The pro-natal policy of Singapore was introduced in 1987 to address declining fertility rates since the 1960s that threatened economic and social stability. The policy provided incentives like cash bonuses for having additional children and parental leave. It was enhanced in 2000 with increased bonuses for second or third children. Evaluations in 2004 and 2008 led to amendments like tax relief and subsidies to make the policy more effective. While the policy achieved its goal of stabilizing population growth, concerns remain around environmental sustainability and coercive aspects of population control.
Fertility PolicyFertility policy is much more complicated, eth.docxmydrynan
Ā
Fertility Policy
Fertility policy is much more complicated, ethically speaking, than mortality policy. Everyone knows that promoting mortality is unethical. Thus mortality policy is concerned only with saving and extending life.
When it comes to fertility policy, values differ. Fertility has been both discouraged and encouraged by governments at different times and places, not usually for its own sake, but to accomplish population growth or shrinkage. For example, Quebec promoted fertility between 1988 and 1997, with the aim of keeping francophone culture alive in North America.
Many people believe that fertility is a deeply personal individual freedom that government has no business tampering with. Many believe that childbearing is a divine imperative that should not be impeded.
We are generally content to allow a government its incentives and advertising regarding fertility, as long as government does not violate our human rights by coercing us, deceiving us, or manipulating us to do something we do not want to do but are too poor to resist doing.
The question of coercion comes up in the abortion debate, where the contested right to life of a fetus/unborn child clashes with the contested right of a woman to abort a fetus/unborn child. The issue of which of these rights are valid and, if both are valid, which right prevails, is an important one. However, at various times and places, abortion legislation has been enacted not to answer this question but to achieve a target level of fertility in the population. The Ceausescu regime in Romania (1965-1989) outlawed abortion to achieve a higher birth rate. Meanwhile, Singapore legalized abortion in 1969 for the express purpose of reducing births. Forced abortion and sterilization have occurred in China since the 1980s for the same reason.
Another example of coercion is the forced sterilization of mentally ill and mentally retarded people in North America and northwestern Europe between the World Wars. A more recent example is the forced sterilization of poor men ā particularly Muslim men - in India in the mid 1970s.
Those episodes remind us that many times, fertility policy ā like immigration policy ā is directed at particular groups of people: ethnic groups, religious groups, or income classes. It is those sub-populations that are targeted for growth or shrinkage. Thus the question of discrimination is another issue complicating fertility policy.
Eugenics
Nazi Germany went furthest in elaborating an ideology of genetic superiority. The fallout ā millions killed on the basis of their race, politics, religion, color, intelligence, sexual orientation etc. ā served as a wake-up call to the would-be civilized world.
It was not only the Germans, but citizens of many nations who embraced eugenics, including US President Theodore Roosevelt, Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger, and Irving Fisher (celebrated economist). In Canada, the eugenics movement had most influen ...
Solid evidence on the links between preventing adolescent childbearing and alleviating poverty can motivate policymakers and donors to invest in reproductive health and family planning programs for youth. Research that documents the clear cause-and-effect relationship between program interventions and outcomes, such as better health and delayed childbearing among teens, can guide decisions about investments in research or programs.
This report examines the evidence for investing in adolescent reproductive health and family planning programs from the perspective of making an evidence-based argument to guide the investment or spending decisions of public or private organizations. Key steps in developing such an argumentāa business caseāinclude:
1. The consequences of relevant trends.
2. Evidence on the potential of particular actions or interventions to change the status quo.
3. The costs associated with different actions.
Delinquency Prevention and Diversion ProgramsNameInstitutionCoLinaCovington707
Ā
Delinquency Prevention and Diversion Programs
Name
Institution
Course
Tutor
Date
Running head: Delinquency Prevention and Diversion Programs 2
Delinquency Prevention and Diversion Programs 5Introduction
Delinquency prevention programs entail superseding youths' and children's lives to deter them from delinquent acts. Delinquency prevention programs occur outside the juvenile justice system, and the plans are not organized to undermine and exclude justice personnel. Diversion programs are substitutes that are entwined to initial or progressive official dispensation of the youth in the juvenile delinquency system. Diversion programs majorly entail redirecting the youthful wrongdoers from the justice system through different programs such as sports, supervision, and recreational activities. In this work, we will see the basic assumptions for these programs, the justification of these programs, and the public's reluctance to finance them. Basic Assumptions for Delinquency Prevention and Diversion ProgramsA match in the parties
There should be an understanding between all the underlying parties for the prevention delinquency and diversion program to be successful. According to Lipsey, the parties involved include the juvenile target, the host organization, and the program's concepts. The targeted individual must be willing to undergo the guide program in his trial to quit the adapted behavior. In this case, the target is the leading party since the whole program's success depends on their willingness. The host must also be willing to work with the particular individual, lay and work a program suitable for the exercise (Farrington, et al, 2017). The most applicable program to this assumption is the school program. Since many minors spend a lot of time in school than in any other institution, there is a need to conduct delinquency prevention and diversion programs in schools. Therefore, the school must be willing to roll a plan suitable to accommodate the targeted juvenile's interests. The parents may also play a part in convincing the juvenile to enroll in that program. The assumptions work in all preventions; primary, secondary and tertiary preventions. The matching of all the parties hence makes it easy for the program to run. No specific program is effective
In these juvenile court programs of delinquency prevention, we assume no single program can effectively do away with delinquency. The main reason behind this assumption is that the underlying problems are from different sources. The crimes may be a result of low housing, poverty, inadequate education, among others. These existing problems are complex and independent, such that not a single program can overhaul them once. Therefore, the host organization must plan on a series of programs related to each of the problems. Besides, it is prudent to target the issues first rather than the prevention of their outcomes. (Johnson, 1998) suggests that for effective prevention, we have to deal with t ...
