This document provides an overview of week 5 of an intelligent interfaces course. It discusses input devices, design guidelines for interfaces, adaptive user interfaces, and designing for human information processing. The learning outcomes are to understand visual design principles, intelligent interface design case studies, and how to design interfaces that consider metaphors and navigation. It also discusses evaluating input devices, mapping input signals, feedback, and future trends in input technologies.

1. ICS3211 - Intelligent
Interfaces II
Combining design with technology for effective human-
computer interaction
Week 5 Department of AI,
2020

2. Designing Interactions
Week 5 overview:
• Input Devices - recap;
• Design Guidelines;
• Designing Interfaces;
• Adaptive User Interfaces
• Visualisation & Information processing
• Designing for Interactions - an illustration of case study examples;
• Designing for specific target audiences: children, elderly and physically
impaired groups;

3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session you should be able to:
• List the various visual design principles for interfaces;
• Compare and contrast the design of interfaces vs. intelligent
interfaces;
• Describe a number of case studies in the design of intelligent
user interfaces;
• Draw inferences about the design of interfaces that take into
account metaphors, mental models, navigation and interaction;

4. Evaluating Input Devices
• How does the input device perform? (at representative tasks)
• Target Acquisition
• Steering
• Pursuit Tracking
• Freehand drawing
• Drawing lines
• Tracing and digitising
• Rapid or slow motion
• Clicking, double clicking or dragging

5. Ergonomic Issues
• Reduce repetition
• Minimise force required to operate
• Natural and neutral postures
• Cues for use

6. Fitt’s Law
• Applied for the comparison and optimisation of
pointing devices
• Movement time as a logarithmic function of the
amplitude of the movement and the width of the
error tolerance:
MT = a + b log2(A/W + 1)

7. • Fitt’s Index of difficulty describes moves in the task
space using a single abstract metric of difficulty
ID = log2(A/W + 1)
MT = a + b ID
• The Index of Performance (IP), measured in bits/
second, quantifies the bandwidth of a pointing
device.
IP = MT/ID

8. Applications of Fitt’s Law
• Applies to rate-controlled input devices, area cursors or
pointing under a microscope
• Results for:
• Tracking vs. dragging states
• Bandwidth of limb segments
• Effects of Lag
• C:D gain
• Scrolling and multi-scale navigation

9. Mapping Input Signals
• Transfer Functions - mathematical transformation
that scales the data from an input device
• self-centering devices
• motion sensing devices
• Absolute devices

10. Feedback: responding to
input
• Passive
• Visual, auditory & tactile;
• input/output correspondence:
• perceptual structure;
• kinaesthetic correspondence;
• Active Haptic Feedback

11. The Future of Input
• Ubiquitous computing vision;
• Synthesise structure from low level input;
• Smart homes, smart wearables with intelligent use
of sensors;

13. What’s new in IUIs? : trends
& challenges
• Interfaces as important components for interaction
tasks;
• Sensor-based new interaction paradigms;
• Human-Centred data analysis;
• Pervasive affective computing;
• Challenges of IUIs;

14. Recap
• Take the Quiz on MOODLE VLE
• What properties characterise input devices?
• Check out the following two projects:
• https://www.fastcompany.com/3021522/mit-invents-a-
shapeshifting-display-you-can-reach-through-and-touch
• https://digitash.com/uncategorized/interactive-splash-
display-projects-images-into-air/
• How would you choose to evaluate them?

15. Design Guidelines
• Poster Analogy
• Design for the most difficult common denominator;
• Avoid overuse of saturated colours;
• Consider different users’ levels of skill;
• Be aware of the fatigue factor;
• Other differences to consider;
• Use the squint test;

16. Designing Interfaces
• Effective & appropriate
use of the medium;
• Element of time;
• Consistent &
appropriate visual
language;
• Navigation aids;
• Graphics/icons;
• Metaphor;
• Colour;
• Legibility
• Readability

17. Adaptive User Interfaces
• Context awareness;
• Pervasive information visualisation;
• Ontologies in information visualisation;
• Information visualisation services;

19. Designing & Visualising
Information
• Log on to the site: http://
www.informationisbeautiful.net/
• Focus on design of the information visualisation,
and the interactivity provided by the user interface
• Now find: http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/
visualizations/the-internet-of-things-a-primer/
• How can intelligence be added to an interface for a
more improved information visualisation?

20. Designing for Human
Information Processing
• Stimulus- Response compatibility: classes;
• S-S
• S-R
• S-C-R
• R-R
• R-E

21. • Compatibilities between alternate displays,
responses and consequences play important role
• Spatial compatibility for any task with spatial
properties
• Performance limitations from incompatibilities
cannot be easily overcome
• Use of Simon-type correspondence effects
• Compatibility issues arise for binary choices as well
as multiple task contexts

22. • More direct input manipulation requires taking into
consideration compatibility effects between
responses
• C:D relations can be optimised by adhering to
population stereotypes
• High compatibility essential for products intended
for use by older adults

23. –Rick Rashid
“These devices will eventually replace paper
print media. We are reaching a point in the
future where any surface can be an interactive
surface.”