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26. 4.1.2 Outline the mechanism of natural
selection as a possible driving force
for speciation.
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27. What is Natural Selection?
•Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
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29. Definition
Natural selection is the process where heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive long enough to reproduce become more common over successive generations of a population. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book On the Origin of Species
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30. How is Important?
Natural selection is the engine that drives evolution.
The organisms best suited to survive in their particular circumstances have a greater chance of passing their traits on to the next generation.
But plants and animals interact in very complex ways with other organisms and their environment. These factors work together to produce the amazingly diverse range of life forms present on Earth.
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33. Rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). A hummingbird's long bill and tongue evolved to let the bird reach deep into a flower for nectar
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36. What is Genetics?
•The scientific study of the principles of heredity and the variation of inherited traits among related organisms
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37. Genetic basis of natural selection
•The idea of natural selection predates the understanding of genetics. We now have a much better idea of the biology underlying heritability, which is the basis of natural selection.
•Natural selection acts on an organism's phenotype, or physical characteristics
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38. Example
This explains why certain strange traits continue to exist -- traits that seem to cause harm to the organism but benefit the genes.
In some spider species, the female eats the male after mating. As far as natural selection is concerned, a male spider that dies 30 seconds after mating is just as successful as one that lives a full, rich life.
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39. •The evidence for evolution has primarily come from four sources:
1. The fossil record of change in earlier species
2. The chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms
3. The geographic distribution of related species
4. The recorded genetic changes in living organisms over many generations
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41. Geographic Distribution of Related Species
This is clear that major isolated land areas and island groups often evolved their own distinct plant and animal communities.
For instance, before humans arrived 60-40,000 years ago, Australia had more than 100 species of kangaroos, koalas, and other marsupials but none of the more advanced terrestrial placental mammals such as dogs, cats, bears, horses.
Land mammals were entirely absent from the even more isolated islands that make up Hawaii and New Zealand.
Each of these places had a great number of plant, insect, and bird species that were found nowhere else in the world.
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45. •Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by giving premature birth. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central America, and one in North America.
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49. 4.1.3 State the isolation can lead to different species being produced that are unable to interbreed to yield fertile offspring
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50. •The mechanisms of reproductive isolation or hybridization barriers are the collection of mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring, or which ensure that any offspring that may be produced is not fertile
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58. TYPES OF ISOLATION
1.Geographical isolation: forms are separated by land or water barriers that they are unable to cross.
2.Ecological isolation: the forms fail to meet because they live in different places within the same geographic region.
3.Temporal isolation: the forms are active at different seasons or times of day.
4.Behavioural isolation: the forms meet, but do not mate.
5.Mechanical isolation: copulation occurs, but no transfer of male gametes takes place.
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60. Have you ever wondered how polar bears came to be white?
•It makes perfect sense; the white bears blend into the white arctic terrain easily.
•That makes it difficult for their prey to see them approach, and this has allowed them to survive for millennia in the polar region.
•Polar bears evolved to adapt to their environment.
•Every species adapts through the generations to survive in its habitat, or else it faces extinction
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61. •But the whiteness of the polar bear becomes somewhat curious when you consider that, at one time, they are believed to have branched off of the brown bear family tree
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64. Zebroid
Zebra + Equine= Zebroid
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65. Beefalo
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66. Bill Gates' flower fly
names were in "recognition of [their] great contributions to the science of Dipterology
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67. kooteninchela deppi
The species name deppi comes from the actor Johnny Depp, after his role as "Edward Scissorhands" in the film of the same name
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68. What is SPECIATION?
•The formation of one or more new species from the pre existing species is called 'Speciation'.
•New species are developed mainly by isolation and variation.
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69. •The formation of new mountain or rift valley forms a barrier between two population
How does the movement of tectonic plates effect the environment?
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70. •New Habitats created
•The increase in habitat diversity leads to an increase in species diversity as the number of available niches increases
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71. •The geographical barrier could separate species and put them in two different ecosystem with climates
•Separated populations would adapt to their new surrounding and eventually evolve into new species
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74. •These forms can change the nutrition available to animals and plants through different available sediments and soils, and by making one new habitat more habitable by a particular species.
