The document discusses income inequality and the government's role in addressing it. It provides data showing disparities in income distribution in the US and how government taxes and transfers help reduce inequality. It also examines causes of inequality like differences in skills, education and household size, and debates around minimum wage laws and welfare programs.
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
The document discusses the goals and impact of the 1996 US welfare reform act. It aimed to reduce child poverty, cut welfare spending by reducing dependence on government aid, and reduce out-of-wedlock births by promoting marriage. Research showed child poverty decreased after the act, and welfare caseloads dropped 58% by 2001 due to new work requirements, achieving the first two goals. However, the impact on marriage is less clear as poverty rates for single-parent households remain above married-couple families. The effects of the reform continue to be debated, with some arguing the strong 1990s economy drove changes while others credit the reform's policies.
How Women Get Hit with Finances in the USSarah Buhr
Women are more vulnerable when it comes to finances (through divorce, lack of education, etc). Yet, they tend to handle most of the family finances themselves. Here are some stats to help women out when it comes to getting a handle on their financial life. What you don't know can hurt you.
There is lots of talk about minimum wage in Canada. Many political parties discuss the need to hike both the federal and provincial minimum wage. This presentation will discuss issues the impact on changing the minimum wage in Canada.
This document summarizes discussions from a Health and Wellbeing Board (HWBB) on health inequalities in Sheffield. It outlines the context of health inequalities, how the city currently addresses the issue, evidence on effective interventions, and next steps. The key points are: the data shows inequalities have not improved in recent years; the current plan from 2014 still aligns with evidence but lacks program management; evidence points to addressing social determinants like poverty, education and employment; and the city needs to focus resources disproportionately to disadvantaged areas and populations to make meaningful progress on reducing inequalities.
The document discusses the importance of saving for retirement, especially for women. It notes that women often work part-time, participate in retirement plans less, and live longer than men. As a result, many elderly women live in poverty. The document urges women to start saving as early as possible, even if just small amounts, as savings can compound over time. It provides tips like maintaining one's standard of living, cutting expenses, and saving an additional 15-25% per year. Resources for retirement planning are listed.
Oregon's Stay-at-Home Parents. Detailing trends in recent decades by age of mother, age of child, educational attainment, income, number of children and sex of parent. 1 in 5 Oregon mothers between ages 25 and 54 are staying at home specifically to take care of home or family. 1 in 100 fathers are.
The document discusses income inequality and the government's role in addressing it. It provides data showing disparities in income distribution in the US and how government taxes and transfers help reduce inequality. It also examines causes of inequality like differences in skills, education and household size, and debates around minimum wage laws and welfare programs.
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
The document discusses the goals and impact of the 1996 US welfare reform act. It aimed to reduce child poverty, cut welfare spending by reducing dependence on government aid, and reduce out-of-wedlock births by promoting marriage. Research showed child poverty decreased after the act, and welfare caseloads dropped 58% by 2001 due to new work requirements, achieving the first two goals. However, the impact on marriage is less clear as poverty rates for single-parent households remain above married-couple families. The effects of the reform continue to be debated, with some arguing the strong 1990s economy drove changes while others credit the reform's policies.
How Women Get Hit with Finances in the USSarah Buhr
Women are more vulnerable when it comes to finances (through divorce, lack of education, etc). Yet, they tend to handle most of the family finances themselves. Here are some stats to help women out when it comes to getting a handle on their financial life. What you don't know can hurt you.
There is lots of talk about minimum wage in Canada. Many political parties discuss the need to hike both the federal and provincial minimum wage. This presentation will discuss issues the impact on changing the minimum wage in Canada.
This document summarizes discussions from a Health and Wellbeing Board (HWBB) on health inequalities in Sheffield. It outlines the context of health inequalities, how the city currently addresses the issue, evidence on effective interventions, and next steps. The key points are: the data shows inequalities have not improved in recent years; the current plan from 2014 still aligns with evidence but lacks program management; evidence points to addressing social determinants like poverty, education and employment; and the city needs to focus resources disproportionately to disadvantaged areas and populations to make meaningful progress on reducing inequalities.