Fertility PolicyFertility policy is much more complicated, eth.docxmydrynan
Ā
Fertility Policy
Fertility policy is much more complicated, ethically speaking, than mortality policy. Everyone knows that promoting mortality is unethical. Thus mortality policy is concerned only with saving and extending life.
When it comes to fertility policy, values differ. Fertility has been both discouraged and encouraged by governments at different times and places, not usually for its own sake, but to accomplish population growth or shrinkage. For example, Quebec promoted fertility between 1988 and 1997, with the aim of keeping francophone culture alive in North America.
Many people believe that fertility is a deeply personal individual freedom that government has no business tampering with. Many believe that childbearing is a divine imperative that should not be impeded.
We are generally content to allow a government its incentives and advertising regarding fertility, as long as government does not violate our human rights by coercing us, deceiving us, or manipulating us to do something we do not want to do but are too poor to resist doing.
The question of coercion comes up in the abortion debate, where the contested right to life of a fetus/unborn child clashes with the contested right of a woman to abort a fetus/unborn child. The issue of which of these rights are valid and, if both are valid, which right prevails, is an important one. However, at various times and places, abortion legislation has been enacted not to answer this question but to achieve a target level of fertility in the population. The Ceausescu regime in Romania (1965-1989) outlawed abortion to achieve a higher birth rate. Meanwhile, Singapore legalized abortion in 1969 for the express purpose of reducing births. Forced abortion and sterilization have occurred in China since the 1980s for the same reason.
Another example of coercion is the forced sterilization of mentally ill and mentally retarded people in North America and northwestern Europe between the World Wars. A more recent example is the forced sterilization of poor men ā particularly Muslim men - in India in the mid 1970s.
Those episodes remind us that many times, fertility policy ā like immigration policy ā is directed at particular groups of people: ethnic groups, religious groups, or income classes. It is those sub-populations that are targeted for growth or shrinkage. Thus the question of discrimination is another issue complicating fertility policy.
Eugenics
Nazi Germany went furthest in elaborating an ideology of genetic superiority. The fallout ā millions killed on the basis of their race, politics, religion, color, intelligence, sexual orientation etc. ā served as a wake-up call to the would-be civilized world.
It was not only the Germans, but citizens of many nations who embraced eugenics, including US President Theodore Roosevelt, Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger, and Irving Fisher (celebrated economist). In Canada, the eugenics movement had most influen ...
Solid evidence on the links between preventing adolescent childbearing and alleviating poverty can motivate policymakers and donors to invest in reproductive health and family planning programs for youth. Research that documents the clear cause-and-effect relationship between program interventions and outcomes, such as better health and delayed childbearing among teens, can guide decisions about investments in research or programs.
This report examines the evidence for investing in adolescent reproductive health and family planning programs from the perspective of making an evidence-based argument to guide the investment or spending decisions of public or private organizations. Key steps in developing such an argumentāa business caseāinclude:
1. The consequences of relevant trends.
2. Evidence on the potential of particular actions or interventions to change the status quo.
3. The costs associated with different actions.
Delinquency Prevention and Diversion ProgramsNameInstitutionCoLinaCovington707
Ā
Delinquency Prevention and Diversion Programs
Name
Institution
Course
Tutor
Date
Running head: Delinquency Prevention and Diversion Programs 2
Delinquency Prevention and Diversion Programs 5Introduction
Delinquency prevention programs entail superseding youths' and children's lives to deter them from delinquent acts. Delinquency prevention programs occur outside the juvenile justice system, and the plans are not organized to undermine and exclude justice personnel. Diversion programs are substitutes that are entwined to initial or progressive official dispensation of the youth in the juvenile delinquency system. Diversion programs majorly entail redirecting the youthful wrongdoers from the justice system through different programs such as sports, supervision, and recreational activities. In this work, we will see the basic assumptions for these programs, the justification of these programs, and the public's reluctance to finance them. Basic Assumptions for Delinquency Prevention and Diversion ProgramsA match in the parties
There should be an understanding between all the underlying parties for the prevention delinquency and diversion program to be successful. According to Lipsey, the parties involved include the juvenile target, the host organization, and the program's concepts. The targeted individual must be willing to undergo the guide program in his trial to quit the adapted behavior. In this case, the target is the leading party since the whole program's success depends on their willingness. The host must also be willing to work with the particular individual, lay and work a program suitable for the exercise (Farrington, et al, 2017). The most applicable program to this assumption is the school program. Since many minors spend a lot of time in school than in any other institution, there is a need to conduct delinquency prevention and diversion programs in schools. Therefore, the school must be willing to roll a plan suitable to accommodate the targeted juvenile's interests. The parents may also play a part in convincing the juvenile to enroll in that program. The assumptions work in all preventions; primary, secondary and tertiary preventions. The matching of all the parties hence makes it easy for the program to run. No specific program is effective
In these juvenile court programs of delinquency prevention, we assume no single program can effectively do away with delinquency. The main reason behind this assumption is that the underlying problems are from different sources. The crimes may be a result of low housing, poverty, inadequate education, among others. These existing problems are complex and independent, such that not a single program can overhaul them once. Therefore, the host organization must plan on a series of programs related to each of the problems. Besides, it is prudent to target the issues first rather than the prevention of their outcomes. (Johnson, 1998) suggests that for effective prevention, we have to deal with t ...