•Finally, large landforms such as placement of mountain ranges can actually influence the large-scale climate.
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83. •
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84. •Unique animals in Himalayas…………
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85. Himalayan ibex
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86. Marco Polo sheep
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87. Brown bear
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89. •4.1.5 Explain the relationships among ecosystem stability, diversity, succession and habitat.
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91. How does the diversity and stability during succession
1.As a succession progresses, the complexity of an ecosystem increases. As complexity increases, diversity becomes greater.
2.Each seral stage of succession helps create a deeper soil with more nutrients, which allows larger plants to grow
3.Changes in the plant community increases habitat diversity
4.This leads to greater species and genetic diversity
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94. •5.Greater habitat leads to an increase in niches, which allows more species to live together
•6.Climax communities have more complex system and so are more stable then earlier stages such as pioneer communities
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95. How does human activities alter succession
Logging, Grazing and burning
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96. •4.2.EVLAUATING BIODIVERSITY & VULNERABILITY
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98. 4.2.1.Identify factors that lead to loss of diversity
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99. Objectives
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100. FACTOR 1 NATURAL EVENTS
•Natural events such a volcanoes,drought,ice ages and meteor impact have led to loss of biodiversity.
•Changes in the Australian climate as a result of movements in tectonic plates and global warming have caused increase in the frequency of fires
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101. •The increasingly dry climate in Africa regions has led to the prevalence of drought-tolerant species and the extinction of other species
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102. •Changes in the orbit of the earth and its tilt, along with plate tectonic movements have led to many long term cold periods
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104. What is Habitat?
The specific surroundings within which an organism, a species, or a community lives.
The surroundings include physical factors such as temperature, moisture, and light together with biological factors such as the presence of food or predator organisms
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107. Human activity
Habitat destruction caused by humans includes conversion of land to agriculture, urban sprawl, infrastructure development, and other anthropogenic changes to the characteristics of habitat destruction caused by humans .
Habitat destruction by human activity mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization
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109. •Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the most important cause of species extinction worldwide.
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113. What is Habitat Destruction?
•Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present.
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115. The term habitat fragmentation includes five discrete phenomena
1.Reduction in the total area of the habitat
2.Decrease of the interior
3.Isolation of one habitat fragment from other areas of habitat
4.Breaking up of one patch of habitat into several smaller patches
5.Decrease in the average size of each patch of habitat
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117. The remaining fragmented habitats of the African Elephant
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118. Identify the Indian endangered goat?
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119. Nilgiri Tahr
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120. Habitat Destruction
Agricultural Purpose
Human Activity
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121. Agricultural Purpose
The single most important cause of habitat loss is the expansion of agriculture, which represents one of the greatest threats to the world’s remaining biodiversity.
Tropical forests are particularly threatened
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122. What agriculture practices leads to habitat destruction?
Agriculture is not only expanding, it is also intensifying.
High-input farming practices – such as deep drainage, large-scale irrigation, heavy pesticide use and multiple cropping – are leading to the degradation of agricultural and semi-natural habitats, causing declines in biodiversity across huge areas.
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125. Habitat is destroyed mainly for agriculture and forestry
The expansion of agricultural activity has led to the destruction of huge areas of natural habitats, including forests, grasslands and wetlands, in nearly all regions of the world.
The expansion and development of urban areas and infrastructure also reduces natural habitats, and new roads give access to additional areas, which results in further losses
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126. •4.2.2 Discuss the perceived vulnerability of tropical rainforests and their relative value in contributing to global biodiversity.
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127. What is Tropical Rainforest?
•Tropical rainforest is a biome found 10 degrees north or south of the equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific Islands
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129. •Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet.
•Tropical rain forests are called the "world's largest pharmacy" because over one-quarter of modern medicines originate from its plants.
•The undergrowth in a rainforest is restricted in many areas by the lack of sunlight at ground level
Why rainforest is Important?
