads: An Action Plan
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a policy brief on the current state of the European Union. It begins by outlining the economic advantages of adopting a single currency, such as reduced transaction costs and exchange rate uncertainty. However, it notes that more economic and fiscal integration is needed to ensure long-term success. The document then presents an action plan to strengthen economic governance and establish a European Debt Agency. It argues that growth is also important to overcoming the crisis. In conclusion, the policy brief advocates bold action to take advantage of the crisis and overcome current challenges facing the European Union.
Econ History Presentation History of Currency in EU After Maastricht Treaty i...
The document summarizes the history of currencies in the European Union from early ideas of economic coordination to the creation and growth of the Euro. It discusses the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 that set the stage for a single currency. It describes the three stages of development and relaunch in the 1990s that led to the 1999 launch of the Euro in non-physical form. The transition from legacy currencies to euros from 1999-2002 is also summarized along with the early growth and public support for the Euro. The document concludes with discussing the recession era in the late 2000s that prompted fiscal agreements and bailout funds and the enlargement of countries joining the Eurozone.
Euro Crisis
What is euro zone ?
What is euro zone crisis?
Country affected and impacts
Causes
Solutions
Similar to Ifm emu (20)
The European Monetary Union: the Never-Ending Crisis by Jaime Requeijo
The European Monetary Union: the Never-Ending Crisis by Jaime Requeijo
EUECF13A-1401 - Update of 3 publications_LEAFLET_EN
EUECF13A-1401 - Update of 3 publications_LEAFLET_EN
The Economic and Monetary Union: Past, Present and Future
The Economic and Monetary Union: Past, Present and Future
The European Union at a Crossroads: An Action Plan
The European Union at a Crossroads: An Action Plan
Econ History Presentation History of Currency in EU After Maastricht Treaty i...
Econ History Presentation History of Currency in EU After Maastricht Treaty i...
More from Bharathi suneela
Consumer protection act
Consumers face exploitation but have rights and recourses. Various agencies exist to help consumers obtain redress when their rights are violated in areas like defective products, misleading advertising, or other unfair business practices. Consumers should be aware of their rights and the resources available to address exploitation and have their concerns properly addressed.
Consumer forum
Consumer forums were established to address consumer complaints and protect consumer rights through judicial hearings. They consist of district, state, and national consumer forums that handle cases based on the monetary value of goods/services. District forums handle cases up to 20 lakh rupees, state forums up to 1 crore rupees, and national forums over 1 crore rupees. The forums aim to maintain fair business practices and allow consumers to file grievances against businesses within 30 days if unsatisfied with a lower court's ruling.
BIS
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is India's national standards body that was established in 1986. BIS formulates standards for various industries in India for quality control and consumer protection. It has several functions such as protecting consumers from hazardous products, promoting consumer confidence, and providing quality assurance. BIS is also involved in international standardization, product certification, hallmarking of gold and silver, operating testing laboratories, and training and consumer awareness programs.
ASCI
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) is a self-regulatory organization established in 1985 to ensure advertising in India complies with its code of self-regulation. The code requires advertisements to be legal, honest, truthful and safe while maintaining fair competition. ASCI looks into complaints across all media and is comprised of representatives from advertisers, agencies, media and other related professions. It investigates complaints through its Consumer Complaints Council and can direct advertisers to withdraw or modify advertisements that violate its code.
If mstrucure of fx markets
This document provides an overview of the structure of foreign exchange markets. It discusses that foreign exchange markets allow the conversion of one country's currency into another country's currency in order to purchase goods and services across borders. The structure includes a retail market where individuals exchange currencies, and a wholesale interbank market where large commercial banks exchange currencies. Within the interbank market, there is a direct market where banks quote prices directly to each other, and an indirect market where brokers match orders. Central banks also occasionally intervene in currency markets to limit fluctuations. Primary dealers facilitate most transactions and take on exchange rate risk by holding open positions over time.
Ifm recent changes
The document summarizes major developments in international financial management from 1944 to the present. It discusses the creation of the World Bank and IMF in 1944 and 1945 to provide loans and promote economic cooperation among member countries. It also covers the emergence of eurocurrency markets in the 1960s, where banks accepted deposits and made loans in foreign currencies outside their home country. Additionally, it outlines the formation of the OECD in 1961 and unprecedented changes in financial markets in the 1980s, including the integration of markets and liberalization of exchange controls. Major developments like the emergence of innovative financial instruments and flexible exchange rates are also summarized.