The document discusses the importance of saving for retirement, especially for women. It notes that women often work part-time, participate in retirement plans less, and live longer than men. As a result, many elderly women live in poverty. The document urges women to start saving as early as possible, even if just small amounts, as savings can compound over time. It provides tips like maintaining one's standard of living, cutting expenses, and saving an additional 15-25% per year. Resources for retirement planning are listed.
Oregon's Stay-at-Home Parents. Detailing trends in recent decades by age of mother, age of child, educational attainment, income, number of children and sex of parent. 1 in 5 Oregon mothers between ages 25 and 54 are staying at home specifically to take care of home or family. 1 in 100 fathers are.
This document contains lecture notes on macroeconomics topics including the natural rate of unemployment, types of unemployment (frictional, seasonal, structural), efficiency wages, unemployment insurance, and minimum wage laws. Key points covered are the definition of the natural rate of unemployment, how different types of unemployment like structural can be caused by changes in technology or demand, the potential unintended consequences of policies like unemployment insurance and minimum wages, and how efficiency wages can make employees more productive.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It examines how inequality is measured and has changed over time. Political philosophies like utilitarianism, liberalism, and libertarianism offer different views on the government's role in redistributing income. The document also analyzes policies aimed at reducing poverty, including minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, as well as their potential impacts on work incentives.
This document summarizes research on the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program in the United States. It discusses how the EITC has grown to be the largest welfare program, providing $78 billion in 2011. While the EITC encourages single mothers to enter the workforce, its effect on hours worked is unclear, with some studies finding no change and others a small decrease. The document reviews literature showing the EITC increases labor force participation but has mixed effects on hours worked. It also discusses how individuals' understanding of the EITC schedule impacts earnings and how more research is needed to fully understand the EITC's effects on pre-tax income.
Working from home is a long-run growth opportunity. Many such workers bring their jobs with them or start their own business in part because it is harder to find a similar job locally. One key need is good, reliable broadband. Overall Oregon does better than much of the country in terms of working from home and broadband access, however gaps exist. Furthermore there are a lot of inequities regarding access to technology. Broadband is important for social, economic, and educational needs.
FSC Future Leaders Award - Stephen FleggSteve Flegg
This document discusses policy changes that could help insulate Australia from the future economic impacts of an aging population. It identifies three key issues with the current system: 1) inadequate retirement savings among many Australians, 2) a lack of regulation around how superannuation funds are used post-retirement, and 3) inadequacies in the age pension that discourage employment and burden individuals with longevity risk. Reforming contribution caps, increasing financial assistance, regulating post-retirement spending, and restructuring the age pension are some policy solutions proposed to address these issues and better prepare Australia for its aging population.
This document provides arguments against abstinence-only sex education programs and in favor of comprehensive sex education. It argues that abstinence-only programs are a waste of taxpayer money, as the government has spent over $1 billion on them over 10 years. It also claims these programs do not provide vital information about contraception and do not reduce rates of teen pregnancy or STDs. The document advocates for comprehensive sex education that includes contraception education to better curb unintended pregnancy and disease.
This document contains lecture materials on macroeconomics and unemployment rates including:
- Examples of calculating unemployment rates based on numbers of employed and unemployed people.
- Factors that can cause unemployment rates to be overstated or understated such as discouraged workers.
- Types of unemployment including cyclical, structural, and frictional unemployment.
- Government programs and policies related to unemployment such as unemployment insurance and minimum wage laws.
- Concepts like the natural rate of unemployment, efficiency wages, and unintended consequences of policies.
Fifty-three per cent of Australian households are expected to have enough for a comfortable retirement from their combined superannuation savings, personal assets and the Age Pension, according to the latest CommBank Retire Ready Index
This document discusses macroeconomics topics including unemployment rates, labor force participation rates, and how they are calculated. It defines different types of unemployment like frictional, seasonal, and structural unemployment. It also defines key terms like the labor force, employed, unemployed, not in the labor force, and discouraged workers. The document provides examples of how to calculate the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate from sample population and employment data.
This document discusses problems facing state pension schemes and potential solutions. It outlines the history and purpose of programs like Social Security. Currently, state pensions face fiscal imbalance as lifespans rise, birth rates fall, and wages stagnate. This puts pressure on pay-as-you-go systems where current workers fund current retirees. Proposed solutions include tax hikes, benefit cuts, raising retirement ages, or shifting to fully funded individual accounts. However, fully funded systems also carry risks around investment choices, costs, and legacy debts. Overall, the document examines challenges facing state pensions and debates between reform options.
