This document proposes a novel transmission scheme using a cooperative jammer (CJ) to improve security in downlink cellular networks. The scheme aims to securely transmit a private message from a base station to one of K mobile users, while keeping it private from the K-1 other users acting as potential internal eavesdroppers. A CJ is used to generate artificial interference and increase ambiguity at all users, including eavesdroppers, by beamforming. The optimal joint transmission scheme for the base station and CJ is derived to maximize the intended user's secrecy rate. Numerical results show improved performance over not using a CJ. The system model and assumptions and modeling of potential internal eavesdroppers, the CJ, and
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Secure message exchange and anti-jamming mechanism in manetIJSRD
Secure neighbor discovery is the fundamental process in the MANET deployed in aggressive environment. It refers to the process that nodes exchange messages to discover and authenticate each other. It is defenseless to the jamming attack in which the adversary intentionally transmits signals to prevent neighboring nodes from exchanging messages. Existing anti-jamming communications depends on JR-SND. The JR-SND, a jamming-resilient secure neighbor discovery scheme for MANETs based on Random spread-code pre-distribution and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). In Existing, they prevent the jamming and introduce the anti-jamming mechanism using DSSS introduce the secure message exchange mechanism and prevent the collisions during packet transmission. But in this we lack of introducing to detect the selfish and malicious nodes in the network. For this, in the Future Work we will enhance the work by detecting the selfish nodes using Watchdog and Neighbor Coverage-based Probabilistic Rebroadcast Protocol (NCPR).
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
FUZZY-CONTROLLED POWER-AWARE PROACTIVE-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BASED BROADCASTING (FP...cscpconf
Network-wide broadcasting is a fundamental operation for mobile ad hoc networks. Inbroadcasting, a source node sends a message to all other nodes in the network. Under ordinary
flooding procedure, each node transmits the broadcast message to all of its 1-hop downlinkneighbours, i.e. all nodes residing within its radio-range. Receiving the broadcast message all those downlink neighbours reply with an acknowledgement. Since in an ad hoc network a node
may have multiple uplink neighbours, in ordinary flooding procedure, a node is supposed to receive the broadcast message from all those uplink neighbours and send acknowledgement to all of them, generating huge message contention and collision. This is popularly referred to as
the broadcast storm problem. The present article is focused to remove the broadcast redundancy within 2-hop neighbourhood and beyond, as much as possible by prioritizing the 1-
hop downlink neighbours of a node. Priority of a 1-hop downlink neighbour of a node ni increases if it is equipped with a large number of 1-hop downlink neighbours, large radiorange,
high remaining battery power and very small number of uplink neighbours closer to the broadcast source than ni
. ni waits a predefined amount of time to receive proactive
acknowledgements from the 1-hop downlink neighbours having less priority. If it does not receive acknowledgement from those downlink neighbours within the waiting time, it sends the
broadcast message to them. A fuzzy controller named Priority Assignor (PA) is embedded in every node that determines the priority of a 1-hop downlink neighbour. Simulation results firmly
establish that the proposed protocol FP2 B produces high broadcast delivery ratio at muchlesser message cost, compared to other state-of-the-art broadcast algorithms.
The topology of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) change dynamically with time. Connected dominating sets (CDS) are considered to be an effective topology for network-wide broadcasts in MANETs as only the nodes that are part of the CDS need to broadcast the message and the rest of the nodes merely receive the message. However, with node mobility, a CDS does not exist for the entire duration of the network session and has to be regularly refreshed (CDS transition). In an earlier work, we had proposed a benchmarking algorithm to determine a sequence of CDSs (Maximum Stable CDS) such that the number of transitions is
the global minimum. In this paper, we analyze the impact of pause time and static nodes on the performance (CDS Lifetime and CDS Node Size) of the Maximum Stable CDS and degree-based CDS. Pause time refers to the time a node stops at a location before moving again. When a node is declared to be
a static node, it does not move at all during a simulation. We conduct the simulations by varying the
maximum node velocity, the pause time of the mobile nodes and the percentage of static nodes. As we
increase the maximum velocity with which any node could move, we observe to have greater chances of increasing the lifetime of the CDSs (especially the degree-based CDS) by letting all the nodes to move, but pause for an appreciable amount of time every now and then, rather than letting a certain a fraction of the
nodes to remain static all the time, but have the rest of the nodes to move all the time.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A Secure message exchange and anti-jamming mechanism in manetIJSRD
Secure neighbor discovery is the fundamental process in the MANET deployed in aggressive environment. It refers to the process that nodes exchange messages to discover and authenticate each other. It is defenseless to the jamming attack in which the adversary intentionally transmits signals to prevent neighboring nodes from exchanging messages. Existing anti-jamming communications depends on JR-SND. The JR-SND, a jamming-resilient secure neighbor discovery scheme for MANETs based on Random spread-code pre-distribution and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). In Existing, they prevent the jamming and introduce the anti-jamming mechanism using DSSS introduce the secure message exchange mechanism and prevent the collisions during packet transmission. But in this we lack of introducing to detect the selfish and malicious nodes in the network. For this, in the Future Work we will enhance the work by detecting the selfish nodes using Watchdog and Neighbor Coverage-based Probabilistic Rebroadcast Protocol (NCPR).