Can television be used to teach and foster entrepreneurship among youth in developing countries? We report from a randomized control field experiment of an edutainment show on entrepreneurship broadcasted over almost three months on national television in Tanzania. The field experiment involved more than two thousand secondary school students, where the treatment group was incentivized to watch the edutainment show. We find short-term evidence of the edutainment show inspiring the viewers to become more interested in entrepreneurship and business and shaping non-cognitive traits such as risk- and time preferences, and long-term evidence of more business startups; in general, the treatment effects are more pronounced for the female viewers. However, we also find evidence that the encouragement of entrepreneurship discouraged investment in schooling; administrative data show a negative treatment effect on school performance and long-term survey data show that fewer treated students continue schooling.
Running Head: WORKING OUTLINE 1
WORKING OUTLINE 4
Working Outline
Taj Jones
Liberty University
The Importance of Presidential Administration Affects the Programs,
Funding and Services of Child Welfare
Thesis: Since the passage of legislation creates or amends the federally funded child welfare program, the congress retains power to introduce bill to and the president is a signatory to any idea proposed to that effect giving the administrations powers to influence child welfare in the country.
1. Fy2017 had the input of the president in the case of funding of children programs
a. Title II-E of the Social Security Act allows the President to request for addition or reduction of the funds allocated to the child welfare (Stoltzfus, 2017).
i) Foster care increase in funding after FY2018 presidentās request to $5,542
ii) Kinship assistance
iii) Kinship guardianship assistance
b. Chafee foster care independence program (Children's Bureau, 2015).
i) General program which is capped mandatory
ii) Education and training vouchers, which is discretionary
2. The Child Bureau disburses funds to the different programs and services as guided by Federal Legislation (Stoltzfus, 2017).
a. The presidentās administration have a right to change different legislation
b. Obama administration made budget proposals for child care in 2016 (CWLA, n.d.).
i. New initiatives for pre-kindergarten and Head Start
ii. Child care initiatives
c. Current Presidential administration is proposing extension of Childrenās Health Insurance Program to be extended at $ 14 billion by 2019.
3. Impact of changes in presidential administrations (Hess, Orthmann, & Wright, 2012).
a. Different administrations have differed proposals
b. Obama and the increase in child care and Home Care proposals
c. Changes in Executive Orders on countries
4. Conclusion
Running head: ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Annotated Bibliography
Taj Jones
Liberty University
Annotated Bibliography
Barker, B., Kerr, T., Gerald, A., Michelle, F., Nguyen, P., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2014). High prevalence of exposure to the child welfare system among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: implications for policy and practice. BioMed Central Ltd.
This article talks about the life of street children and youth who experience adverse events and trauma in childhood. It mentions that little is known concerning the child welfare system among the vulnerable street children. The study aimed to find out more about the child welfare of the street-involved children in Vancouver Canada. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2012 and at least 937 street children aged 10-22 took part. The findings shows that children and youths who are not under the care of the government ...
Why America Needs High-Quality Early Care and Education, a statement of principles. Corporate Voices for Working Families and The Business Roundtable, 2009.
Jeffery L. PietersProfessor Lycan First Year Writing Seminar E.docxvrickens
Ā
Jeffery L. Pieters
Professor Lycan
First Year Writing Seminar EN106
02 April 2020Is Income Inequality To Blame For Poor Student Test Scores?
Studies ranging from psychology to economics all indicate that early childhood education and development are vital to the success of a child in all aspects of life, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Despite the reality that children from disadvantaged households often face more challenges and have lower test scores, publicly funded programs can have a significant and measured effect on success. Lawmakers have the responsibility to shape fiscal policy in order to bridge the gaps that face our nation's āpersistently disadvantaged.ā Although I agree that eligibility to qualify for free or reduced school meals is a poor measure of a student's actual needs as Susan Dynarski points out, it is important to extend these ideas to include access to quality early childhood education programs.
āA closer look reveals that the standard measure of economic disadvantage whether a child is eligible for a free or reduced-price lunch in school masks the magnitude of the learning gap between the richest and poorest children.ā (Greene, Kindle Locations 11218-11220). This gap is an important aspect of the disparity in which money is distributed to schools as it can be misconstrued to divide the money based on numbers instead of actual need. The disadvantaged children are those who are in the most need for assistance both monetarily and educationally and these funds should be focused on their needs specifically instead of a school as a whole generically, though there is likely no easy way to focus this money in a specific manner. One possible way to address this need is to provide assistance and education to all children across the nation from birth regardless of financial need. Studies for years have shown that children who attend preschool are more likely to be successful throughout elementary and high school, and early childhood brain development increases intelligence levels (Untangling the Evidence). By providing this type of education and development across the board we could raise the test score of children across the nation. This would prove to be an expensive and extremely difficult task to implement universally however, we do currently have a federal program in place currently aimed at providing these types of educational programs to low income families, Head Start.