1) State funding for K-12 schools in South Dakota has dropped 10% over the last 10 years, with schools now receiving less than 15% of the state's budget.
2) The Rapid City Area Schools district will need to cut 60-70 positions per year, equivalent to $3 million in cuts, if funding is not increased as enrollment grows.
3) Voters will be asked to approve a $6 million per year "opt-out" of property tax limitations for 5 years to make up funding shortfalls and avoid further cuts to programs and teachers.
Among currently married households in India, only 4% are headed by women. This proportion is highest in Kerala at 9.7% and lowest in Gujarat at 2%. Women head nearly three-fourths of households for widowed people and about two-thirds for separated people. The percentage of women-headed households is highest for those below age 20 at 10.6% nationally and declines until age 50-59 before slowly rising again. Kerala has the highest proportion of women-headed households for all lower age groups as well.
The document discusses different types of unemployment in India. It states that the exact size of industrial unemployment is unknown due to a lack of available data, but currently 65% of industrial unemployment is in the organized sector. It also discusses educated unemployment, which constitutes a large part of urban unemployment and is a serious problem, with many graduates unable to find jobs. Finally, it outlines two forms of rural unemployment: seasonal unemployment, which occurs when people cannot find work during certain months; and disguised unemployment, which happens among family members engaged in agricultural work in rural India, with more family members contributing than are truly needed.
This document summarizes recent inflation and economic trends in Canada. It discusses rising inflation rates and housing prices outpacing wages and inflation. It also covers Ontario's plans for a basic income pilot program. The document analyzes factors contributing to inflation pressures, such as energy costs, taxation policies, and economic growth rates. Employment trends and the challenges facing Canada's middle class are also examined.
The Great Recession had widespread negative economic impacts across many sectors. Manufacturing, housing, and construction experienced the largest job losses, with 8 million jobs lost overall. Unemployment rose significantly, disproportionately affecting those with less education. The recession increased economic hardships for many, including higher rates of poverty, food insecurity, and households spending large portions of income on housing. A full recovery will require job creation, restored confidence, retraining workers, and improvements to education to develop skills for available jobs.
April's welfare changes: the cumulative effects and the questions they raiseNewPolicyInstitute
The document summarizes the cumulative effects of four welfare changes introduced in April: the replacement of Council Tax Benefit with locally designed Council Tax Support schemes, the under-occupation penalty (bedroom tax), the household benefit cap, and the 1% uprating restriction on working-age benefits. It finds that over 2.4 million people will be negatively affected by changes to Council Tax Support alone, with average weekly losses of £2.60. Combined impacts are estimated to total £4.40 per week on average for those affected by multiple changes. The document raises questions about whether the goals of some reforms are primarily to cut spending rather than achieve social aims, and the risks of a centrally driven "localism" approach that
Elizabeth Nixon, Trinity College Dublin, delivered this presentation at the launch of new Growing Up in Ireland research on 21 February 2019. The report is available to download here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/growing-up-in-ireland-the-effects-of-economic-recession-and-family-stress-on-the
The affects of government budgets on inequalitiesCCPANS
This presentation was part of a lunch and learn hosted by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives-NS and the Community Coalition to End Poverty NS entitled Where’s the Social and Economic Justice in Recent Government Budgets? Other panelists included Wayne MacNaughton from the Community Advocates Network and Sheri Lecker from Adsum for Women in Children.
Equal Pay Day is a significant day for any women's calendar. This is the day were we acknowledge the Gender Pay Gap, where we work towards solutions that may close the gap.
The first step however to acknowledge, recognise that there is such an issue and that this issue is bigger than your take home pay each week, it is about your life long earning capacity and your economic future.
Equal Pay Day is too important to overlook.
Equal Pay Day is an international movement to highlight the gender pay disparity.
Equal pay Day enables us to put the questions forward that need to be asked;
why is there a pay disparity?
How can we close the gap?
What do I need to do to be a part of the solution?
Equal Pay day is more than your weekly take home pay, its the life long ramifications, the effect on superannuation, retirement, life long economic sustainability.