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
FUZZY-CONTROLLED POWER-AWARE PROACTIVE-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BASED BROADCASTING (FP...cscpconf
Network-wide broadcasting is a fundamental operation for mobile ad hoc networks. Inbroadcasting, a source node sends a message to all other nodes in the network. Under ordinary
flooding procedure, each node transmits the broadcast message to all of its 1-hop downlinkneighbours, i.e. all nodes residing within its radio-range. Receiving the broadcast message all those downlink neighbours reply with an acknowledgement. Since in an ad hoc network a node
may have multiple uplink neighbours, in ordinary flooding procedure, a node is supposed to receive the broadcast message from all those uplink neighbours and send acknowledgement to all of them, generating huge message contention and collision. This is popularly referred to as
the broadcast storm problem. The present article is focused to remove the broadcast redundancy within 2-hop neighbourhood and beyond, as much as possible by prioritizing the 1-
hop downlink neighbours of a node. Priority of a 1-hop downlink neighbour of a node ni increases if it is equipped with a large number of 1-hop downlink neighbours, large radiorange,
high remaining battery power and very small number of uplink neighbours closer to the broadcast source than ni
. ni waits a predefined amount of time to receive proactive
acknowledgements from the 1-hop downlink neighbours having less priority. If it does not receive acknowledgement from those downlink neighbours within the waiting time, it sends the
broadcast message to them. A fuzzy controller named Priority Assignor (PA) is embedded in every node that determines the priority of a 1-hop downlink neighbour. Simulation results firmly
establish that the proposed protocol FP2 B produces high broadcast delivery ratio at muchlesser message cost, compared to other state-of-the-art broadcast algorithms.
The topology of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) change dynamically with time. Connected dominating sets (CDS) are considered to be an effective topology for network-wide broadcasts in MANETs as only the nodes that are part of the CDS need to broadcast the message and the rest of the nodes merely receive the message. However, with node mobility, a CDS does not exist for the entire duration of the network session and has to be regularly refreshed (CDS transition). In an earlier work, we had proposed a benchmarking algorithm to determine a sequence of CDSs (Maximum Stable CDS) such that the number of transitions is
the global minimum. In this paper, we analyze the impact of pause time and static nodes on the performance (CDS Lifetime and CDS Node Size) of the Maximum Stable CDS and degree-based CDS. Pause time refers to the time a node stops at a location before moving again. When a node is declared to be
a static node, it does not move at all during a simulation. We conduct the simulations by varying the
maximum node velocity, the pause time of the mobile nodes and the percentage of static nodes. As we
increase the maximum velocity with which any node could move, we observe to have greater chances of increasing the lifetime of the CDSs (especially the degree-based CDS) by letting all the nodes to move, but pause for an appreciable amount of time every now and then, rather than letting a certain a fraction of the
nodes to remain static all the time, but have the rest of the nodes to move all the time.
Optimal Transmit Power and Packet Size in Wireless Sensor Networks in Shadowe...IDES Editor
This paper investigates the effects of
shadowing on the optimal transmit power required to
sustain the network connectivity while maintaining a
predefined maximum tolerable Bit Error Rate (BER) in
a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Optimization of
transmit power is of great importance in WSN since
sensor nodes are battery driven and optimization helps
to increase battery life by reducing inter node
interference significantly. An infinite Automatic Repeat
Request (ARQ) model has been considered to assess the
impact of shadowing and other network conditions on
energy requirement for successful packet transmission in
WSN. We also find the optimal packet length based on
energy efficiency. Effects of shadowing on optimal packet
size and energy efficiency in packetized data
transmission are also investigated. Further energy
consumption is minimized considering a variable packet
length based transmission. Use of optimal packet size
shows a significant reduction in energy spending.
