This document discusses the formation of the Eurozone and the single European currency. It addresses why the Eurozone was initially deemed a non-optimal currency area due to issues like poor labor mobility and lack of fiscal transfers. However, the euro was introduced anyway for political reasons of further European integration. The document also briefly describes the precursors to the euro, including the European Exchange Rate Mechanism of the 1980s and the convergence criteria of the 1990s. Finally, it discusses advantages of the euro like encouraging trade by reducing transaction costs and currency risk, as well as having the European Central Bank which has helped reduce inflation.
The Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank Harsh Chitroda
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency)
The Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank Harsh Chitroda
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency)
An attempt to cover different facets of ESD Crisis . Following ppt enumerate how it all got started and draws out rationale behind the formation of EU.
An attempt to cover different facets of ESD Crisis . Following ppt enumerate how it all got started and draws out rationale behind the formation of EU.
PERFORMANCE STUDIES ON THE VARIOUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN AD-HOC NETWORKSJYoTHiSH o.s
Every protocol has its advantages and disadvantages in different scenarios. The choice of a routing protocol should be made carefully after considering every aspect we provided in this section (and possibly more).
OBS network is a optical communication network.
Data is transported in variable sized units called Bursts.
Dynamic nature leads to high network adaptability and scalability.
Promising solution for all optical network.
Overcomes the complexity of OPS & OCS.
Its a project report for eAgriculture..
Its consist of samples of this project..
Front end :JSP
Backend:MySQL
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Designed by Sanjay Ghemawat , Howard Gobioff and Shun-Tak Leung of Google in 2002-03.
Provides fault tolerance, serving large number of clients with high aggregate performance.
The field of Google is beyond the searching.
Google store the data in more than 15 thousands commodity hardware.
Handles the exceptions of Google and other Google specific challenges in their distributed file system.
The EUR 100 billion + EUR 780 billion eurozone rescue package has just bought time but not enough to address the fundamental imbalances between euro-zone economies
The European debt crisis (often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis) is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union since the end of 2009. Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties like other eurozone countries, the European Central Bank (ECB), or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The eurozone crisis was caused by a balance-of-payments crisis (a sudden stop of foreign capital into countries that had substantial deficits and were dependent on foreign lending). The crisis was worsened by the inability of states to resort to devaluation (reductions in the value of the national currency).
Group project for ECON 443: International Money class analyzing four European Union member states outside of the Eurozone. This presentation is modeled directly from the essay prompt, where we explore the advantages and disadvantages of maintaining independent national currency, difficulties encountered by each member during the European sovereign debt crisis, and key takeaways.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
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3. INTRODUCTION
• In our presentation we will answer the following
questions:
• A) Why was euroland deemed to be a non-optimal
currency area?
• B) Why did euroland happen despite the fact that so
many thought it was a calculated risk?
• C) Describe briefly the following precursors to the euro? (
ERM 1980’s) EMU project/ convergence criteria 1990’s
• D) Discuss the following in the context of the advantages
of having a single currency: (why and how a single
currency encourages trade and also the advantages of
having the ECB as our central bank).
4. A) WHY WAS EUROLAND DEEMED TO
BE A NON-OPTIMAL CURRENCY AREA?
• The Eurozone did not meet a number of the criteria
to be considered an optimal currency area.
• Firstly, it has poor labour mobility due to the array of
languages and cultures it has.
• For example, despite the Spanish economy being in
poor shape, it is very difficult for a Spaniard to move
to the likes of Germany (whose economy is far
healthier) because they do not speak the
language. This is known as the Mundell criterion.
5. A) WHY WAS EUROLAND DEEMED TO
BE A NON-OPTIMAL CURRENCY AREA?
• Secondly, the Eurozone does not have a fiscal
transfer system like the United States.
• A fiscal transfer system helps alleviate a recession in
one part of the currency area by increasing taxes in
an area that is experiencing a boom and
transferring them to the recession-hit part.
• For example, the United States has such a system.
The fact that Europe does not have this system has
made the current crisis worse for the
peripheral, recession-hit countries like
Spain, Italy, Greece and Ireland.
6. WHY DID EUROLAND HAPPEN DESPITE
THE FACT THAT SO MANY THOUGHT IT
WAS A CALCULATED RISK?
• The Eurozone was very much a political project.
Europe has historically been a very divided part of
the world and World War 2 is still fresh in the minds of
many. The EU was established to try and integrate
the countries of Europe by introducing the “four
freedoms”.
7. WHY DID EUROLAND HAPPEN DESPITE
THE FACT THAT SO MANY THOUGHT IT
WAS A CALCULATED RISK?
• Economic integration was the next step in this
process of convergence and so the euro was
introduced. In the eyes of the European countries
that became members of the Eurozone, the
political reasons were more powerful than the
economic reasons and this is why it came about.
8. C) DESCRIBE BRIEFLY THE FOLLOWING
PRECURSORS TO THE EURO:
• - the ERM in the 1980's
• The European Exchange Rate system came into effect in 1979
as part of the European Monetary System. All the countries
that signed-up to had their currency pegged to the ECU
(European Currency Unit).
• Most of the countries were given a margin of +/-2.25% within
which their currencies could fluctuate against the ECU.
• The difficulty with introducing a fixed exchange rate system is
that all countries that are part of it need to have more or less
the same level of inflation.
• A number of countries struggled with this - particularly the
inflation-prone, peripheral countries that were now part of the
same currency system as Germany who has very low inflation.
It also resulted in Black Wednesday where the Bank of England
spent over £3bn trying to stop the pound sterling depreciating
too much.
9. C) DESCRIBE BRIEFLY THE FOLLOWING
PRECURSORS TO THE EURO:
• - the EMU project in the 1990s and the convergence criteria
• The Economic and Monetary Union introduced a number of
policies to help all member states of the European Union to
converge economically.
• The EMU was formally set out in the Maastricht Treaty and laidout the convergence criteria. The convergence criteria were
particularly important for countries intent on joining the euro.
• The convergence criteria consisted of 1) keeping both
inflation and interest rates relatively low compared to other
members 2) government budget deficits not being allowed
exceed 3% of GDP 3) government debt-to-GDP not
exceeding 60% 4) keeping their exchange rate stable against
other members
10. D) DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING IN THE
CONTEXT OF THE ADVANTAGES OF
HAVING A SINGLE CURRENCY:
• - why and how a single currency encourages trade
• One key reason behind a single currency promoting
trade is that it does away with certain transaction costs
like having to exchange currencies.
• Another reason is that you can be guaranteed you will
not lose money when being paid at a later date.
• For example, if an Irish company provides a service in
Japan and agrees not to receive payment for a few
months in yen, they will lose money if the yen
depreciates against the euro in that time frame. This
cannot happen between two countries using the euro.
11. D) DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING IN THE
CONTEXT OF THE ADVANTAGES OF
HAVING A SINGLE CURRENCY:
• - the advantages of having the ECB as our central bank
• The main advantage of having the ECB as our central
bank is that it is modelled on the Bundesbank of
Germany, which has a stellar record of keeping inflation
low.
• Having the ECB as our central bank has certainly helped
reduce the level of inflation in Ireland. This is great for
savers, as their deposits cannot be eroded by inflation.
• Arguably, another advantage (in the eyes of the
peripheral countries at least) is the ability of the ECB to
purchase government debt on the secondary market.
This will help calm market jitters and reduce the cost of
borrowing for highly indebted European countries