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130. •The rainforests are home to more species or populations than all other biomes added together. 80% of the world's biodiversity are found in tropical rainforests
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132. INQUIRES
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134. •Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall.
•This often results in poor soils due to leaching of soluble nutrients.
•The temperature ranges from 15 to 50 °C and 125 to 660 cm of rainfall yearly
Characters of Rainforest
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135. •Rainforests are also often called the "Earth's lungs," however there is no scientific basis for such a claim as tropical rainforests are known to be essentially oxygen neutral, with little or no net oxygen production
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136. What is the relative value of tropical rainforest in contributing to global diversity?
1.Tropical rainforest cover only 5.9 % of the earths land surface but may contain up to 50% of all species
2.Rainfall is high in tropical rainforest and have constant temperatures, high levels of sunlight and high net primary productivity.
3.Rainforest are complex ecosystem with many layers.
4.The complex layered structure of rainforest increases habitat diversity
5.Many rainforest have large number of endemic species
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137. What is the role of deforestation in the development of Green politics?
1.Green politics is a political viewpoint that places an importance on ecological and environmental goals and sustainable development
2.The green movement aims to reduce deforestation and increase reforestation
3.The Green movement started in part as result of the threats to tropical rainforest.
4.Many politicians get involved because they know it is an important for may voters
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138. The Threats and Losses
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139. How much?
•Rainforests once covered 14 percent of the Earth's land surface, now they cover 6 percent and experts estimate that the last remaining rainforests could be consumed in less than 40 years.
–Globally 2.4 (1 hectare) acres of rainforest have been destroyed every second... it is the equivalent of two US football fields put together.
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140. Thailand
513,517
435,000
22,000
6,000
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141. –149 acres (60 hectares) have been destroyed a minute.
–214,000 acres (86,000) per day: an area larger than NYC.
–78 million acres (31 million hectares per year: an area larger than Poland.
–In Brazil an estimation of 5.4 million acres have been destroyed per year. (estimate averaged for period 1979-1990)
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146. •Rainforests are being destroyed because the value of this land is perceived as only the value of it's timber by short sighted governments, multi-national logging companies and land owners.
•Commercial logging => teak, mahogany, rosewood etc.... for furniture, building materials, charcoal for big businesses and big profits.
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149. •Governments and their development of natural resources. control 805 of rainforests
•Logging rainforest timber => $$large economic resource
•Composition of the soil, nutrients are locked up in the trees, less than 10% of the Amazonian soils are suitable for agriculture
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151. •Composition of the soil, nutrients are locked up in the trees, less than 10% of the Amazonian soils are suitable for agriculture.
•Subsistence farming
•Cattle ranching
•Mining
•Oil extraction
•Hydroelectric dams
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153. A satellite image of a 1,300 square-kilometer area of Brazil's Amazon Basin, north of Manus. Once the rainforest is accessible, it can easily be cleared; this allows destruction from numerous factors to occur
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154. Deforestation in Brazil
CARING
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158. –A single pond in Brazil can sustain a greater variety of fish than are found in all of Europe's rivers;
–Over 2000 species of fish have been identified in the Amazon Basin - more species than the entire Atlantic ocean.
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161. –A 25 acre plot of rainforest in Borneo may contain over 700 species of trees - a number equal to the total tree diversity of North America.
–A single rainforest reserve in Peru is home to more species of birds than the entire United States.
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162. This pattern is among several shapes present in this image of Bolivian deforestation
THINKERS
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164. •One single tree in Peru was found to harbor 43 different species of ants - a total that approximates the entire species of the British Isles.
•Carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere from fires and rotting vegetation may lead to an increase in global warming.
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167. What is Genera?
• Genera is the usual major subdivision of a family or subfamily in the classification of organisms, usually consisting of more than one species.
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168. •4.2.3 Discuss current estimates of numbers of species and past and present rates of species extinction.
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169. What is the current estimate for the number of species on earth?
•The total number of species on earth today is still not well understood.