Fault tolerant routing scheme based onIJCNCJournal
Most routing protocols designed for wireless sensor networks used the unit disk graph model (UGD) to
represent the physical layer. This model does not take into account fluctuations of the radio signal. Therefore, these protocols must be improved to be adapted to a non-ideal environment. In this paper, we used the lognormal shadowing (LNS) model to represent a non-ideal environment. In this model, the probability of successful reception is calculated according to the link quality. We evaluated LEACH’s performance with LNS model to illustrate the effects of radio signal. Unfortunately, our findings showed that the fluctuations of signal radio have a significant impact on protocol performance. Thereby, we
proposed a Fault-Tolerant LEACH-based Routing scheme (FTLR scheme) to improve the performance of LEACH in a non-ideal environment. Simulation results proved that our contribution provides good performance over the ideal model in terms packet loss rate and energy consumption.
Hexagonal based Clustering for Reducing Rebroadcasts in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Abstract— In mobile ad hoc networks multihop routing is performed in order to communicate the packets from the source to destination. The nodes within these networks are dynamic due which frequent path change occurs which can cause frequent link breakages and induces route discoveries. These route discoveries can introduce overhead in terms of contention, collision and rebroadcasts which are non-negligible. Here, the paper discusses a hexagonal based clustering for reducing rebroadcasts thus maximizing the lifetime of the networks and providing coverage area thus reducing the end – end delays.
Analysis of GPSR and its Relevant Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
Most of the routing protocols proposed for ad-hoc
networks and sensor networks are not designed with security
as a goal. Hence, many routing protocols are vulnerable to an
attack by an adversary who can disrupt the network or harness
valuable information from the network. Routing Protocols
for wireless sensor networks are classified into three types
depending on their network structure as Flat routing protocols,
Hierarchical routing protocol and Geographic routing
protocols. We mainly concentrate on location-based or
geographic routing protocol like Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing Protocol (GPSR). Sybil attack and Selective
forwarding attack are the two attacks feasible in GPSR. These
attacks are implemented in GPSR and their losses caused to
the network are analysed
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BROADCASTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING CLUSTER ...ijasuc
Broadcasting is a fundamental service in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Cluster based approach
are proposed in literature to reduce the network collision, to reduce delay of packet transmission, to
reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput. In this paper, a cluster- based
infrastructure is proposed for broadcasting in MANETs. The backbone of the network takes advantage of
the cluster structure and only requires cluster- heads and some selected gateways to forward the
broadcast packet. Each cluster head selects some gateways to forward the packet when it sends the
packet to all the cluster heads in its coverage set. Cluster structures have been simulated using mobile
simulator Glomosim 2.03, which gives better performance to reduce the network collision, to reduce
delay of packet transmission, to reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput.
Survey on Routing in Opportunistic Networks
this paper basically overviews and disused those potential methods and Techniques to select next hop to forward the packets (message) to destination.
Communication by Whispers Paradigm for Short Range Communication in Cognitive...IDES Editor
With ever increasing demand for efficiency
and increased throughput over the wireless domain, we
have now reached a point where in a method for efficient
utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum is in demand.
Cognitive radio provides us with a way in which this demand
could be catered, it does so by using devices which
autonomously adjust their communication parameters to
adapt to the external environment. However, the most
critical of this entire technology is the parameter relating to
the Spectrum Sensing aspects. In order for cognitive radio
devices to properly configure and identify the presence of
a primary carrier in a communication mode, spectrum
sensors and efficient sensing algorithms are required. There
have been many algo- rithms developed in this field.
However, these available spectrum sensing algorithms are
prohibitively expensive to implement in wireless devices that
cater to only short distance communication. In this paper,
we propose a parsimonious spectrum sensing algorithm
which would deal with sensing and couple them with short
distance wireless devices over WiFi networks operating in the
2.4 GHz band. The efficiency parameters are also shown
using demonstrations.
A NEW KEY ESTABLISHMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Traditional key management techniques, such as public key cryptography or key distribution center (e.g., Kerberos), are often not effective for wireless sensor networks for the serious limitations in terms of computational power, energy supply, network bandwidth. In order to balance the security and efficiency, we propose a new scheme by employing LU Composition techniques for mutual authenticated pairwise key establishment and integrating LU Matrix with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman for anonymous pathkey establishment. At the meantime, it is able to achieve efficient group key agreement and management. Analysis shows that the new scheme has better performance and provides authenticity and anonymity for sensor to establish multiple kinds of keys, compared with previous related works.
