Home Documental

2. DOCUMENTAL: “HOME”
TALLER - Parejas
1. Explique una de las problemáticas
ambientales mencionadas en el
documental, plantee una posible
solución sostenible
2. Mencione un ejemplo de desarrollo
sostenible que se exponen al final del
documental
3. ¿Qué datos estadísticos se describen en
el documental? (mínimo 2)

3. Adaptations of living
beings to the abiotic
environment:
EVOLUTION & ECOLOGY

6. Clines consist of ecotypes or forms of species that exhibit
gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a
geographical area, typically as a result of environmental
heterogeneity. Genetically, clines result from the change of
allele frequencies within the gene pool of the group of taxa in
question.
ECOCLINES

7. PHENOTYPIC
PLASTICITY
A single genotype that
express different
phenotypes
GENOTYPE INTERACTION
WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.
STANDARD REACTION

8. TYPES OF
NATURAL
SELECTION

9. TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

10. Stabilizing selection

11. Disruptive selection

12. Directional selection
Longer horns were advantageous for defending young
calves from attacks by predators,

13. NATURAL SELECTION IS NOT
SEXUAL OR ARTIFIAL SELECTION
ARTIFICIAL SELECTIONSEXUAL SELECTION

14. Definition of species
Biologist: “populations of organisms that have a high
level of genetic similarity.”
Typological species: “A group of organisms in which
individuals are members of the species if they
sufficiently conform to certain fixed properties.”
Evolutionary species: “A single evolutionary lineage of
organisms within which genes can be shared, and that
maintains its integrity with respect to other lineages
through both time and space.”

15. Ecological species: “A set of organisms adapted to
a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the
environment.”
Reproductive species: “Two organisms that are able
to reproduce naturally to produce fertile offspring of
both sexes.”
Genetic species: “Based on similarity of DNA of
individuals or populations. Techniques to compare
similarity of DNA include DNA-DNA hybridization,
and genetic fingerprinting (or DNA barcoding).”

16. Evolutionarily significant unit (ESU)
“An evolutionarily significant unit is a population of organisms that
is considered distinct for purposes of conservation. Often referred
to as a species or a wildlife species, an ESU also has several
possible definitions, which coincide with definitions of species.”

17. • Adaptation • Exaptation
Structure that appears to play a role
but then another
Structure that appears in
response to a challenge

18. MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION

19. ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

20. PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
Different flowering periods decreased gene flow between
metals tolerant and non-tolerant.

21. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

22. • Prezygotic (ecological isolation,
ethological or mechanical)
REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS

23. • Postzygotic (viability of individuals
produced) - HYBRID
REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS

24. QUIZ
• Una definición de especie en términos
ecológicos es un set de organismos
adaptados a un mismo tipo de recurso
llamado nicho en el ambiente.
FALSO Ó VERDADERO

25. • Reproductive crossing between two
different species gives rise to viable
individuals may be fertile or infertile.
HIBRIDATION

26. HIBRIDATION
Citrus x tangerina Citrus reticulata

27. GENETIC DRIFT
• STOCHASTIC changes in allelic frequency from one
generation to another.
• Effect > in small populations
• Bottleneck is not genetic drift. Bottleneck acelerates
genetic drift

28. Bottleneck in Seals

30. FINITE POPULATIONS

31. FINITE POPULATIONS

32. FINITE POPULATIONS

33. Change in allelic frequencies by RANDOM
resulting gamete sampling from generation to
generation in a finite population
GENETIC DRIFT

34. N determines the change rate
by gene drift

35. GENETIC DRIFT CAUSE LOSS OF CHANGE
Drift operates with variability, but leads to loss (freq = 0)
or attachment (freq = 1) of an allele.
FIXATION
LOSS

36. INBREEDING
Decreases genetic variability in
populations

37. ASSORTATIVE MATING

38. MUTATION
Types of mutations
• Point mutations
• Indels
• Duplications
• chromosomal mutations
- aneuploidy
- polyploidy
- inversions
- translocations

41. Translocations

42. Aneuploidy

43. Poliploidy

44. Pachytene in PROPHASE I
CROSSING OVER (MEIOSIS)
RECOMBINATION

45. FOUNDER EFFECT

46. HOW TO CALCULATE FREQUENCIES?
Observed Genotypic frequency
(based on observed individuals)
p2 = Nº AA / total population
2pq = Nº Aa / total population
q2 = Nº aa / total population
Allelic frequency
(based on observed individuals)
p = (Nº AA + ½(Nº Aa)) / total population
q = (Nº aa + ½(Nº Aa)) / total population

47. HOW TO CALCULATE FREQUENCIES?
Allelic frequency
(based on observed genotypic frequencies)
p = p2 + ½(2pq)
q = q2 + ½(2pq)
Expected Genotypic frequency
(based on allelic frequencies)
p2 = pxp
2pq = 2xpxq
q2 = qxq

48. HOW TO CALCULATE FREQUENCIES?
Phenotypic frequency (based on genotypic
frequencies)
Yellow (AA + Aa) = p2 + 2pq
Green (aa) = q2

49. QUIZ
• Fuerza evolutiva que aumenta la
diversidad genética en una población
A. Mutación
B. Deriva genética
C. Apareamiento asociativo
D. Selección direccional

51. IN A SINGLE POPULATION