This document contains lecture notes on macroeconomics topics including the natural rate of unemployment, types of unemployment (frictional, seasonal, structural), efficiency wages, unemployment insurance, and minimum wage laws. Key points covered are the definition of the natural rate of unemployment, how different types of unemployment like structural can be caused by changes in technology or demand, the potential unintended consequences of policies like unemployment insurance and minimum wages, and how efficiency wages can make employees more productive.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It examines how inequality is measured and has changed over time. Political philosophies like utilitarianism, liberalism, and libertarianism offer different views on the government's role in redistributing income. The document also analyzes policies aimed at reducing poverty, including minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, as well as their potential impacts on work incentives.
This document summarizes research on the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program in the United States. It discusses how the EITC has grown to be the largest welfare program, providing $78 billion in 2011. While the EITC encourages single mothers to enter the workforce, its effect on hours worked is unclear, with some studies finding no change and others a small decrease. The document reviews literature showing the EITC increases labor force participation but has mixed effects on hours worked. It also discusses how individuals' understanding of the EITC schedule impacts earnings and how more research is needed to fully understand the EITC's effects on pre-tax income.
Working from home is a long-run growth opportunity. Many such workers bring their jobs with them or start their own business in part because it is harder to find a similar job locally. One key need is good, reliable broadband. Overall Oregon does better than much of the country in terms of working from home and broadband access, however gaps exist. Furthermore there are a lot of inequities regarding access to technology. Broadband is important for social, economic, and educational needs.
FSC Future Leaders Award - Stephen FleggSteve Flegg
This document discusses policy changes that could help insulate Australia from the future economic impacts of an aging population. It identifies three key issues with the current system: 1) inadequate retirement savings among many Australians, 2) a lack of regulation around how superannuation funds are used post-retirement, and 3) inadequacies in the age pension that discourage employment and burden individuals with longevity risk. Reforming contribution caps, increasing financial assistance, regulating post-retirement spending, and restructuring the age pension are some policy solutions proposed to address these issues and better prepare Australia for its aging population.
This document provides arguments against abstinence-only sex education programs and in favor of comprehensive sex education. It argues that abstinence-only programs are a waste of taxpayer money, as the government has spent over $1 billion on them over 10 years. It also claims these programs do not provide vital information about contraception and do not reduce rates of teen pregnancy or STDs. The document advocates for comprehensive sex education that includes contraception education to better curb unintended pregnancy and disease.
This document contains lecture materials on macroeconomics and unemployment rates including:
- Examples of calculating unemployment rates based on numbers of employed and unemployed people.
- Factors that can cause unemployment rates to be overstated or understated such as discouraged workers.
- Types of unemployment including cyclical, structural, and frictional unemployment.
- Government programs and policies related to unemployment such as unemployment insurance and minimum wage laws.
- Concepts like the natural rate of unemployment, efficiency wages, and unintended consequences of policies.
Fifty-three per cent of Australian households are expected to have enough for a comfortable retirement from their combined superannuation savings, personal assets and the Age Pension, according to the latest CommBank Retire Ready Index
This document discusses macroeconomics topics including unemployment rates, labor force participation rates, and how they are calculated. It defines different types of unemployment like frictional, seasonal, and structural unemployment. It also defines key terms like the labor force, employed, unemployed, not in the labor force, and discouraged workers. The document provides examples of how to calculate the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate from sample population and employment data.
This document discusses problems facing state pension schemes and potential solutions. It outlines the history and purpose of programs like Social Security. Currently, state pensions face fiscal imbalance as lifespans rise, birth rates fall, and wages stagnate. This puts pressure on pay-as-you-go systems where current workers fund current retirees. Proposed solutions include tax hikes, benefit cuts, raising retirement ages, or shifting to fully funded individual accounts. However, fully funded systems also carry risks around investment choices, costs, and legacy debts. Overall, the document examines challenges facing state pensions and debates between reform options.
1) State funding for K-12 schools in South Dakota has dropped 10% over the last 10 years, with schools now receiving less than 15% of the state's budget.
2) The Rapid City Area Schools district will need to cut 60-70 positions per year, equivalent to $3 million in cuts, if funding is not increased as enrollment grows.
3) Voters will be asked to approve a $6 million per year "opt-out" of property tax limitations for 5 years to make up funding shortfalls and avoid further cuts to programs and teachers.