The Head Start Program is administered under the Department of Health and Human Services and provides services to pregnant women and children from birth to age five. The Head Start Program is designed to teach early learning, health education, and family well-being with the intention of promoting school readiness to these children. In fiscal year 2018, the Federal Government spent $9.47 billion dollars on this program which helped 1,050,000 children and pregnant women in 2017 and 2018 (Head Start Programs). This program is delivered nationwide ...
Jeffery L. PietersProfessor Lycan First Year Writing Seminar Ekarenahmanny4c
Ā
Jeffery L. Pieters
Professor Lycan
First Year Writing Seminar EN106
02 April 2020Is Income Inequality To Blame For Poor Student Test Scores?
Studies ranging from psychology to economics all indicate that early childhood education and development are vital to the success of a child in all aspects of life, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Despite the reality that children from disadvantaged households often face more challenges and have lower test scores, publicly funded programs can have a significant and measured effect on success. Lawmakers have the responsibility to shape fiscal policy in order to bridge the gaps that face our nation's āpersistently disadvantaged.ā Although I agree that eligibility to qualify for free or reduced school meals is a poor measure of a student's actual needs as Susan Dynarski points out, it is important to extend these ideas to include access to quality early childhood education programs.
āA closer look reveals that the standard measure of economic disadvantage whether a child is eligible for a free or reduced-price lunch in school masks the magnitude of the learning gap between the richest and poorest children.ā (Greene, Kindle Locations 11218-11220). This gap is an important aspect of the disparity in which money is distributed to schools as it can be misconstrued to divide the money based on numbers instead of actual need. The disadvantaged children are those who are in the most need for assistance both monetarily and educationally and these funds should be focused on their needs specifically instead of a school as a whole generically, though there is likely no easy way to focus this money in a specific manner. One possible way to address this need is to provide assistance and education to all children across the nation from birth regardless of financial need. Studies for years have shown that children who attend preschool are more likely to be successful throughout elementary and high school, and early childhood brain development increases intelligence levels (Untangling the Evidence). By providing this type of education and development across the board we could raise the test score of children across the nation. This would prove to be an expensive and extremely difficult task to implement universally however, we do currently have a federal program in place currently aimed at providing these types of educational programs to low income families, Head Start.
The Head Start Program is administered under the Department of Health and Human Services and provides services to pregnant women and children from birth to age five. The Head Start Program is designed to teach early learning, health education, and family well-being with the intention of promoting school readiness to these children. In fiscal year 2018, the Federal Government spent $9.47 billion dollars on this program which helped 1,050,000 children and pregnant women in 2017 and 2018 (Head Start Programs). This program is delivered nationwide ...
Adolescence is a period of rapid physiological, biological and psychological change. This transitional period has long-term impacts on an individualās future health, well-being, and productivity, meaning that investments in adolescence now can pay a "triple dividendā in the future.
Social Policy Specialist, Tia Palermo, explores a life cycle approach to social protection, focusing on the crucial second decade of life. This was presented the International Labour Organisation's Social Security Academy, held in September 2018.
Research Framework and Methodology .pptx Situation Analysis.AnaLyn523989
Ā
The research framework and Methodology, These two elements serve as the backbone of study, guiding its design and execution, and ultimately determining its validity and reliability.
The Research framework, also known as theoretical or conceptual framework, provides the overall direction for the study. It outlines the key concept, theories, or ideas that that underpin the research, and maps the research, and maps out how these are related to each other. it provides a lens through which the researcher views the world and shapes the questions they ask, the data they collect, and how they interpret this data.
On the other hand, the research Methodology, refers to the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select the process, and analyze information. It includes the research design, the sampling method, the data collection technique, and the statistical tools used for data analysis. The methodology ensures that the research is conducted in a systematic, logical, and unbiased manner.
Together, the research framework and methodology form the blueprint of the research. they ensure that the study is grounded in existing knowledge, follows a clear and coherent structure, and employs rigorous and appropriate methods.
As we delve deeper into these topics, we will explore their importance in ensuring the quality and integrity of research, discuss various types of research frameworks and methodologies, and provide practical tips for developing your own. Whether you are a seasoned researcher or a beginner, understanding these elements is key to conducting effective and impactful research.
What are some common research designs used in research methodology?
Research design is a critical aspect Research methodology as it provides the overall structure for the procedure the researcher follows.
Experimental Design, This design is commonly used in scientific research where the researcher manipulates one variable and observe the effect on another variable. It is typically used to establish cause and effect relationship.
Quasi Experimental Design, Similar to the experiment design, but lacks of elements of random assignment. It's often used when it's not practical or ethical to conduct a fully controlled experiment.
Descriptive design, This involves gathering detailed information about specific phenomenon or behavior without manipulating any variables. Surveys, case study, and observational research fall into category.
Correlational Design, This used to study the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating any of them. It can reveal patterns of association, but it does not establish causation.