Os blogues na educação, trabalho para a disciplina Internet e Educação do Mestrado em Ciências da Educação, Especialização em Informática Educacional realizado pelo grupo 1 da turma do Porto
Optimal Transmit Power and Packet Size in Wireless Sensor Networks in Shadowe...IDES Editor
This paper investigates the effects of
shadowing on the optimal transmit power required to
sustain the network connectivity while maintaining a
predefined maximum tolerable Bit Error Rate (BER) in
a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Optimization of
transmit power is of great importance in WSN since
sensor nodes are battery driven and optimization helps
to increase battery life by reducing inter node
interference significantly. An infinite Automatic Repeat
Request (ARQ) model has been considered to assess the
impact of shadowing and other network conditions on
energy requirement for successful packet transmission in
WSN. We also find the optimal packet length based on
energy efficiency. Effects of shadowing on optimal packet
size and energy efficiency in packetized data
transmission are also investigated. Further energy
consumption is minimized considering a variable packet
length based transmission. Use of optimal packet size
shows a significant reduction in energy spending.
Fault tolerant routing scheme based onIJCNCJournal
Most routing protocols designed for wireless sensor networks used the unit disk graph model (UGD) to
represent the physical layer. This model does not take into account fluctuations of the radio signal. Therefore, these protocols must be improved to be adapted to a non-ideal environment. In this paper, we used the lognormal shadowing (LNS) model to represent a non-ideal environment. In this model, the probability of successful reception is calculated according to the link quality. We evaluated LEACH’s performance with LNS model to illustrate the effects of radio signal. Unfortunately, our findings showed that the fluctuations of signal radio have a significant impact on protocol performance. Thereby, we
proposed a Fault-Tolerant LEACH-based Routing scheme (FTLR scheme) to improve the performance of LEACH in a non-ideal environment. Simulation results proved that our contribution provides good performance over the ideal model in terms packet loss rate and energy consumption.
Hexagonal based Clustering for Reducing Rebroadcasts in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIJTET Journal
Abstract— In mobile ad hoc networks multihop routing is performed in order to communicate the packets from the source to destination. The nodes within these networks are dynamic due which frequent path change occurs which can cause frequent link breakages and induces route discoveries. These route discoveries can introduce overhead in terms of contention, collision and rebroadcasts which are non-negligible. Here, the paper discusses a hexagonal based clustering for reducing rebroadcasts thus maximizing the lifetime of the networks and providing coverage area thus reducing the end – end delays.
Analysis of GPSR and its Relevant Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
Most of the routing protocols proposed for ad-hoc
networks and sensor networks are not designed with security
as a goal. Hence, many routing protocols are vulnerable to an
attack by an adversary who can disrupt the network or harness
valuable information from the network. Routing Protocols
for wireless sensor networks are classified into three types
depending on their network structure as Flat routing protocols,
Hierarchical routing protocol and Geographic routing
protocols. We mainly concentrate on location-based or
geographic routing protocol like Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing Protocol (GPSR). Sybil attack and Selective
forwarding attack are the two attacks feasible in GPSR. These
attacks are implemented in GPSR and their losses caused to
the network are analysed
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BROADCASTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING CLUSTER ...ijasuc
Broadcasting is a fundamental service in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Cluster based approach
are proposed in literature to reduce the network collision, to reduce delay of packet transmission, to
reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput. In this paper, a cluster- based
infrastructure is proposed for broadcasting in MANETs. The backbone of the network takes advantage of
the cluster structure and only requires cluster- heads and some selected gateways to forward the
broadcast packet. Each cluster head selects some gateways to forward the packet when it sends the
packet to all the cluster heads in its coverage set. Cluster structures have been simulated using mobile
simulator Glomosim 2.03, which gives better performance to reduce the network collision, to reduce
delay of packet transmission, to reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput.
Survey on Routing in Opportunistic Networks
this paper basically overviews and disused those potential methods and Techniques to select next hop to forward the packets (message) to destination.
Communication by Whispers Paradigm for Short Range Communication in Cognitive...IDES Editor
With ever increasing demand for efficiency
and increased throughput over the wireless domain, we
have now reached a point where in a method for efficient
utilization of the electromagnetic spectrum is in demand.