Ifm reasons for decline of gold standard
The gold standard declined for several key reasons:
1) Countries violated the rules of the gold standard during WWI by abandoning free trade and currency convertibility to avoid gold exports.
2) The gold standard failed to maintain both exchange stability and internal price stability after WWI.
3) Political instability during and after WWI, like rumors of war, disrupted the free movement of gold needed to sustain the standard.
4) The Great Depression from 1929-1933 delivered the final blow by causing a widespread collapse in international trade.
Ifm problem on bop
The document provides information to prepare India's balance of payments statement for the year 2012-13. It includes data on exports, imports, unilateral transfers, direct investments, portfolio investments, and other investments. It then lists these components and their values in crores of Indian rupees. The balance of payments statement shows a current account deficit of 665.9 crores, which is offset by a capital account surplus of 611.2 crores and a statistical discrepancy of 51.98 crores, resulting in an overall balance of -2.8 crores.
Ifm need
This document discusses the need for studying international financial management (IFM). It provides three key reasons for its study: 1) International trade and production has become highly globalized, with goods and services being produced and consumed worldwide. 2) Financial markets have become highly integrated, allowing for greater international diversification of investments. 3) Major economic functions like consumption, production, and investment are now highly global in nature. The document goes on to outline five major dimensions that differentiate international finance from domestic finance: 1) Foreign exchange risk, 2) Political risk, 3) Market imperfections, 4) Expanded opportunity set, and 5) High agency costs.
Ifm major participents forex
The major participants in the foreign exchange (forex) market are international banks, bank customers, non-banking dealers, forex brokers, central banks, and retail clients. International banks are the primary traders and price makers in the wholesale interbank forex market. Bank customers include multinational corporations, money managers, and private speculators. Non-banking dealers such as investment banks, mutual funds, pension funds, and hedge funds also trade directly in the interbank market. Forex brokers match dealer orders for a fee but do not take positions themselves. Central banks intervene to control wide fluctuations in major currencies. Retail clients include international investors, multinational corporations, private customers, tourists, and banks operating in
Ifm importance pptx
International financial management is important for several reasons: (1) International trade corresponds to currency transactions as goods move between countries; (2) Specialization and trade allow countries to focus on goods they have a comparative advantage in and import other goods, benefiting all countries; (3) Globalization has led firms to expand internationally to exploit competitive advantages and imperfect foreign markets. International trade and financial management are crucial for world economic growth and development.
Ifm fe quatations (1)
This document discusses foreign exchange quotations. It explains that currencies are quoted relative to each other, with exchange rates representing the price of one currency in terms of another. There are various types of foreign exchange quotations, including bid and ask prices, direct and indirect quotes, cross rates between currencies not directly traded, spot rates for immediate settlement, and forward rates for future settlement. Interbank quotations typically use European terms, quoting the amount of foreign currency per unit of the domestic currency.
Ifm evaluation of floating rates
The document discusses floating exchange rates that were adopted in 1973 as an alternative to fixed rates. Proponents argued that floating rates would reduce economic volatility and facilitate free trade by offsetting inflation rate differences. However, critics stated that floating rates could lead to uncertainty and encourage speculation. A survey by the IMF found that exchange rate volatility since the 1970s did not hamper world trade growth and that speculation was not clearly linked to floating rates. While some economists call for a return to fixed rates, history shows that any long-term stable system requires price stability and credibility.
Ifm currency futures
Currency futures allow parties to agree to buy or sell a currency at a future date at a price determined today. Trading in currency futures began in 1972 on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Futures contracts are standardized and traded on organized exchanges. The clearing house guarantees the financial integrity of the market by acting as the counterparty to all contracts. Currency futures are marked to market daily, where open positions are repriced and profits and losses are settled through margin payments maintained by traders.
Ifm components of bop
The document discusses the components of a country's balance of payments (BOP), which is a statistical record of its international transactions. It is presented as a double-entry bookkeeping statement with receipts and payments over a time period. The major components are the current account (exports, imports, services, income), capital account (investments, loans), and official reserve account (gold, foreign currency, SDRs). The current account balance is in surplus if receipts exceed payments and in deficit if payments exceed receipts. The capital account similarly shows a surplus if capital inflows exceed outflows. Overall BOP surplus or deficit depends on the combined balance of the current and capital accounts.