•Estimates of the current number of species on the planet range from 5 million to 100 million
•So far, science has identified about 1.8 million species.
•It is impossible to get an accurate count of the number of species because many species have not been discovered yet
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173. •There are areas of the earth that we still know little about of many undiscovered species may live
•Without a reliable estimate of the number of species, it is difficult to calculate extinction rates
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179. CAUSES FOR MASS EXTINCTION
1.CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION
2.TRIASSIC EXTINCTION
3.PERMAIN-TRISSAIC EXTINCTION
4.LATE DEVONIAN EXTINCTION
5.ORDOVICIAN –SILURINA EXTINCTION
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180. 1.CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTION
•Time :65 Million Years Ago
•Causes: Wide asteroid
•Other reasons: Flood like Volcanic eruption
•Amount of Extinction:
1.16% of Marine families
2.18% of land vertebrate families, including dinosaur
3.47% of Marine genera
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184. 2.TRIASSIC EXTINCTION
•Time : 200 Million Years Ago
•Reason : Massive lava eruption in the Atlantic ocean
•Amount of Extinction :
A.23% of all families
B.48% of all genera
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186. 3.PERMAIN-TRISSAIC EXTINCTION
•Time : 250 Million Years Ago
•Largest of all
•Reason: Asteroid Impact
•83% of all genera on land and sea went extinct during this period. That is 96% of all marine life and 70% of all land vertebrates
•Of all the Extinction Events, its the only one that affected insects and it almost wiped out land plants entirely.
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187. 4.LATE DEVONIAN EXTINCTION
•Time :364 million years
•Reason :This is a difficult event to pin down. Some scientists think it is more like two or more events over the period of 25 million years.
•70% of all marine species died off
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188. 5.ORDOVICIAN –SILURINA EXTINCTION
•445 Million Years Ago
•Reason :Drop in sea levels as glaciers leads to rising sea levels.
•27 % of all families
•57 % of all genera
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189. What caused the five past mass extinctions?
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190. Climate Change
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194. •
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196. Identify the Indian endangered goat?
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198. 1.
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203. Magnetic reversal of the poles
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206. •
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210. •4.2.4 Describe and explain the factors that may make species more or less prone to extinction.
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211. Factor 1:Small population size and limited distribution
•Species with small populations sizes and limited distribution are more likely to become extinct.
•Species with small populations are also more likely to have low genetic diversity and their inability to adapt to changing conditions can be fatal.
•Many of the large cat species have low genetic diversity ,example cheetah, snow leopard and tiger
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212. Lion-tailed macaque
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216. Factor 2 :Degree of Specialization
•Specialist species are more likely to become extinct than generalist species.
•Specialized species have narrow niche so, if their surrounding change, they may not be able to adapt and change.
•Ex :a species food resources may be very specialized such as the giant panda which mainly eats bamboo.
•Some animals can live only on certain tree species such as Palila bird which depends on he Mamane tree for its food therefore losing habitat as the Manamne tree is cut down
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218. Sarus Crane
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221. Factor 3- Reproductive Potential
•Species that live for a long are more likely to have low reproductive rate and this makes them vulnerable to extinction.
•If there is a change in habitat or a predator is introduced the population drops and there are not enough adults to support to maintain population
•Animals with long gestation times, like elephants and rhinos are long prone to low rates of reproductive and it can many years to recover from any reduction in population number
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222. •
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223. Factor 4: Poor Competitors
•Species that show weak interspecific competition are more likely to become extinct than good competitors
•Flightless and slow moving birds such as great auk, dodo are helpless under the pressure of hunting and predation
•Their lack of mobility and poor defensive instincts mean that they are easily preyed upon.
