Identifying test conditions and designing tests cases
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This document discusses identifying test conditions and designing test cases. It explains that test conditions are things that could be tested, derived from requirements documents or other test basis. Not everything can be exhaustively tested, so prioritization and test techniques are used to guide selection. Traceability links test conditions back to their sources to aid in changes, failures, and coverage. Test cases should specify expected results, start with scary scenarios, use oracles to know correct behavior, and include negative testing. Test procedures group and specify the steps to run tests, and automated scripts are written programs.
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IDENTIFYING TEST CONDITIONS AND DESIGNING TEST CASES
The document discusses test design techniques, including identifying test conditions, designing test cases, and creating test procedures. It defines key terms like test case, test condition, and traceability. It explains that test conditions are derived from a test basis like requirements or code, and describe what could be tested. Test cases then specify detailed, executable tests with inputs and expected outputs. Traceability between tests and requirements is important for maintenance and determining test coverage. The level of formality in documentation can vary depending on factors like the application and time constraints.
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Test design techniques involve identifying test conditions from a test basis like requirements or code, then specifying test cases with detailed inputs and expected outputs, and finally implementing test procedures or scripts that group related test cases and define the steps to execute them in a logical order according to a test schedule. The level of formality in documentation depends on the context from informal to very formal for safety-critical systems. Test conditions are things that could be tested, while test cases must be very specific with inputs and expected results.
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The document discusses test design techniques, including test analysis, design, implementation, and categories. It covers identifying test conditions from a test basis, specifying test cases, grouping test cases into procedures or scripts, and the main categories of static, specification-based, and structure-based testing techniques. Static techniques do not execute code, while specification-based techniques view software as a black box and structure-based techniques use internal software structure.
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This document discusses different techniques for test design. It covers:
1. The formality of test documentation, from very formal with extensive documentation to very informal with no documentation.
2. Test analysis, which identifies test conditions by looking at the test basis such as requirements or code.
3. Test design, which specifies exact test cases based on the identified test conditions.
4. Test implementation, which groups test cases and specifies the steps to execute each test.
It then categorizes test design techniques as either static techniques, specification-based/black-box techniques, or structure-based/white-box techniques. Static techniques do not execute code, while the other two are dynamic techniques.
How to write effective test cases
Test cases are used to test software and ensure it satisfies requirements. A test case should have a unique name, summary, test steps, expected results, and actual results. It must be structured, with no more than 15 steps, and test a specific requirement or functionality. The test environment and data must match production to ensure accurate testing. Quality test cases are accurate, economical, repeatable, appropriate, and traceable.
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3. Test design, which specifies exact test cases based on the identified test conditions.
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Test cases are used to test software and ensure it satisfies requirements. A test case should have a unique name, summary, test steps, expected results, and actual results. It must be structured, with no more than 15 steps, and test a specific requirement or functionality. The test environment and data must match production to ensure accurate testing. Quality test cases are accurate, economical, repeatable, appropriate, and traceable.
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Test cases are documents that contain test data, preconditions, test steps, expected results, and postconditions to verify a specific requirement. They provide a starting point for test execution and leave the system in a defined state. Good test cases are accurate, economical, traceable, repeatable, reusable, simple, objective, relevant, avoid duplication and dependency. Test cases should be written based on requirements documents and cover both positive and negative scenarios using clear language. An ideal test case includes an ID, use case ID, test objective, preconditions, test data, test steps, expected results, actual results, cycle, date, tester, status, severity, and resolution status.
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The document outlines the fundamental test process which includes 5 steps: 1) test planning and controlling to identify objectives and implement strategy, 2) test analysis and design to review requirements and define tests, 3) test implementation and execution to automate test scripts and execute test cases, 4) evaluating exit criteria and reporting results to determine if more testing is needed, and 5) test closure activities such as closing defects and evaluating lessons learned to complete the process.
Introduction to performance testing
In this presentation which was delivered to testers in Manchester, I help would-be performance testers to get started in performance testing. Drawing on my experiences as a performance tester and test manager, I explain the principles of performance testing and highlight some of the pitfalls.