Longitudinal Design, In this design, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over period of time, sometimes lasting many years
Cross sectional design, This involves looking at different groups of people who differ in one key characteristic at one specific point in time
Remember, the choice research design depends on the res
The Effectiveness of HIV/Aids Education in Promoting Interventions for A Supp...QUESTJOURNAL
Ā
ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS education is supposed to not only be a medium of creating awareness but also most importantly promote practices and skills to enable HIV prevention among youth in schools. This article reports on a study whose purpose was to assess the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS education in promoting interventions for a supportive environment in secondary schools. Specifically, the study sought to find out the extent to which interventions for a supportive environment for HIV/AIDS prevention were emphasized to youth; and explore the factors that influenced the promotion of the interventions. The study focused on youth involvement, parental involvement and HIV/AIDS prevention friendly school policies. The findings of the study established that the potential of the youth in enabling HIV/AIDS prevention among their fellow peers was not fully exploited. Parental involvement was low especially among the fathers. Parents rarely engaged in discussions on topics that dealt with sexuality. HIV/AIDS prevention friendly policies were ineffectively promoted in schools. Factors that influenced the promotion of the interventions were explored.
Can television be used to teach and foster entrepreneurship among youth in developing countries? We report from a randomized control field experiment of an edutainment show on entrepreneurship broadcasted over almost three months on national television in Tanzania. The field experiment involved more than two thousand secondary school students, where the treatment group was incentivized to watch the edutainment show. We find short-term evidence of the edutainment show inspiring the viewers to become more interested in entrepreneurship and business and shaping non-cognitive traits such as risk- and time preferences, and long-term evidence of more business startups; in general, the treatment effects are more pronounced for the female viewers. However, we also find evidence that the encouragement of entrepreneurship discouraged investment in schooling; administrative data show a negative treatment effect on school performance and long-term survey data show that fewer treated students continue schooling.
Running Head: WORKING OUTLINE 1
WORKING OUTLINE 4
Working Outline
Taj Jones
Liberty University
The Importance of Presidential Administration Affects the Programs,
Funding and Services of Child Welfare
Thesis: Since the passage of legislation creates or amends the federally funded child welfare program, the congress retains power to introduce bill to and the president is a signatory to any idea proposed to that effect giving the administrations powers to influence child welfare in the country.
1. Fy2017 had the input of the president in the case of funding of children programs
a. Title II-E of the Social Security Act allows the President to request for addition or reduction of the funds allocated to the child welfare (Stoltzfus, 2017).
i) Foster care increase in funding after FY2018 presidentās request to $5,542
ii) Kinship assistance
iii) Kinship guardianship assistance
b. Chafee foster care independence program (Children's Bureau, 2015).
i) General program which is capped mandatory
ii) Education and training vouchers, which is discretionary
2. The Child Bureau disburses funds to the different programs and services as guided by Federal Legislation (Stoltzfus, 2017).
a. The presidentās administration have a right to change different legislation
b. Obama administration made budget proposals for child care in 2016 (CWLA, n.d.).
i. New initiatives for pre-kindergarten and Head Start
ii. Child care initiatives
c. Current Presidential administration is proposing extension of Childrenās Health Insurance Program to be extended at $ 14 billion by 2019.
3. Impact of changes in presidential administrations (Hess, Orthmann, & Wright, 2012).
a. Different administrations have differed proposals
b. Obama and the increase in child care and Home Care proposals
c. Changes in Executive Orders on countries
4. Conclusion
Running head: ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BLIBLIOGRAPHY 6
Annotated Bibliography
Taj Jones
Liberty University
Annotated Bibliography
Barker, B., Kerr, T., Gerald, A., Michelle, F., Nguyen, P., Wood, E., & DeBeck, K. (2014). High prevalence of exposure to the child welfare system among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: implications for policy and practice. BioMed Central Ltd.
This article talks about the life of street children and youth who experience adverse events and trauma in childhood. It mentions that little is known concerning the child welfare system among the vulnerable street children. The study aimed to find out more about the child welfare of the street-involved children in Vancouver Canada. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2012 and at least 937 street children aged 10-22 took part. The findings shows that children and youths who are not under the care of the government ...
Why America Needs High-Quality Early Care and Education, a statement of principles. Corporate Voices for Working Families and The Business Roundtable, 2009.
Jeffery L. PietersProfessor Lycan First Year Writing Seminar E.docxvrickens
Ā
Jeffery L. Pieters
Professor Lycan
First Year Writing Seminar EN106
02 April 2020Is Income Inequality To Blame For Poor Student Test Scores?
Studies ranging from psychology to economics all indicate that early childhood education and development are vital to the success of a child in all aspects of life, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Despite the reality that children from disadvantaged households often face more challenges and have lower test scores, publicly funded programs can have a significant and measured effect on success. Lawmakers have the responsibility to shape fiscal policy in order to bridge the gaps that face our nation's āpersistently disadvantaged.ā Although I agree that eligibility to qualify for free or reduced school meals is a poor measure of a student's actual needs as Susan Dynarski points out, it is important to extend these ideas to include access to quality early childhood education programs.