•Animals that have evolved in area where that have no predators such as dodo are prone to extinction when a predator is introduced
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225. •Factor 5 –Trophic level
•Top predators are sensitive to any disturbance in the food chain
•Any reduction in the numbers of species at lower trophic levels can have dramatic consequences
•Top carnivores are therefore particularly sensitive to hunters and reductions in population size
•It also possible that species in high tropic level may accumulate toxins such as the American bald eagle
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228. •
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230. •
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231. •
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232. •
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233. •
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234. 52 Species Move Toward Extinction Each Year
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239. •
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241. •
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243. The Dodo, the giant flightless of Mauritius,
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256. The IUCN
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257. • IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the world’s largest global environmental network. that maintains the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an attempt to chronicle the plight of endangered species around the world.
•The organization publishes the IUCN Red List, compiling information from a network of conservation organizations to rate which species are most endangered.
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259. •
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261. •The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated every five years if possible, or at least every ten years.
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264. What is Red Data Book?
•The Red Data Book is the state document established for documenting rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi as well as some local sub-species that exist within the territory of the state or country.
•
•This book provides central information for studies and monitoring programmes on rare and endangered species and their habits.
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267. •
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268. A range of factors are used to determine the conservation status of a species on the Red list
Factor 1-The Population size of the species
•Smaller populations are more likely to go extinct.
The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated the total population of tigers in India as 1,706
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269. Factor 2-Redution in population size
•A reduction in population size may indicate that a species is under threat
•Example The European eel
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270. Factors 3-The number of mature individuals
•Species with few mature individuals have lower reproductive rates
•Ex :Orang-utan
•Orang utan have one of the slowest reproductive rates of all mammal species. They give birth to a single offspring only once every 6 to 8 years.
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271. Factor 4–Geographic range
•Species with a limited geographic range may be under greater threat from extinction
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272. Factor 5 – Degree of Fragmentation
•Species in fragmented habitats may not be able to maintain large enough population sizes
•Ex :Sumatran Rhino
•Fragmentation of tropical rainforest in south-east Asia has led to a reduction in habitat area for this species
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274. Factor 6: Quality of Habitat
•Species that live in habitats that are poorer in quality are less likely to survive than species in habitats that are better in quality
FISHING CAT
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275. Factor 7- Area of Occupancy
•Species that live in a smaller area are under greater threat from extinction than more widespread species. Loss of the area they live in will lead to loss of the species
•Ex: Golden lion Tamarin
•This monkey are found only in one small are of Brazil.
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279. •
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280. •
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283. RECAP
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284. •
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286. •According to the World Wildlife Federation (WWF) the top 10 most endangered species are:
•1.Black Rhino
•2.Giant Panda
•3.Royal Bengal Tiger
•4.Beluga Sturgeon
•5.Goldenseal
•6.Alligator Snapping Turtle
•7.Hawksbill Turtle
•8.Big Leaf Mahogany
•9.Green-Cheeked Parrot
•10.Mako Shark
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287. 1.Black Rhino
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288. 2.Giant Panda
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289. 3.Royal Bengal Tiger
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290. 4.Beluga Sturgeon
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291. 5.Goldenseal
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292. 6.Alligator Snapping Turtle
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293. 7.Hawksbill Turtle
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294. 10.Mako Shark
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295. •4.3 Conservation of biodiversity
4.3.1-State the arguments for preserving species and habitats.
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296. •There are many arguments for preserving species and habitats. These arguments can be divided into 4 groups
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297. Argument 1 –Ethical Reasons
•Everyone has a responsibility to protect resources fro future generations.
•Ethical reasons also include the idea that every species has right to survive
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298. Argument 2 –Aesthetic reasons
•Species and habitats are pleasant to look at and provide beauty and inspiration
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299. Argument 3 –Economic reasons
•Species and habitats provide financial income.
•Species should be preserved to maintain genetic diversity so that resources will e available in the future
•Other reasons are commercial resources such as medicines.
•Ecotourism is successful when habitats are preserved
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301. Argument 4 –Ecological reasons
•Rare habitats should be conserved as they may contain endemic species.
•Ecosystem with high levels of biodiversity are more stable
•Healthy ecosystem are also more likely to provide ecosystem services such as pollination and flood prevention
•Species should be preserved because if they disappear they could have effects on the rest of the food chain and ecosystem
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304. •4.3.2 Compare and contrast the role and activities of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations in preserving and restoring ecosystems and biodiversity.