Among currently married households in India, only 4% are headed by women. This proportion is highest in Kerala at 9.7% and lowest in Gujarat at 2%. Women head nearly three-fourths of households for widowed people and about two-thirds for separated people. The percentage of women-headed households is highest for those below age 20 at 10.6% nationally and declines until age 50-59 before slowly rising again. Kerala has the highest proportion of women-headed households for all lower age groups as well.
The document discusses different types of unemployment in India. It states that the exact size of industrial unemployment is unknown due to a lack of available data, but currently 65% of industrial unemployment is in the organized sector. It also discusses educated unemployment, which constitutes a large part of urban unemployment and is a serious problem, with many graduates unable to find jobs. Finally, it outlines two forms of rural unemployment: seasonal unemployment, which occurs when people cannot find work during certain months; and disguised unemployment, which happens among family members engaged in agricultural work in rural India, with more family members contributing than are truly needed.
This document summarizes recent inflation and economic trends in Canada. It discusses rising inflation rates and housing prices outpacing wages and inflation. It also covers Ontario's plans for a basic income pilot program. The document analyzes factors contributing to inflation pressures, such as energy costs, taxation policies, and economic growth rates. Employment trends and the challenges facing Canada's middle class are also examined.
The Great Recession had widespread negative economic impacts across many sectors. Manufacturing, housing, and construction experienced the largest job losses, with 8 million jobs lost overall. Unemployment rose significantly, disproportionately affecting those with less education. The recession increased economic hardships for many, including higher rates of poverty, food insecurity, and households spending large portions of income on housing. A full recovery will require job creation, restored confidence, retraining workers, and improvements to education to develop skills for available jobs.
April's welfare changes: the cumulative effects and the questions they raiseNewPolicyInstitute
The document summarizes the cumulative effects of four welfare changes introduced in April: the replacement of Council Tax Benefit with locally designed Council Tax Support schemes, the under-occupation penalty (bedroom tax), the household benefit cap, and the 1% uprating restriction on working-age benefits. It finds that over 2.4 million people will be negatively affected by changes to Council Tax Support alone, with average weekly losses of £2.60. Combined impacts are estimated to total £4.40 per week on average for those affected by multiple changes. The document raises questions about whether the goals of some reforms are primarily to cut spending rather than achieve social aims, and the risks of a centrally driven "localism" approach that
Elizabeth Nixon, Trinity College Dublin, delivered this presentation at the launch of new Growing Up in Ireland research on 21 February 2019. The report is available to download here: https://www.esri.ie/publications/growing-up-in-ireland-the-effects-of-economic-recession-and-family-stress-on-the
The affects of government budgets on inequalitiesCCPANS
This presentation was part of a lunch and learn hosted by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives-NS and the Community Coalition to End Poverty NS entitled Where’s the Social and Economic Justice in Recent Government Budgets? Other panelists included Wayne MacNaughton from the Community Advocates Network and Sheri Lecker from Adsum for Women in Children.
Equal Pay Day is a significant day for any women's calendar. This is the day were we acknowledge the Gender Pay Gap, where we work towards solutions that may close the gap.
The first step however to acknowledge, recognise that there is such an issue and that this issue is bigger than your take home pay each week, it is about your life long earning capacity and your economic future.
Equal Pay Day is too important to overlook.
Equal Pay Day is an international movement to highlight the gender pay disparity.
Equal pay Day enables us to put the questions forward that need to be asked;
why is there a pay disparity?
How can we close the gap?
What do I need to do to be a part of the solution?
Equal Pay day is more than your weekly take home pay, its the life long ramifications, the effect on superannuation, retirement, life long economic sustainability.
Here are some constructive ways to approach the topic of getting paid in full without coming across as angry or bitter:
Focus on professionalism. Explain that as service providers, it's important we conduct ourselves professionally by fulfilling contractual obligations and honoring agreements. Highlight how getting paid allows us to do our work and serve other clients.
Lead with understanding, not accusation. Acknowledge that non-payment can happen for various reasons outside others' control. Offer to have an open discussion to resolve issues respectfully.
Emphasize mutual benefit. Remind that getting proper compensation allows you to continue operating, which benefits all parties. Timely payment protects the business relationship.