Cognitive radio provides us with a way in which this demand
could be catered, it does so by using devices which
autonomously adjust their communication parameters to
adapt to the external environment. However, the most
critical of this entire technology is the parameter relating to
the Spectrum Sensing aspects. In order for cognitive radio
devices to properly configure and identify the presence of
a primary carrier in a communication mode, spectrum
sensors and efficient sensing algorithms are required. There
have been many algo- rithms developed in this field.
However, these available spectrum sensing algorithms are
prohibitively expensive to implement in wireless devices that
cater to only short distance communication. In this paper,
we propose a parsimonious spectrum sensing algorithm
which would deal with sensing and couple them with short
distance wireless devices over WiFi networks operating in the
2.4 GHz band. The efficiency parameters are also shown
using demonstrations.
A NEW KEY ESTABLISHMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Traditional key management techniques, such as public key cryptography or key distribution center (e.g., Kerberos), are often not effective for wireless sensor networks for the serious limitations in terms of computational power, energy supply, network bandwidth. In order to balance the security and efficiency, we propose a new scheme by employing LU Composition techniques for mutual authenticated pairwise key establishment and integrating LU Matrix with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman for anonymous pathkey establishment. At the meantime, it is able to achieve efficient group key agreement and management. Analysis shows that the new scheme has better performance and provides authenticity and anonymity for sensor to establish multiple kinds of keys, compared with previous related works.
Os blogues na educação, trabalho para a disciplina Internet e Educação do Mestrado em Ciências da Educação, Especialização em Informática Educacional realizado pelo grupo 1 da turma do Porto
Investigating Waste Water Treatment in a Closed EnvironmentIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
With BigData and otherwise bulky transfers between data centers, traffic in current networks has turned into a hotspot distribution. The distribution is based on power-law but also describes dynamics that come with rare but drastic changes in a subset of items -- the hotspots. The payoff from maximizing e2e throughput for the hotspots is extremely high. Circuits, implemented as e2e paths with the cut-through mode enforced at L2 by scheduling, provide the maximum physically achievable performance. This paper shows that such a technology can be implemented on top of packet traffic while retaining a decent level of flexibility attributed to currently default contention-based line access.
القرآن الكريم وترجمة معانيه للغة الهوساسمير بسيوني
القرآن الكريم وترجمة معانيه للغة الهوسا وقام بالترجمة فضيلة الشيخ /أبو بكر محمود جومي عضو المجلس التأسيسي لرابطة العالم الإسلامي وراجعها الأستاذ / محمد أنوا آدم ديكوا المتخصص في علوم لغة الهوسا ، ونائب مدير المكتبة في جامعة أحمد بيلو في نيجيريا. ،
Deze is wel heel vers van de pers; de Nieuwsbrief augustus 2014 van De Wert. Van tafeltennis tot werkkamer, van nieuwe minimumlonen tot werkkostenregeling. En méér! Veel leesplezier!
CIP Based BOND for Wireless Sensor Networksijsrd.com
The lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks restricted by the energy level of the nodes .In traditional WSN, if a sensor node dies the base station could not able to find the dead of the node. Even if predicts it can't able to get the sensing information before it going to die. The node can dies because of animal distraction, natural disaster, battery power consumption. The base station will be in critical situation because of losing node information like identity of the node, reason for dead, and sensed information. In our proposed method the WSN nodes are arranged in cellular structure, to optimize the coverage area, reliability in getting information from the nodes and minimizing loss of information's are improved.