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305. What are inter governmental and non governmental organization?
•An inter governmental organization is an organization that is established through international agreements in order to protect the Earth’s natural resources.
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306. Inter governmental
•United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
•Global Environment Facility (GEF)
•Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
•The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
•Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)
•United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
•World Nature Organization (WNO)
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307. •An non governmental organization is an organization that is not run by the governments of any country
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308. •Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)
•Global Environment Facility (GEF)
•Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
•United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
•World Nature Organization (WNO)
•World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
•Greenpeace
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309. •Roles of
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310. UNEP
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313. FUNCTION OF UNEP
•
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316. MAIN FUNCTIONS
1.International Legal instrument for conserving the biodiversity
2.Provide vision and support for all the countries
3.Authority to draw up legally binding international conventions and documents but cannot force countries to sign nor compliance
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321. FUNCTION OF WWF
•The WWF performs many functions in the preservation and protection of the environment and animal species.
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322. STRENGTH
WEAKNESS
Simpler to focus on1 species at a time than on many species
Not ecologically sound:
Media high profile species
Eg:elephant,tiger
Media dosen’t work with obcure
Research easier to focus on a single species
Research needs context of the whole environment
Focus on genetic and speices diversity
Ignores community and ecosystem biodiversity
Easier to control trade(CITES)
Controversy with CITES-ban vs controlled trade eg elephants and ivory
Only need key speices
How do you decide on key species
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323. CITES
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328. Function of CITES
1.CITES works by subjecting international trade in specimens of listed species to certain controls.
2.These require that all import, export, re-export and introduction from the sea of species covered by the Convention has to be authorized through a permitting system.
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330. 1.Greenpeace is a non governmental environmental organization with offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam.
2.Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world.
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337. FUNCTION
1.Defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves.
2.Protecting the world’s remaining ancient forest which are depended on by many animals, plants and people.
3.Creating a toxin free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today's products and manufacturing.
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338. Comparison of IGOs & NGOs
•The look to resolve concerns that affects the world
•They use the media to get their message across and to influence decision making
•They operate both locally and globally to preserve and restore ecosystem and biodiversity
•They publish reports and articles about their activities
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340. •4.3.2 Outline recent International convention biodiversity
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341. •United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
•The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972,having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment
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342. •The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit (was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
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343. •In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was also held in Rio, and is also commonly called Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012.
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344. •International Union for Conservation of Nature
•The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization dedicated to finding "pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges".
• The organization publishes the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species.
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345. •The objectives of conservation and requirements for their achievement
• 2. Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support systems
• 3. Preservation of genetic diversity
• 4. Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems
• 5. Priority requirements: ecological process and life-support systems
• 6. Priority requirements: genetic diversity
• 7. Priority requirements: sustainable utilization
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348. What is Extinct Species?
•In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism
•The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species
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352. •These are species which are nearing extinction and may become extinct if the causative factors continue
•An endangered species is a population of organisms which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters
What is Endangered Species?
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353. Example of Endangered Species
•Mountain Gorilla, Arakan Forest Turtle, Darwin's Fox, Javan Rhino, Brazilian Merganser, Gharial, Vaquita
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354. Mountain Gorilla
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355. Arakan Forest Turtle
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356. Darwin's Fox
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357. Javan Rhino
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358. Brazilian Merganser
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359. Vaquita
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360. What is Endemic Species?
•Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone.
•To be endemic to a place or area means that it is found only in that part of the world and nowhere else
•For example, many species of lemur are endemic to the island of Madagascar.
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366. •There are two types of conversation methods
•In-situ Conversation
•Ex-Situ Conversation
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367. •In-situ conservation means "on-site conservation".
•It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat or
•Either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators.
•The natural surroundings or the entire ecosystems is protected and maintained so that all the constituent species are conserved and benefited.
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368. Which is the biggest national park in the World?
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369. 1.National Park & Sanctuaries:
These are usually small reserves meant for the protection of large number of species.