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Why need software testing
Testing software is necessary for several reasons: software has become important in personal and business use but defects can enter through human mistakes or external factors; testing finds both functional and non-functional defects to ensure legal compliance, quality, and on-time project delivery; and testing verifies that critical applications with life-dependent software and artificial intelligence meet customer expectations and are free of defects.
What is testing
Testing involves all activities before and after test execution to find faults in software and gain confidence in a product. The objectives of testing change during different phases of software development, maintenance, and acceptance testing. Debugging is distinct from testing as testing provides customers a clear picture of their software's progress.
Waterfall model
The Waterfall model is a sequential development process where progress flows in one direction like a waterfall from conception to maintenance. It works best for projects with stable requirements over a short duration, as documentation and milestones are clearly defined at each stage from requirements to testing. However, the Waterfall model is not suitable for projects where requirements may change, as it is difficult to measure progress or make changes without restarting the entire process, and testing only occurs late.
V model
The V-Model is a software development lifecycle model that structures testing activities in parallel to steps in the design process. It extends the waterfall model by performing testing at each development stage in both forward and reverse direction. This allows bugs to be found early and defects to be tracked proactively. The V-Model follows a strict process to develop quality software and constantly measures productivity through test case creation and coverage. However, it requires significant resources and money, and changes midway require updating documentation.
Types of reviews
There are four main types of reviews discussed: walkthroughs, technical reviews, inspections, and success factors for reviews. Walkthroughs are led by the author and aim to give all reviewers a common understanding of high-level documents. Technical reviews focus on technical content and involve peer review. Inspections are the most formal type of review with proper logging and trained moderators. Key success factors for effective reviews include finding a champion, explicitly planning activities, training participants, and continuously improving processes.
The psychology of testing
The document discusses the psychology of testing and outlines 4 key points. It notes that developers and testers have different mindsets, with developers focusing on construction and testers on destruction. It also discusses the level of independence in testing from self-testing to external testing. Additionally, the document stresses the importance of constructive communication when reporting defects. Finally, it emphasizes that both testers and developers work towards the shared goal of product quality.
Test progress, monitoring and control
Monitoring test activities provides visibility into progress and gathers data to track testing metrics. Reports display executed test cases, defects, and effort over time to determine when exit criteria is met. These reports are shared to stakeholders through charts and graphs to discuss test objectives and results. Test control is needed as projects rarely go as planned, requiring adjustments to testing timelines, environments, and iterations to accommodate issues like delays, shifted requirements, or higher defect rates.
Test organization
The document discusses test organization and independent vs integrated testing. It notes that independent testing can bring more defects to light but risks isolation from other teams. Independent testing may be seen as overhead. The document also discusses the roles of test leaders and testers, and defines important skills for test staff, including application domain knowledge, technology skills, and testing expertise. Most projects fail when focus is not on testing.
System testing
System testing occurs after integration testing and before acceptance testing. It tests the entire system as a whole to verify that it meets specifications. The goal is to find defects by testing both functional and non-functional requirements through scenarios using the whole system in a controlled environment similar to production.
Structure testing
White box testing, also called glass box or transparent testing, involves testing the internal structure or code of a system. It requires knowledge of the system's code and tests each statement, branch, and path of the code. Statement coverage tests that each statement is executed at least once, branch coverage tests all possible outcomes of conditions, and path coverage tests all possible paths through the code. Together these coverage types aim to thoroughly test the internal logic and functionality of the system.
Static testing
Static testing is a verification process that finds defects early without executing code. It includes reviews of documents, code, and designs to identify issues like missing requirements, inconsistencies, and non-maintainable code. While it doesn't replace dynamic testing, static testing helps reduce costs, improve understanding between team members, and catch defects earlier in the development process through techniques like reviewing and walkthroughs.
Static analysis by tools
Static analysis tools can help improve code quality by detecting errors early. They are used by developers before and during testing to check for issues related to coding standards, code complexity metrics, code structure, and unused code. Static analysis of 1,000 lines of code can find many errors that cannot be uncovered through dynamic testing alone. This allows developers to focus more on program logic.
Specification based (black-box) testing techniques
The document discusses different types of specification-based or black-box testing techniques. It describes equivalence partitioning which involves testing one condition from each partition of similar inputs. Boundary value analysis tests at the boundaries between partitions. Decision tables test business logic by identifying input combinations and determining outcomes. State transition testing is used when a system can be in different states and the transitions between states are determined by rules.