Mitigation and control of Defeating Jammers using P-1 Factorizationijcnes
Jamming-resistant broadcast communication is crucial for safety-critical applications such as emergency alert broadcasts or the dissemination of navigation signals in adversarial settings. These applications share the need for guaranteed authenticity and availability of messages which are broadcasted by base stations to a large and unknown number of (potentially untrusted) receivers. Common techniques to counter jamming attacks such as Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping are based on secrets that need to be shared between the sender and the receivers before the start of the communication. However, broadcast anti jamming communication that relies on Pollards Rho Method. In this work, we therefore propose a solution called P-Rho Method to enables spread-spectrum anti-jamming broadcast communication without the requirement of shared secrets. complete our work with an experimental evaluation on a prototype implementation.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Delay efficient broadcast scheduling for critical event monitoring in wireles...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Delay efficient broadcast scheduling for critical event monitoring in wireles...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor networks are expected to work for a longtime without replacing the batteries frequently. In critical event monitoring applications in wireless sensor networks only a small number of packets need to be transmitted most of the time, when a critical event occurs in the monitoring area and is detected by a sensor node, a message is needed to be broadcast to the other nodes as soon as possible. After that, the sensor nodes can warn users nearby to flee or take some response to the event. As sensor nodes for monitoring an event are expected to work for a long time without recharging their batteries, sleep scheduling method is needed during the monitoring process. But they are only significantly reducing the energy consumption and the broadcasting delay increases. The sleep scheduling scheme in this work could essentially decrease the communication latency of alarm broadcasting from any node in WSN and the energy of all of the sensor nodes in the network is fully utilized, which in turn increases the network lifetime.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A Comparison of Routing Protocol for WSNs: Redundancy Based Approach A Compar...ijeei-iaes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their dynamic applications gained a tremendous attention of researchers. Constant monitoring of critical situations attracted researchers to utilize WSNs at vast platforms. The main focus in WSNs is to enhance network localization as much as one could, for efficient and optimal utilization of resources. Different approaches based upon redundancy are proposed for optimum functionality. Localization is always related with redundancy of sensor nodes deployed at remote areas for constant and fault tolerant monitoring. In this work, we propose a comparison of classic flooding and the gossip protocol for homogenous networks which enhances stability and throughput quiet significantly.
Multi-Robot Sensor Relocation to Enhance Connectivity in a WSNijasuc
Ensuring connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging issue, especially in hazardous
areas (like battlefield). Many applications of WSN require an important level of connectivity in the network
to detect a given event (like detection Intrusion) and forward it to the ”sink” node in order to alert users.
For these risky areas the deterministic deployment is not usually guaranteed and the network is composed
by a set of disconnected Islands. We present in our work two strategies to relocate sensors in order to
improve the connectivity using mobile Robots. These two solutions are called Multi-Robot Island-based
Relocation (MRIBR) and Multi-Robot Grid-Based Island-based Relocation (MRGIR). Through several
simulations, we show that MRGIR outperforms MRIBR. Our study can be used especially to make a tradeoff
between the number of deployed sensors and the numbers of the used mobile robots, according to the
quality needed for the application.
Multi-Robot Sensor Relocation to Enhance Connectivity in a WSNjake henry
Ensuring connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging issue, especially in hazardous
areas (like battlefield). Many applications of WSN require an important level of connectivity in the network
to detect a given event (like detection Intrusion) and forward it to the ”sink” node in order to alert users.
For these risky areas the deterministic deployment is not usually guaranteed and the network is composed
by a set of disconnected Islands. We present in our work two strategies to relocate sensors in order to
improve the connectivity using mobile Robots. These two solutions are called Multi-Robot Island-based
Relocation (MRIBR) and Multi-Robot Grid-Based Island-based Relocation (MRGIR). Through several
simulations, we show that MRGIR outperforms MRIBR. Our study can be used especially to make a tradeoff
between the number of deployed sensors and the numbers of the used mobile robots, according to the
quality needed for the application.
MULTI-ROBOT SENSOR RELOCATION TO ENHANCE CONNECTIVITY IN A WSN ijasuc
Ensuring connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging issue, especially in hazardous
areas (like battlefield). Many applications of WSN require an important level of connectivity in the network
to detect a given event (like detection Intrusion) and forward it to the ”sink” node in order to alert users.
For these risky areas the deterministic deployment is not usually guaranteed and the network is composed
by a set of disconnected Islands. We present in our work two strategies to relocate sensors in order to
improve the connectivity using mobile Robots. These two solutions are called Multi-Robot Island-based
Relocation (MRIBR) and Multi-Robot Grid-Based Island-based Relocation (MRGIR). Through several
simulations, we show that MRGIR outperforms MRIBR. Our study can be used especially to make a tradeoff between the number of deployed sensors and the numbers of the used mobile robots, according to the
quality needed for the application.