āA closer look reveals that the standard measure of economic disadvantage whether a child is eligible for a free or reduced-price lunch in school masks the magnitude of the learning gap between the richest and poorest children.ā (Greene, Kindle Locations 11218-11220). This gap is an important aspect of the disparity in which money is distributed to schools as it can be misconstrued to divide the money based on numbers instead of actual need. The disadvantaged children are those who are in the most need for assistance both monetarily and educationally and these funds should be focused on their needs specifically instead of a school as a whole generically, though there is likely no easy way to focus this money in a specific manner. One possible way to address this need is to provide assistance and education to all children across the nation from birth regardless of financial need. Studies for years have shown that children who attend preschool are more likely to be successful throughout elementary and high school, and early childhood brain development increases intelligence levels (Untangling the Evidence). By providing this type of education and development across the board we could raise the test score of children across the nation. This would prove to be an expensive and extremely difficult task to implement universally however, we do currently have a federal program in place currently aimed at providing these types of educational programs to low income families, Head Start.
The Head Start Program is administered under the Department of Health and Human Services and provides services to pregnant women and children from birth to age five. The Head Start Program is designed to teach early learning, health education, and family well-being with the intention of promoting school readiness to these children. In fiscal year 2018, the Federal Government spent $9.47 billion dollars on this program which helped 1,050,000 children and pregnant women in 2017 and 2018 (Head Start Programs). This program is delivered nationwide ...
Jeffery L. PietersProfessor Lycan First Year Writing Seminar Ekarenahmanny4c
Ā
Jeffery L. Pieters
Professor Lycan
First Year Writing Seminar EN106
02 April 2020Is Income Inequality To Blame For Poor Student Test Scores?
Studies ranging from psychology to economics all indicate that early childhood education and development are vital to the success of a child in all aspects of life, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Despite the reality that children from disadvantaged households often face more challenges and have lower test scores, publicly funded programs can have a significant and measured effect on success. Lawmakers have the responsibility to shape fiscal policy in order to bridge the gaps that face our nation's āpersistently disadvantaged.ā Although I agree that eligibility to qualify for free or reduced school meals is a poor measure of a student's actual needs as Susan Dynarski points out, it is important to extend these ideas to include access to quality early childhood education programs.
āA closer look reveals that the standard measure of economic disadvantage whether a child is eligible for a free or reduced-price lunch in school masks the magnitude of the learning gap between the richest and poorest children.ā (Greene, Kindle Locations 11218-11220). This gap is an important aspect of the disparity in which money is distributed to schools as it can be misconstrued to divide the money based on numbers instead of actual need. The disadvantaged children are those who are in the most need for assistance both monetarily and educationally and these funds should be focused on their needs specifically instead of a school as a whole generically, though there is likely no easy way to focus this money in a specific manner. One possible way to address this need is to provide assistance and education to all children across the nation from birth regardless of financial need. Studies for years have shown that children who attend preschool are more likely to be successful throughout elementary and high school, and early childhood brain development increases intelligence levels (Untangling the Evidence). By providing this type of education and development across the board we could raise the test score of children across the nation. This would prove to be an expensive and extremely difficult task to implement universally however, we do currently have a federal program in place currently aimed at providing these types of educational programs to low income families, Head Start.
The Head Start Program is administered under the Department of Health and Human Services and provides services to pregnant women and children from birth to age five. The Head Start Program is designed to teach early learning, health education, and family well-being with the intention of promoting school readiness to these children. In fiscal year 2018, the Federal Government spent $9.47 billion dollars on this program which helped 1,050,000 children and pregnant women in 2017 and 2018 (Head Start Programs). This program is delivered nationwide ...
Adolescence is a period of rapid physiological, biological and psychological change. This transitional period has long-term impacts on an individualās future health, well-being, and productivity, meaning that investments in adolescence now can pay a "triple dividendā in the future.
Social Policy Specialist, Tia Palermo, explores a life cycle approach to social protection, focusing on the crucial second decade of life. This was presented the International Labour Organisation's Social Security Academy, held in September 2018.
Research Framework and Methodology .pptx Situation Analysis.AnaLyn523989
Ā
The research framework and Methodology, These two elements serve as the backbone of study, guiding its design and execution, and ultimately determining its validity and reliability.
The Research framework, also known as theoretical or conceptual framework, provides the overall direction for the study. It outlines the key concept, theories, or ideas that that underpin the research, and maps the research, and maps out how these are related to each other. it provides a lens through which the researcher views the world and shapes the questions they ask, the data they collect, and how they interpret this data.
On the other hand, the research Methodology, refers to the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select the process, and analyze information. It includes the research design, the sampling method, the data collection technique, and the statistical tools used for data analysis. The methodology ensures that the research is conducted in a systematic, logical, and unbiased manner.
Together, the research framework and methodology form the blueprint of the research. they ensure that the study is grounded in existing knowledge, follows a clear and coherent structure, and employs rigorous and appropriate methods.
As we delve deeper into these topics, we will explore their importance in ensuring the quality and integrity of research, discuss various types of research frameworks and methodologies, and provide practical tips for developing your own. Whether you are a seasoned researcher or a beginner, understanding these elements is key to conducting effective and impactful research.
What are some common research designs used in research methodology?
Research design is a critical aspect Research methodology as it provides the overall structure for the procedure the researcher follows.