Suggest practical solutions. Offer payment plans, discounts
Achieving Gender Parity in Australia - the impact of pregnancy - august 2014PG Consulting
The business case for gender parity is more than compliance. Countries and companies can be competitive only if they develop, attract and retain the best talent, both male and female.
This document provides a report card on how family friendly the UK is based on analysis of policy, statistics, and a survey of parents. It examines how families are faring in terms of income and poverty, employment, and public services like education, healthcare, and social care. While most parents are satisfied with public services, many families feel the financial squeeze of stagnant wages and rising costs of living. Access to affordable childcare, flexible work opportunities, and extra-curricular activities are identified as areas needing improvement to better support families.
This document discusses gender inequality in the workplace. It notes that while women have made progress, a gender pay gap still exists where women earn on average 17% less than men for full-time work. Various obstacles that contribute to this gap are outlined, including the high cost of childcare keeping many women from returning to work after having children. Educational attainment is also discussed, with data showing that while more girls complete high school and university degrees than boys, female graduates still earn less on average in their first year than male graduates.
Results of first survey on issues impacting dual career couples by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. 5570 people from around the world participated in this study.
The document discusses the gender pay gap in Wisconsin. It notes that women earn less than men on average, with African American and Latina women facing even larger pay gaps. This pay gap results in Wisconsin women collectively losing over $8 billion annually. Closing the gender pay gap could help many Wisconsin families afford basic necessities. The document advocates passing legislation like the Paycheck Fairness Act to strengthen equal pay laws and address discrimination.
This document compares maternity leave policies and benefits in the United States, England, Canada, and Norway. It finds that the US offers the least generous benefits, with no national paid leave program and a maximum of 12 weeks of unpaid and job-protected leave. In contrast, the other countries studied mandate longer paid leaves, provide a higher percentage of wages replacement during leave, and guarantee job security upon returning to work. The document concludes that reforming US policies to mirror these more generous benefits could significantly increase women's workforce participation rates.
This document summarizes a student paper that examines the effect of mandated paid maternity leave on fertility rates in 10 OECD countries from 1970 to 2012. The student uses regression analysis with panel data to analyze the relationship between paid maternity leave and fertility rates while controlling for other factors. The analysis includes regressions with different lag periods to account for delayed effects of policy changes. The results in the four tables in the Appendix show that mandated paid maternity leave has no statistically significant effect on fertility rates.
This document analyzes the effect of California's Paid Family Leave Act on female labor force participation using data from 1999-2010. It first provides background on the lack of paid family leave in the US. It then describes the research questions, data sources and variables used in the analysis. Specifically, it uses data from the Current Population Survey on over 50,000 mothers to examine the relationship between California's Paid Family Leave Act and the probability of mothers returning to the labor force. Preliminary analysis of the data finds that most mothers surveyed are in the labor force, own homes, are non-Hispanic white, married, aged 30-39, and have some college education.
How to improve economic opportunity for women in the USAEI
This document summarizes strategies for improving economic opportunity for women in the United States. It begins with an overview of women's gains in labor force participation and earnings but notes that many still struggle with low wages and poverty. It then examines specific challenges such as high childcare costs, high effective marginal tax rates, low wages, and single motherhood. Current policies aimed at childcare and low wages, such as tax credits, are reviewed along with their shortcomings. Reforms proposed to better support women include expanding and streamlining childcare subsidies, reducing marginal tax rates, boosting the Earned Income Tax Credit, and investing more in women's education from an early age.
Women are increasingly occupying jobs that were traditionally held by men. While women now make up over half the workforce and outnumber men in college degrees, a pay gap persists where women earn only 77 cents for every dollar earned by men. The document examines various jobs that have seen a decline in male workers as women take over, such as postal workers, educators, and veterinarians. It also explores reasons for the shifting job trends and continuing gender pay gap, such as effects of the recession, discrimination, and differences in hours and career choices between men and women.
The study found that while women have made progress in some male-dominated fields like law, overall gender integration in the workplace has stalled. Women continue to dominate careers like teaching and nursing that typically pay less. Some areas have seen declining female representation, such as only 21% of computer programmers being women compared to over 30% in the late 1980s. Younger women also experienced more segregation in 2009 than 10 years prior. The study also found that female-dominated jobs on average pay less than male-dominated or integrated jobs requiring the same level of education.