Investigating the Effect of Mutual Coupling on SVD Based Beam-forming over MI...CSCJournals
This paper investigates the effect of mutual coupling on the performance of SVD based beam-forming technique over a Rician MIMO channel. SVD based beam-forming technique were proposed as a baseband signal processing algorithm to combat NLOS issues. However, most of the researches done in regards to SVD based beam-forming technique are based on the assumption of “ideal array antennas” in which lots of practical issues including the transmitter and receiver array geometry, the number of antenna elements, the inter-element spacing and orientation are not considered. Particularly, the effect of mutual coupling due to finite element spacing is neglected. In real array antennas, Mutual Coupling (MC) is always present and its effects cannot be neglected, especially for tightly spaced arrays. Although the presence of mutual coupling leads to the “cross talk” problems for the SVD based beam-forming techniques. However, it does not adversely affect the system capacity. For some particular range of SNR, inter-element spacing, mutual coupling can in fact increase the capacity and in fact be beneficial in terms of decreasing SER
Popularity of ubiquitous computing increases the importance of location-aware applications,
which increases the need for finding location of the user. In this paper, we present a novel localization method
for indoor environments using Wi-Fi infrastructure.
While localization using Wi-Fi is cost effective, handling the obstructions which are the main cause of
signal propagation error in indoor environments is a challenging task. We address this problem in two levels,
resulting in increased accuracy of localization. In the first level, we "localize" the residing area of user node in
coarse granularity. Then, we use building layout to find the objects that attenuate the signal between the
reference node and the coarse estimate of the location of user node. Using multi-wall propagation model, we
apply corrections for all obstructions and find the location of user node. Empirical results based on experiments
conducted in lab-scale, shows meter-level accuracy.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Iaetsd security and privacy enhancement using jammer in
1. Abstract— this paper, a novel transmission scheme is proposed
to improve the security of downlink cellular network.
The confidential message intended to one of K mobile users
(MUs) should be securely kept from the undesired recipients.
In this work, the K − 1 remaining users are regarded as
potential eavesdroppers and called as internal eavesdroppers.
For the security enhancement, we propose an adaptation of a
single cooperative jammer (CJ) to increase the ambiguity at all
malicious users by distracting them with artificial interference.
With the help of CJ, we derive the optimal joint transmission
scheme by beamforming solution to maximize the secrecy rate
of the intended user. Numerical results show the performance
improvement of the proposed scheme.
Index Terms— Physical layer security, downlink cellular
network,cooperative jammer, beamforming.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is vulnerable to
eavesdropping due to the broadcast nature of wireless
medium. In broadcast channel where one transmitter
disperses the information to the multiple users, the
importance of security becomes more emphasized.
Wyner introduced the information theoretic view of the
physical-layer security in [1]. From this perspective, the
effective transmission with the multiple antennas and
the cooperative jammer (CJ) to improve the security
were studied in [2]–[5].
Recently, with the ever-increasing demand of
broadcast services (e.g. downlink communication in
cellular networks and wireless local networks
(WLAN)), the concern on broadcast channel with the
confidential messages has been growing. Specially in
multiuser system, since all users within the
communication range can overhear the wireless signal,
there occurs a possibility that the licensed users might
be the maliciouseavesdroppers1.Thus, we should
counteract two sorts of eavesdroppers such as internal
and external. If they are from
legitimate user set of the transmitter, we call them
internal eavesdroppers and otherwise external
eavesdroppers. Authors of [6] and [7] investigated the
secure transmission against a single external
eavesdropper. For coping with the internal
eavesdroppers, [8] proposed the transmission technique
for the base station (BS) via semi definite programming
(SDP).
In this paper2, we aim at designing the optimal
transmission
in downlink cellular network against the multiple internal
eavesdroppers. In our scenario, BS desires to send the private
message to one of K mobile users (MUs) while keeping the
privacy from the K-1 remaining MUs, i.e. internal
eavesdroppers. For the secrecy enhancement of the intended
user, we design a novel secure transmission which jointly
optimizes both BS and CJ for the multiple-antenna link. This
joint cooperation has the robustness for the case where BSs
are in the severe fading conditions or where the eavesdropper
is close to BSs or MUs. Additionally, the employment of CJ
can lessen the complexity burden compared to the beam
forming solution solely at BS with no help of CJ such as
[8]3.Unlike the studies enlisting the aid of optimization
software tools for the transmission design in multiuser setting
[8], [10]–[12], our strategy is also grounded on an explicit
parametrization for an arbitrary number of users and antennas
with the constructed programming problem.
2. SYSTEM MODEL
The system model under consideration is illustrated in Fig.1.
The cellular network consists of a base station (BS), K mobile
users (MUs) and a single cooperative jammer (CJ).