Seven testing principles
The document outlines 7 testing principles: 1) Testing finds defects but finding none does not mean none exist, 2) Exhaustive testing is impossible so smarter testing is needed, 3) Early testing saves time and money and makes customers happy, 4) Defects tend to cluster together, 5) Test cases must be updated periodically to avoid outdated "pesticide" tests, 6) Testing methods vary depending on the software context, and 7) Software should be stable before testing to avoid false negatives from instability.
Roles and responsibilties in reviews
The document outlines the roles and responsibilities in reviews including the moderator, author, scribe, reviewers, and manager. The moderator leads the review process and coordinates with the author. The author is responsible for the document under review and improving it based on feedback. The scribe logs all defects and feedback during the meeting. Reviewers find defects before the meeting and provide technical feedback. The manager decides how reviews are executed and may also act as a reviewer.
Risk & testing
The document discusses different types of risks in testing including product risks, project risks, and ways to deal with risks. Product risks refer to risks that the software may not meet customer expectations or behave abnormally. Project risks relate to factors that could affect the test project delivery or environment. Both product and project risks should be identified early from requirements and previous projects. A risk mitigation plan is also needed to address potential risks like ensuring skilled resources, handling new defects, preparing for natural disasters, and resources leaving the project.
Rapid application development model
The Rapid Application Development (RAD) model is an incremental model that delivers software to users early by devoting less time to planning and more time to development. It uses a combination of Joint Application Development techniques and CASE tools to convert user needs into designs through collaboration between system developers and users. Feedback from development is then used to refine requirements and design. The RAD model aims to complete projects on time and within budget while identifying problems early through its fast iterative development process.
Phases of review
The document outlines the phases of a review process: planning, preparation, kick-off meeting, review meeting, rework, and follow-up. It describes the key activities in each phase, including defining entry/exit criteria, checking documents for defects, logging issues, making decisions on defects, reworking documents based on feedback, and following up to ensure all defects were addressed. The overall process is meant to thoroughly examine documents for errors, standards compliance, and testability through group discussion and iterative improvement cycles.
Non functional testing
Non-functional testing checks how well a product works by focusing on characteristics like reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability. It tests customer expectations and includes performance testing to check a system's speed, load testing to see how it behaves under normal and peak usage, stress testing beyond its capabilities, and usability, reliability, and portability testing.
Maintenance testing
Maintenance testing involves testing software changes and enhancements to ensure they do not impact existing functionality. It has two parts - changes are tested thoroughly and regression testing is done to check for unintended consequences. Test cases, plans and reports are updated and preserved along with any changes to requirements or specifications. There are two types of modifications - planned, like adding features or fixing defects; and ad-hoc for immediate issues.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Identifying test conditions and designing tests cases
- 1. IDENTIFYING TEST CONDITIONS AND DESIGNING TESTS CASES http://appium-selenium.com/
- 2. FORMALITY OF TEST DOCUMENTATION • Depends on Project, Company etc. http://appium-selenium.com/
- 3. TEST ANALYSIS: IDENTIFYING TEST CONDITIONS • Test condition(Test inventory, objectives) is simply something that we could test • e.g. for requirement document its contents would be test condition • Tests are written from any information called as test basis(basis for tests) • Test basis could be anything i.e. emails, document, video others • Exhaustive testing i.e. testing everything is not possible • Prioritization is important • Some intelligent processes to guide our selection is called Test techniques • Traceability is linking test conditions back to their sources in the test basis • Traceability done to help during changes in requirement, test failure and verifying all requirements are covered http://appium-selenium.com/
- 4. TEST DESIGN: SPECIFYING TEST CASES • Test cases documentation depends on tester experience • Expected result should be known before writing test • Write scary stuff first • Source of information about the correct behavior of the system is called Oracle • Test cases should be meaningful and negative testing is important http://appium-selenium.com/
- 5. TEST IMPLEMENTATION: SPECIFYING TEST PROCEDURES OR SCRIPTS • Grouping of test case be done • Test procedure/script are steps to be taken in running a set of tests • Test script written in programming language is called automation script http://appium-selenium.com/