Experimental Design, This design is commonly used in scientific research where the researcher manipulates one variable and observe the effect on another variable. It is typically used to establish cause and effect relationship.
Quasi Experimental Design, Similar to the experiment design, but lacks of elements of random assignment. It's often used when it's not practical or ethical to conduct a fully controlled experiment.
Descriptive design, This involves gathering detailed information about specific phenomenon or behavior without manipulating any variables. Surveys, case study, and observational research fall into category.
Correlational Design, This used to study the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating any of them. It can reveal patterns of association, but it does not establish causation.
Longitudinal Design, In this design, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over period of time, sometimes lasting many years
Cross sectional design, This involves looking at different groups of people who differ in one key characteristic at one specific point in time
Remember, the choice research design depends on the res
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IB Diploma Geography Case Study Pro-Natal Policy Of Singapore
1. IB Diploma Geography Case Study: Pro-Natal Policy of Singapore
Michelle YuXin Wang
December, 3, 2017
OVERVIEW: A brief summary of the case study
The case describes the pro-natal policy of Singapore. This policy is an established legislation
based on the purpose to stimulate families to raise more children, with potentials to boost the
Singaporeās growth in many areas.
After an anti-natalist policy was introduced after baby boom and decline from death rate due to
post world-war social background, downward fertility tendency rose in 1960s. The government
then took actions to adjust and abandon such approach. The pro-natalist policy was then
announced in 1987. This policy was made targeting human characteristic of the dropping fertility
rate. Drop of fertility rate would have an extremely negative impact on any country, in aspects of
culture stability and economic development.
Afterwards, a furthered relevant policies were issued from the year of 2000, this is enhanced by a
baby bonus plan, targeting second or third child in a family.
In years of 2004 and 2008, the government realized the ineicient facets as the policy immersed
into society and facilitated amendments through strategies such as relief from tax, maternity
package, and increment in subsidies.
VISUAL AIDS:
1.
Because of a drastic fertility rate drop during 1960s, pro-natalist programs have been introduced.
The efects are clearly inferences of the shift to a normal trend of fertility, meaning the policy has
been fulļ¬lling its purposes.
Cheung, P. (1990) āMicro-consequences of low fertility in Singaporeā, Asia-Paciļ¬c Population.
2. 2.
The efects of this pro-natal policy are obvious. The population became more balanced, focusing
not just on post-teenager stages but in children as well, guaranteeing young blood and future
work force. This compellingly proved Singapore controlled its demographic trend in an organized
and efective matter.
4 Pās ANALYSIS:
PLACE: Location / Scale / Relevant physical & human characteristics
This policy takes place in Singapore, impacting the range of all population that is optimal to give
birth at the time, which is about 27-35% at the time according to United Nations. Singapore is
located in southeast Asia, no more than 15 meters above sea level and bordered by several straits
including Johore Main straits. This ofered trade opportunities and a very developed production of
goods. According to UNDP, or United Nations Development Report, Singapore is ranked ļ¬fth in the
entire world, earning a HDI mark of 4, and recognized as having very high human development.
The physical characteristics of Singaporeās therefore have an inevitable impact on its human
characteristics. The people there are highly educated, resulting in the trend of avoiding having
babies in an early stage of their lives or even not having babies at all. In order to alter this situation,
the involvement of government is based on the concern of assuring well-educated females are
married through programs such as the Social Development Unit. Examples such as ļ¬scal supports
given to graduated women to have three children were one portion of the legislation.
United Nations
3. PROCESSES:
Social )+/-(:
The government has taken lots of initiatives to encourage adults to have children using social
approaches.
Ones of the attempts the government took in terms of social promotion, Singapore employed
advertisements and slogans. For instance, āhave three or more children if you can aford itā was
promoted by the government.
Another interesting efort taken to increase birth rates was a wide spread of Valentine cards that
says āmake love, not moneyā. Whatās more, arrangement such as holiday and weekend cruises to
boost matching of potential couples were taken place.
Such mechanism as been proven to be neutral in terms of results.
Technological )+/-(:
Technological aspects in this policy can be seen from the strengthening of NRT and IVF.
The chances of couples conceiving successfully through IVF in Singapore sit between 16-28%,
given by a study done by MOH in the year of 2004. This can be underscored as couples encounter
pregnancy issues in the future.
The complementary techniques NRT, or New Productive Technology and gene analysis were also
taken place to put forth higher pregnancy rates. However on the one hand, āgoodā potential
parents )based on criteria such as social and economic statuses, nationality, race, etc.( are
encouraged to have children and utilize this technology. On the other hand, āundesirable women
and menā ā on the basis of the same criteria ā are discouraged from bearing children. Whatās more,
based on the implicit assumption that lower class, poor women with a low level of status and
education inevitably bear genetically inferior children. Therefore, even technology is highly
developed and may be able to help families through barriers of having kids, the campaign carried
out by Singaporean government is a blatant example of a technological outbreak.
This mechanism exerted could be both positive and negative to the public, on moral grounds.
Economic )+/-(:
The ļ¬rst tier in the advanced policy of 2000 was simply a cash gift, the aids provided for families
could add up to $3,000 for second child, $5,000 for third child. On the other hand, for the second
tier, both parts of parents and government are responsible to a co-savings account. Such scheme
was structured to make sure funds were used solely for the beneļ¬t of kids. Another endeavor
relates to the parentsā working conditions. Provisions of the same year introduced paid leaves in
public sectors to marry and to take care of sick children. This can be reļ¬ected on the ļ¬exible
working hours and childcare subsidies when the kids were enrolled in childcare centers.
