MPhil assignment also Sumbal Jamal too

1. Wahid ullah
Email. sarhadiwahid222@gmail.com

2.  The term ‘Epistemology” comes from the Greek words
“episteme” and “logos”.
 “Episteme” can be translated as “knowledge” or
“understanding” or “Acquaintance”(knowledge or
experience of something ).
 While ‘logos’ means as a account or argument or
reason .
 It was introduced in english by a scotish philosopher
names “James Fredrick Ferrier” (1808 -1864).

3.  Deffinition : A branch of Philosophy that
investigates the origion ,nature,method,and
limite of human knowledge.
 Epistemology is the study or a theory of
nature on grounds of knowledge especially
with reference to it’s limit and validity.
 It is a branch of philosophy that deals with
knowledge .

4.  Episemology is the theory of knowledge ,especially
with regards to its methods ,validity, and scope ,and
the distinction between justified belief and opinion.
 Epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge .
 It seeks to answer the questions “what is knowledge”
“how is knowledge acquired "and what do people
know.
 Epitemologists are philosophers who are interested in
questions such as whether it is possible to have
knowledge , what kind of knowledge there is ,and how
people come to know things .

5.  What is knowledge ?
 Knowledge is justified as true belief .
 It means that :
 The person must be able to justify the claim .
 The claim itself must be true .
 The person must belief in it.

6.  Knowledge as justified true belief :
 Let us assume that a person says “I know that people
have walked on the moon”
 For this to be true knowledge.
 It must be possiable to justify that claim .
 It must also be a fact that people have indeed
been to the moon .
 And finally the person must also actually believe
that people have walked on the moon .

7.  How is knowledge aquired ?
 There are different sources to record the truth .
 God (Allah )Religion (spiritual source) Qurain
sunnah.
 Philosophers (critical thinking )
 Knowledge can be earn by mingling with society
by keen observation and questioning attitude and
clearing the self opinion on each matter whether
affect us or not by refering and filtering the
various opinions of others.

8. What do people know?
 One of the major question we asked is : where
does knowledge come from ?
 Many philosopher s have supposed that knowledge
come from reason. Thus humans have the ability
to reason and there for they have the power to
know
 While other philosophers have contented that
humans only become knowlgeable when they
experience life situations such as watching a movie
or playing an instrument .

9.  These philosophers insist that man can only learn
through his own senses .
 There is a theologically driven concept of
knowledge which suggest that knowledge is a God
given condition .
 This suggestion pertains to divine revelation and
tends to blur the line between belief and
knowledge since there are many religion .

10.  There are some major branches of epistemology have
developed over a period of time .
 Empiricism
 Rationalism
 Idealism
 Skipticism.
Empiricism:
 In philosophy empiricism is a theory that states that
knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory
experience .

11.  Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical evidance
in the formation of ideas ,rather than innate ideas or
tradition .However empiricists may argue that
traditions arise due to relations of previous sense
experiences .
 Historically empiricism was associated with the “blank
slate” concept according to which the human mind is
blank at birth and develop s its thoughts only through
experience.

12.  Rationalism:
In philosophy rationalism is the epistemological view
that regards reason as the chief source and test of
knowledge or any view appealing to reason as a source
of knowledge or justification .
More formally rationalism is defined as a
methodology or a theory in which the criterion(judged
or decided) of the truth is not sensory but intellectual
and deductive.

13.  Idealism :
 Idealism is the metaphysical view that
associates reality to ideas in the mind rather than to
material objects. It lays emphasis on the mental or
spiritual components of experience, and renounces
the notion of material existence.
 According to this approach an idea emerged and then
tested physically will be the real knowledge.

14.  Skipticism:
 It is generally a questioning attitude or doubts to words
knowledge claims .
 Skeptic means one is in doubt .
 They are the philosophers who doubt the finality of
knowledge .
 Knowledge is always have certain limitations. We can't
take the 100% exact decision based on our knowledge.

15. Thank you