2.Natural Reserves or Biosphere Reserves:
Large protected area with boundaries properly identified by legislation.
Strategies of In-Situ Conservation
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372. How many Tiger reserves in India
They are 28 Tiger Reserves are governed by Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the tiger
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373. 1.Best strategy for long term protection of biodiversity.
2.It is cheaper to protect populations in their natural habitat.
3.Reduces the cost of conservation to a large extent
1.Protected areas are not always large enough and not well maintained.
2.Many protected areas often used for tourism.
3.Required large areas to preserve
Advantages & Disadvantages
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374. 4.For herbivores there has to plenty of vegetation.
5.Large number of animals protected and maintained.
6.Natural disaster provides an opportunity to organism to adjust the conditions
4.Involves lot of human activity
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375. 1.Ex-situ conservation means literally, "off-site conservation".
2.It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat;
3.for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans.
4.While ex-situ conservation comprises some of the oldest and best known conservation methods, it also involves newer, sometimes controversial laboratory methods
Ex-situ conservation
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378. 5.Zoos and botanical gardens are the most conventional methods of ex-situ conservation,
6.Endangered animal species are preserved using similar techniques
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379. Which is the biggest Zoo in the World?
Monarto Zoological Park in Australia
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380. 1.Identification of Species for ex-situ conservation.
2.Long Term captive breeding.
3.Short –term propagation and release
4.Animal translocation.
5.Advanced technology in service of endangered species
6.Establishment of botanical gardens and zoos.
Strategies of Ex-Situ Conservation
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382. 1.Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas for wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range.
2.It is a priority of many groups that cannot be easily characterized in terms of any one ideology
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384. 3.Some of the conservation movement's goals are to protect habitats and promote continued recreational opportunities for people such as hiking, bird watching, fishing and hunting.
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385. Human &Animal Conflict
1.Human wildlife conflict is one of the main threats to the continued survival of many parts of the world.
2.As human population expand and natural habitats shrink, people and animals increasingly coming into conflict for living spcae and food.
3.There are possibilities that entire population of endangered species may wipe out because of war caused by human
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390. •Human-wildlife conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and people and the resultant negative impact on people or their resources, or wild animals or their habitat.
•It occurs when wildlife needs overlap with those of human populations, creating costs to residents and wild animals
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391. Count Down for IA
Last 8 Days
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392. connect
Vipul Ved Prakash
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393. •Apple has bought Topsy Labs, a social media analytics firm co-founded by Indian Americans Rishab Aiyer Ghosh and Vipul Ved Prakash, for over $200 million. The company tracks trending topics on microblogging site Twitter and other social media networks. Topsy has analysed all tweets since 2006 and recently announced a free search engine for tweets.
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395. •4.3.3 State and explain the criteria used to design protected areas.
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396. What are protected area?
•Protected areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognised natural, ecological and/or cultural values.
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397. Design of Protected Areas
•The design of protected areas is an important field of research in conservation biology.
•The essential questions involve criteria for the size, shape, and positioning of protected areas to optimize their ability to protect biodiversity.
•Conservation biologists recommend that protected areas be as large and numerous as possible.
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398. 1.Protected areas are essential for biodiversity conservation.
2.They are the cornerstones of virtually all national and international conservation strategies.
3.They are areas set aside to maintain functioning natural ecosystems, to act as refuges for species and to maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes.
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399. What is a biosphere reserve?
•Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
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400. •
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404. CRITERIA
•Area
•Edge effects
•Shape
•Corriodor
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405. AREA
•Larger reserves as one large area can support more species than several smaller species.
•Because large reserves have more habitats and can support more top carnivores.
•Larger reserves have higher population numbers of each species and greater stability
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409. What is Edge Effects?
•In ecology, edge effects refer to the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats
•Areas with small habitat fragments exhibit especially pronounced edge effects that may extend throughout the range.
•As the edge effects increase, the boundary habitat allows for greater biodiversity.