Ifm challenges
This document discusses the challenges faced by international financial managers. It outlines the complex global financial system environment they must navigate, including fluctuating foreign exchange rates, varying interest rates between countries, and differing political and cultural factors. International financial managers must identify key economic variables affecting their firm, devise strategies to adapt to changes in these variables, learn from past mistakes, and seize new opportunities presented by the market in order to succeed amidst these challenges. A strong understanding of different country's microeconomic environments, cultures, and levels of technology and infrastructure is crucial.
Ifm business methods
This document discusses various methods for international business, including licensing, franchising, joint ventures, acquisitions, management contracts, establishing new subsidiaries, and international trade. It provides examples for each method. Licensing and franchising allow firms to enter foreign markets without large investments by authorizing other firms to use intellectual property or brand names. Joint ventures combine the strengths of two companies. Acquisitions provide quick control over foreign markets but come with high costs. Management contracts give operational control of a foreign firm to another company. New subsidiaries provide full control but take more time and investment. International trade involves exports and imports with minimum risk.
Ifm bop
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP), which records all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. The BOP provides valuable information to governments and affects exchange rates, interest rates, and price levels. It includes exports and imports, services, financial investments, government transactions, and unilateral transfers. A BOP deficit occurs when payments abroad exceed receipts, while a surplus happens when receipts are greater than payments. Deficits must be financed through borrowing or selling foreign assets.
Ifm agencies international flows-r
The document discusses several major international financial agencies that facilitate global economic and financial flows. It describes the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which provides loans and financial assistance to countries facing balance of payments issues. It also outlines the World Bank, including its constituent institutions that provide loans for development projects, encourage private sector growth, insure foreign investments, and help settle investment disputes. Other agencies mentioned include the International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Ifm scope
This document provides an introduction to international financial management. It explains that international financial management is crucial for multinational corporations to understand how international events may affect their business and how to take advantage of opportunities in foreign markets. It also discusses how changes in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, stock markets, and other financial factors in one country can impact others in today's globalized and interdependent financial world. Finally, it outlines three key aspects of international financial management that managers of multinational corporations must understand: the international financial system, foreign exchange markets, and factors of the host country's business environment.
More from Bharathi suneela (20)
Recently uploaded
1.2 Business Ideas Business Ideas Busine
Business Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas Powerpoint
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.快速办理(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
How will new technology fields affect economic trade?
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial Reports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit Ratings
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Who Is the Largest Producer of Soybean in India Now.pdf
This blog explores the current largest producer of soybean in India and the factors contributing to their dominance.
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...
Whatsapp (+971581248768) Buy Abortion Pills In Dubai/ Qatar/Kuwait/Doha/Abu Dhabi/Alain/RAK City/Satwa/Al Ain/Abortion Pills For Sale In Qatar, Doha. Abu az Zuluf. Abu Thaylah. Ad Dawhah al Jadidah. Al Arish, Al Bida ash Sharqiyah, Al Ghanim, Al Ghuwariyah, Qatari, Abu Dhabi, Dubai.. WHATSAPP +971)581248768 Abortion Pills / Cytotec Tablets Available in Dubai, Sharjah, Abudhabi, Ajman, Alain, Fujeira, Ras Al Khaima, Umm Al Quwain., UAE, buy cytotec in Dubai– Where I can buy abortion pills in Dubai,+971582071918where I can buy abortion pills in Abudhabi +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Sharjah,+97158207191 8where I can buy abortion pills in Ajman, +971)581248768 where I can buy abortion pills in Umm al Quwain +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Fujairah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Ras al Khaimah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Alain+971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in UAE +971)581248768 we are providing cytotec 200mg abortion pill in dubai, uae.Medication abortion offers an alternative to Surgical Abortion for women in the early weeks of pregnancy. Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strategies
在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Detailed power point presentation on compound interest and how it is calculated
Detailed information about compund interest
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio Problem
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
Recently uploaded (20)
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
OAT_RI_Ep20 WeighingTheRisks_May24_Trade Wars.pptx
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit Ratings
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit Ratings
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
Who Is the Largest Producer of Soybean in India Now.pdf
Who Is the Largest Producer of Soybean in India Now.pdf
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Tdasx: In-Depth Analysis of Cryptocurrency Giveaway Scams and Security Strate...