Furthermore, by 2002, $11 million had been distributed under the Baby Bonus Scheme, and $9
million under the Third Child Paid Maternity Scheme. Since such monetary generosity of the
4. scheme was disbursed, it was not surprising that when the fertility rates to fell even further in the
following year, making a historical low on 1.42, such disclosure was met with extreme
disappointment, frustration and a sense of being controlled by a national problem that had crucial
implications for the economic future of Singapore.
The Prime Minister deplored that the Baby Bonus did not yield much of a ābonusā for him, seeing
such lowered total fertility rate, since this economic crisis puts great pressure on his shoulders. He
suggested that:
āTo the pragmatic Singaporeans who have postponed their marriage plans, I advise them to act
fast. The timing is good now to get a choice ļ¬at to start a family.ā - Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong,
6 April, 2002.
This issue is parallel to Franceās pro-natal policy, seeing that this could result in debt, which is
detrimental to a nation. Spending too much money and yet not having anything in return is
currently the biggest problem both countries are going through. Plus, an economic burden is
stressed on the families that do not have any children.
Environmental )+/-(:
Issue that is relevant to environment on this gradually warming world was brought to the table
because of the reinforce of pro-natal policies. According to a new study from statisticians at
Oregon State University, having children is the surest way to soar parentsā carbon footprints. The
study conducted by the university found that having a child has an impact that far outweighs that
of other energy-consuming behaviors. The simple logic is one more person will simply lead to
more consumption of resource. It is an added challenge facing the Singaporean parents: the
continuity of population growth has positively linear relationship of increasing global
consumption of resources.
Additionally, pressures on child-raising in big-city environments can also be seen. The more
metropolitan the city is, the more monetary resources have to be devoted. In a country like
Singapore with its physical characteristics, the environment puts massive burden on the parents.
Looking at environmental aspects, the conclusion is clear that having more children could even
become a - facet for a nationās development.
Political )+/-(:
As a nation that has the lowest total fertility rate in the Southeast Asian area, Singaporeās
experiences in pro-natalist policies have been unique in senses most notably in the way that
political governance in an early stage was trying to turn the anti-natal population trends around.
The government has been largely recognized as being interventionist, even paternalistic at times.
It has been calling on policies and rhetorics to achieve goals which deems desirable for the
population. At times, these strategies aimed at the public good also attempt to govern the private
sphere. Such policies are very contextualized, meaning they are targeting an ideology that is
purportedly underlined by a āConfucianā ethic ā which is emphasized by the government.
5. Population change is one such driver of particular policy initiatives that are said to impinge on
individual behavior in Singapore.
The political look on this matter can be summarized as a - factor, seeing how demanding the
government is.
POWER: Players inļ¬uencing and afecting change or equilibrium in this case
An institution Social Development Unit in the mid 1980s established legislation, tasked by the
government to match college graduates to each other, afecting the equilibrium by encouraging
pro-natalist behaviors, acting as a pushing force.
In more controversial contexts, the government as a player introduced several overtly eugenic
measures. It has provided provision of cash incentives to less-educated individuals to undergo
sterilization, and reduced subsidies for delivery charges of children of less-educated parents. This
impacts the equilibrium in a relatively negative way.
POSSIBILITIES: Alternative events, futures, outcomes; Human / environmental adaptation
The current pictures of population of Singapore are more or less balanced compared to the history,
because of the introduction of pro-natalist policies. However, there are still necessary steps the
country has to take until achieving an optimal picture of population. A stationary population
pyramid should expand on the youngest population, and decreasing as the pyramid goes up. Still,
the country has to encourage having children among the educated population in order to have
replacement of the elderly, better workforces, tax beneļ¬ts and so on for an ideal nation. As the
nation became more developed, people might will have a hard time adapting to such trend.
Government will have to take actions to substantiate them with exceptional quality of life and let
them see the perks of having more children in the future.
6. Citation
Suzuki, Toru, 2009, āPopulation policy in Eastern Asian low fertility countriesā, IUSSP 26
th
International Population Conference, Marrakech, Morocco.
Wong, Theresa; S.A. Yeoh, Brenda. āFertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist
Population Policies in Singaporeā. HEADQUARTERS AT ASIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of SINGAPORE.
Jones, Gavin W. āPopulation Division, United Nations Department of Social and Economic
Afairsā. UNITED NATIONS EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON RECENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN
FERTILITY. 2-4 December 2009.
CHUA, Cheng Xun. āThe Baby Bonus in Singapore: A Brief Empirical Studyā. Mathematical
Methods in the Social Sciences Northwestern University. 2009.
BBC. āSingapore: changes in a population policyā. 2014.
āFeminist International New Reproductive Network Technologies and Genetic
Engineeringā. INTERNA TIONAL CONFERENCE LUND- SWEDEN. 1985.
Dickey McDowell, Janet. āThe Ethics of In-Vitro Fertilization )IVF(ā. Oxford: Clarendon
Press. 1998.