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414. EDGE EFFECTS
•At the edge effects of a protected area there is a change in abiotic components.
•This change includes more wind, more warmth and less humid conditions compared to the interior of the reserves
•These are called edge effects
•Edge effects will attract species that are found deeper in the reserve.
•Edge effects may also attract exotic species rom outside the reserve.
•Fewer edge effects will mean that less of the area is disturbed
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421. SHAPE
•The best shape for a reserve is a circle because this has the lowest edge effects.
•In practice the shape is determined by what is available and where the habitats to be conserved are located
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422. Corridors
•Corridors join up area of a reserve that are surrounded by disturbed areas.
•Corridors HAVE MANY BENEFITS
•Corridors allow gene flow through movement of animals in and out of the area.
•Corridors also allow the movement of large mammals and top carnivores between separated parts of the reserve.
•Illegal hunters can also more easily move from one reserve to another
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427. Buffer zones
•Buffer zones are areas created to enhance the protection of a conservation area, often peripheral to it, inside or outside
•These areas minimize disturbance from outside influences such as people agriculture.
•For example a nearby town or extensive disturbance such as logging can directly impact a protected area if it not surrounded by an area that buffers
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431. Problems…………………..
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432. Controversy over the design of protected areas involves the following key elements: 1.Populations in larger protected areas should have a smaller risk of extinction, compared to those in smaller reserves.
2.However, if there are populations in several different reserves, the redundancy might prevent extinction in the event of a catastrophic loss in one reserve.
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434. •Reserves can also be designed to have less edge habitat.
1.This refers to transitions between ecosystem types, such as that between a forest and a field.
2.Edge habitat is often penetrated by invasive species and predators, which can become important problems in some protected areas.
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438. 1)For many ecological functions to operate well, there must be connections among habitats. This is particularly true of the dispersal of plants and animals.
2)This need can be accommodated if protected areas are linked by corridors of suitable habitat, or if they are clumped close together.
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440. STRENGTH
WEAKNESS
Simpler to focus on1 species at a time than on many species
Not ecologically sound:
Media high profile species
Eg:elephant,tiger
Media doesn't work with obscure
Research easier to focus on a single species
Research needs context of the whole environment
Focus on genetic and species diversity
Ignores community and ecosystem biodiversity
Easier to control trade(CITES)
Controversy with CITES-ban vs. controlled trade e.g. elephants and ivory
Only need key species
How do you decide on key species
STRENGTH & WEAKNESS OF CONSERVING SINGLE SPECIES
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442. •1.Creating Biodiversity hotspot
•2.Habitat creation
•3.Breed in Captivity
•4.Habitat Management
•5.Reintroduction
5 Ways
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443. 1.Creating Biodiversity hotspots
•A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans.
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446. 2.Habitat creation
1.National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, zoological parks and botanical gardens and sanctuaries work as protected areas for wild life.
2.They help in conserving the wild life in their wild state. Besides being the protected habitats of various species, they are also good places to take a tour of.
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448. Dhole or Indian Wild Dog
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450. 3.Breed in Captivity
1.Breed endangered species in captivity in places such as zoos and animal parks.
2.Once the young animals reach maturity, they can be released into the wild where they can continue to increase the population.
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452. 4.Habitat Management
1.Habitat Management refers to taking care of the habitat of the wildlife.
2.Study of different kind of habitats, devising ways of protecting it, its preservation and regular checking of these habitats through census and statistical data help a great deal in working out a plan of action in managing a habitat and the species.
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454. 5.Reintroduction
1.Several endangered species were allowed to reproduce and flourish in places and habitats that suited them.
2.These places were similar to their original habitats. Later, they were introduced to protected areas such as parks and reserves and also to their original habitats after they were found fit to fight for survival.
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457. What is a biosphere reserve?
•Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.
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459. What are the functions of biosphere reserves?
1.A conservation function -
2.A development function -
3.A logistic function -
4.Information exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and development.
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461. •
•
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464. Identify this Indian animal
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465. The Indian giant squirrel, or Malabar giant squirrel
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