Detailed power point presentation on compound interest and how it is calculated
Detailed power point presentation on compound interest and how it is calculated
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
Ending stagnation: How to boost prosperity across Scotland
Ifm emu
- 1. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC AND MONETAY UNION (EMU) By V S SARMA ,PROF, MBA VJIT 1
- 2. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Smithsonian Agreement (Dec. 1971) :The band of exchange rate movement was expanded from the original + or – 1% to + or – 2.25% Members of European Economic Community (EEC), however decided on a narrow band of (+ or – )1.125. This scale down /European version of the fixed exchange rate system is called the SNAKE EEC currencies moved concurrently with the wider brand (+ or _ 2.25 %)– hence called snake EEC countries adopted snake because they felt, stable exchange rate among EEC countries, is essential to promote intra EEC trade and economic integration 2
- 3. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The snake arrangement was replaced by the European Monetary system(EMS) in 1979 EMS was originally proposed by German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in 1979 OBJECTIVES OF EMS: To establish a zone of Monitory Stability in Europe To coordinate exchange rate policies vis.vis. The non EMS countries To pave way for the eventual European Monetary Union. All EEC member countries except UK ,Greece joined the EMS 3
- 4. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS OF EMS: There are two main instruments of EMS: (a) Exchange currency unit (ECU) (B) The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) (a) The European Currency Unit: This is basket currency constructed as a weighted average of the currencies of member countries of the Europeans Union(EU) Weights are based on Each currency's relative GNP and share in intra EU trade ECU plays an important role in the working of the Exchange rate Mechanism.
- 5. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS OF EMS: There are two main instruments of EMS: (a) Exchange currency unit (ECU) (B) The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) (a) The European Currency Unit (ECU) : This is basket currency constructed as a weighted average of the currencies of member countries of the Europeans Union(EU) Weights are based on Each currency's relative GNP and share in intra EU trade ECU plays an important role in the working of the Exchange rate Mechanism.
- 6. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (b) The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): It is a procedure by which EMS member countries collectively manage their Exchange rates The ERM is based on ‘ Parity grid’ system, which is a system of Par values among EMS currencies The par values of EMS currencies in the parity grid are computed by first defining the par value of EMS currencies in terms of ECU. The currency was allowed to deviate from the parities with other currencies by a maximum of + or – 2.25%with the exception of Italian Lira for which maximum deviation of + or – 6% In Sept. 1993,the band however was widened to a maximum of + or – 15%
- 7. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Intervention of central Banks When a currency reaches upper or lower limit of band, the Central Banks of both the countries are required to intervene in FE market to ensure exchange rate with in the band. To intervene, the Central Banks can borrow from a credit fund to which member countries contribute gold and foreign reserves.
- 8. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT MAASTRICHT TREATY The EMS members during the course of time were not committed to coordinate their economic policies. EMS went through series of realignments (a) Italy, UK pulled out of ERM (b) High interest rates in Germany resulted in massive cash inflows to Germany (c) Italian Lira devalued 2 times- 1985-6% and 1990-3.7% (d) Subsequently Germany faced substantial budget deficit. This was not accommodated by monetary policy
- 9. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT MAASTRICHT TREATY (contd..) (e) Germany not willing to reduce interest rates fearing inflation (f) U.K, Italy – not willing to raise interest rates (g) Italy joined ERM in 12/96 (h) U.K still out side ERM In these turbulent situation, European members met at ‘MAASTRICHT’(Netherlands) in 12/91and signed ‘MAASTRICHT TREATY’
- 10. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT MAASTRICHT TREATY (contd..) According to this treaty: (a) EMS irrevocably fix Exchange rates among the member currencies by 1-1-1999 (b) EMS Subsequently introduce a common currency replacing individual national currencies. European Central Bank to be located in Frankfurt Germany is solely responsible for issue of common currency and conducting monetary policy in EUROZONE National Central Banks of individual countries function like regional member banks of federal Reserve
- 11. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT MAASTRICHT TREATY (contd..) To pave way to EMU (European Monetary Union), the member countries (of EMS) agreed to : (a) Closely coordinate their: -Fiscal - Monetary - Exchange rate policies to achieve convergence of their economies (b) (i) Govt. should keep Budget deficit at below 3% their GDP (ii) To keep gross Public Debt below 60% of GDP (iii) To achieve high degree of price stability (iv) To maintain its currency with in the prescribed exchange rate range of ERM (v) Convergence of economies was the buzz word