The study found that while women have made progress in some male-dominated fields like law, overall gender integration in the workplace has stalled. Women continue to dominate careers like teaching and nursing that typically pay less. Some areas have seen declining female representation, such as only 21% of computer programmers being women compared to over 30% in the late 1980s. Younger women also experienced more segregation in 2009 than 10 years prior. The study also found that female-dominated jobs on average pay less than male-dominated or integrated jobs requiring the same level of education. This gender pay gap is contributing to the failure of the overall wage gap to close.
Work is a social institution that is not gender neutral. Certain types of work and expectations of work differ between sexes. Work is often understood as a masculine institution, where a man's identity and status is tied to his employment, while women face greater stigma if they work rather than care for family. There are also wage gaps between men and women, with women earning less even with similar qualifications and experience. Organizational structures are often not gender neutral and can disadvantage women through issues like segregation of work and unequal pay and status.
CATCHING UPt The Gender Gap in Wages, circa 2000 The.docxtroutmanboris
CATCHING UPt
The Gender Gap in Wages, circa 2000
The transition of women into the U.S. labor
market was surely one of the most profound
economic and social changes of the 20th cen-
tury.' In 1900 about 20 percent of women were in
thi labor force. This percentage rose to about 34
in 1950 and reached 61 percent in 2000; not far
below the 75-percent participation rate of men.
A key element in this change was the dramatic
rise in market work among mamed women with
children under the age of 18, whose labor-force
participation increased from a rate of 18 percent
in 1950 to 7 1 percent in 2000.
However, for much of the last 50 years the rise
in women's labor-force activity and its growing
convergence with that of men, did not appear to
be matched by a narrowing of the gender gap in
pay. Between 1955 and 1980, the most com-
monly cited measure of that gap, the female-
to-male ratio of median annual earnings of
full-time year-round workers, hovered around
60 percent. But using the same measure, the
ratio began to rise after 1980, reaching 69 per-
cent in 1989 and 74 percent in the mid 1990's,
after which it leveled off. Based on a more
appropriate measure, average hourly wage rates
(available since 1979), the gender gap is
smaller, but the pattern of change is similar, and
the ratio rises from 66 Dercent in 1979 to 80
percent in 1993 and then' stabilizes (Fig. 1).
Through the years the gender gap in wages
frequently has been a source of public concern
and a puzzle to researchers. In this paper I
tDiscussants: Donald Deere, Texas A&M University;
Haniett Duleep, Urban Institute; Jeffrey Grogger, Univer-
sity of California-Los Angeles.
* Department of Economics and Center for the Study of
Business and Government, Baruch College, City University
of New York, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
I thank Mei Liao and Wenhui Li for excellent research
assistance, as well as Alex Cavallo of Lexecon, Inc.
See Jacob Mincer's (1962) pioneering work on the
determinants of women's labor force participation.
examine evidence from the Current Population
Survey (CPS) and the National Longitudinal
Survey of Youth (NLSY79) on recent trends
and current sources of the gender gap.
I. Unique Factors Underlying Gender
Differences in Skills
In comparing the earnings of different demo-
graphic groups it is usually important to exam-
ine the effect of productivity differences
between the groups that might account for any
earnings differential. In the case of differences
in earnings between racial and ethnic groups of
the same sex, productivity differences most of-
ten stem from differences in the quantity and
quality of education and other human capital
acquired at home as well as in school. Differ-
ences in productivity between men and women,
however, are not likely to be due to differences
in educational background. Sisters and brothers
are exposed to the same parental background
and attend schoo.
Case study: Challenging male stereotypes - BenetasFlint Wilkes
Benetas Health Care is striving to achieve greater gender balance in its predominantly female workforce. It currently has 16% male employees but aims to increase this by promoting flexible work options to men and challenging stereotypes. Traditionally, flexible work had been sought mostly by women, but Benetas finds younger fathers and men near retirement are also interested. It offers paid parental leave to both men and women to further encourage shared caring responsibilities. As a result, Benetas has seen a 3% increase in male employees over the past five years through its emphasis on flexibility and diversity.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
IEU Equal Pay Day 4 September
1. It’s time to stop
short-changing women
Equal Pay Day
4 September 2015
2. 4 September 2015 is Equal Pay Day
Women are effectively losing a year’s income
every 5.5 years.
The days from the end of the financial year
to September 4, 2015, represent the extra
days on average it takes women to earn the
same wage as men.
3. Gender pay gap. Does it matter?
A male average weekly wage $1591.60 p/w
A female average weekly wage $1307.40 p/w
That’s a $284.20 gap per average
weekly earnings between a man and
a woman.
*WGEA May 2015
4. Yes, it matters.
The gap is currently 17.9% and has hovered
between 15% and 19% for the past two
decades
This disparity is the key factor contributing
to women's financial disadvantage.
*WGEA May 2015
5. Isn't it just a matter of choice?
No. Strong structural factors play a role
in shaping employment outcomes for
women, including:
• Historically, female dominated industries and jobs attract lower
wages than their male counterparts;
• Women are more likely to work part-time or flexibly because they
still undertake most of society’s unpaid caring work;
• Some employers resist providing quality, flexible work
arrangements; and
• Women have a more precarious attachment to the workforce,
largely due to their unpaid caring responsibilities
• Discrimination both direct and indirect
6. Women in leadership positions
While 56% of university graduates are
women*, they are under-represented
in leadership roles.
• In organisational leadership roles, 17.3% of CEOs of non-
public sector organisations are women;
• In Parliament, 30% of federal parliamentarians are women;
• On government boards, 34% of commonwealth judges and
magistrates are women; and
• In public recognition, 25% of Companion or Officer of the
Order of Australia are women.
* ABS 2013
7. Imbalance in the Education sector
While 81% of primary staff are women, only
57% of leadership positions are held by
women.
The proportion of leadership roles in
schools held by women does not reflect the
proportion of women on staff.
8. The cost of being a woman
Discrimination, or other factors related to
being a woman, are the main contributing
factors to the gender pay gap.
“Simply being a woman” accounted for 60% of the difference
between women and men’s earnings.
The cost of ‘being a woman” can be seen in the penalties
women experience in the workplace when they are pregnant
and again when they return to work after birth of their child.
Cassells,R; Vidyattamay Mirant R; McNamara (2009). The impact of the sustained gender wage gap
on Australian economy. National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling
9. Discrimination in the Work Place
The Australian Human Rights Commission
Supporting Working Parents: Pregnancy and
Return to Work National Review2014 found
evidence that pregnancy and return to
work discrimination is widespread in our
workplaces.
The AHRC Supporting Working Parents: Pregnancy and Return
to Work National Review 2014 found evidence of widespread
discrimination in our workplaces.
One in two mothers reported discrimination at some point
during pregnancy, parental leave or on return to work.
10. IEU submission to the AHRC report
IEU members reported that they were
denied access to flexible work
arrangements, in some cases being forced
to resign from their position.
Other members were unlikely to regain their former earning
capacity as they were denied access to leadership positions.
Research has shown that 70% of women returning from
parental leave opt to work part time and that a woman
returning from one year of maternity leave can expect a 5%
decrease in earnings compared to before going on leave. A
three year gap will result in a fall in earnings of over 10%.
11. Accumulated Poverty in Retirement
Despite more women participating in the paid
workforce than ever before, the AHRC report
shows the average superannuation payout to
women is only 57%, with many women having
little or no superannuation.
As women live longer than men and are more likely to rely on
the aged pension as their sole source of income in retirement,
the need for effective policy solutions is pressing.
Failure to redress the financial disadvantage of women will
result in ongoing dependence on the aged pension.
AHRC; Accumulating Poverty; Women’s Experience over Lifetime (2009)
12. Govt to cut paid parental leave
The Abbott government wants to cut the federal
government’s paid parental leave scheme.
In the latest budget, 80,000 new mothers will be
prevented from accessing $11,500, once available
under the government paid parental leave scheme.
This represents nearly half of all current eligible
women, many of whom are IEU members.
13. Moving from rhetoric to action
We want an honest discussion about the barriers to
women's engagement with work.
We want a commitment for legislative action for
workplace flexibility, including leadership positions.
We want a commitment to paid parental leave so that
working parents can share their family
responsibilities.
We want adequate superannuation provisions which
provide dignity in retirement.
14. Equal Pay Day
IEU members call upon government and
employers to stop short-changing women
and take positive action to address the
inequality.