All users can have two types of data traffic such as private
and open, but in this paper we suppose that each user has only
Fig.1 System Model
private message transmitted from the BS. The BS wants to
securely transmit the private message to each user over the
same spectral band simultaneously. However, such public
dispersion unavoidably brings the information leakage to the
unintended users over the associated cross-channels. We
assume that the remaining users except the desired recipient
are considered the potential eavesdroppers and we refer to
them as the as internal eavesdroppers. In this work, a CJ
creating the artificial noise toward the multiple
eavesdroppers is applied to improve the secrecy of a desired
point-to-point link. In doing so, we can obtain the strength on
security level in the channel condition vulnerable to
Security And Privacy Enhancement Using Jammer In
Downlink Cellular Networks
S.Shafil Mohammad1
,T.Prasad2
1
P.G Student in VLSI, Department of E.C.E, SIETK, Tirupati.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of E.C.E, SIETK, Tirupati.
E-Mail to:shafil.mohammad71@gmail.com,prasadgmt@gmail.com
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58
2. eavesdropping comparing to the system only controlling the
signal direction by beam forming at BS. Also,with the help of
CJ, BS can lighten the complexity cost for the secrecy
enhancement. To accomplish this mission, we propose the
joint transmission technique for both BS and CJ under
transmit power constraint. We assume that BS and CJ possess
Nb and Nc transmit antennas, respectively, while all MUs are
single-antenna nodes. The transmission is composed of scalar
coding followed by beam forming and all propagation
channels are supposed to be frequency-flat.
With these assumptions, the received signal at MUk can be
modeled as
the symbols transmitted by BS and CJ, hk and gk are the
(complex-valued) Nb×1 channel-vector between BS and
MUk and Nc × 1 channel-vector between CJ and MUk, and
wb and wc are the transmit beam forming vectors used by BS
and CJ, respectively. The variable nk models the complex
Gaussian noise with zero mean and variance σ2 k. We assume
that BS and CJ have full channel state information (CSI). The
objective of the transmit beamformers wb and wc is to convey
the symbol sb in a secure way.
3.MODELING ASSUMPTIONS:
3.1 Sensor Network Model
We consider a wireless sensor network deployed over a
large area and operating under a single-carrier slotted Aloha
type random access protocol. We assume symmetric
trans-mission and reception in the sense that a node i can
receive a signal from node j if and only if node j can receive a
signal from. Time is divided into time slots and the slot size is
equal to the size of a packet. All nodes are assumed to be
synchronized when transmitting with respect to time slot
boundaries. Each node transmits at a fixed power level P with
an omni directional antenna and its transmission range R and
sensing range Rs are circular with sharp boundary.
Transmission and sensing ranges are defined by two
thresh- olds of received signal strength. A node within
transmission range of node i can correctly decode transmitted
messages from i, while a node within sensing range can just
sense activity due to higher signal strength than noise, but
cannot decode the transmitted message. Typically, Rs is a
small multiple of R, ranging from 2 to 3.
Anode within distance R of anode i(excluding node i
itself)is called a neighbor of i. The neighborhood of i, N i is
the set of all neighbors of i with ni ¼ j Nij being the size of i’s
neighborhood. Transmissions from node i are received by all
its neighbors. The sensor network is represented by an
undirected graph. where S is the set of sensor nodes and E is
the set of edges where edge denotes that sensor i and j are
within transmission range of each other. Sensor nodes are
uniformly distributed in an area,with spatial density nodes
per unit area and the topology is static, i.e., we assume no
mobility. Each node has an initial amount of energy E. We do
not consider the energy consumed in reception. Each node is
equipped with a single transceiver, so that it cannot transmit
and receive simultaneously. All nodes are assumed to be
continuously backlogged, so that there are always packets in
each node’s buffer in each slot. Packets can be generated by
higher layers of a node, or they may come from other nodes
and need to be forwarded or they may be previously sent and
collided packets to be retransmitted.
A transmission on edge is successful if and only if no node
in N j [f] jgnf ig transmits during that transmission. In this
work, we consider the class of slotted Aloha type random
access protocols that are characterized by a common channel
access probability for all network nodes in each slot. This
provides us with a straightforward means to quantify the
network effort to withstand and confront the attack by
regulating the amount of transmitted traffic and essentially
exposing the attacker to the detection system, as will become
clear in the sequel.
Provided that it remains silent in a slot, a receiver node j
experiences collision if at least two nodes in its neighborhood
transmit simultaneously, regardless of whether the
transmitted packets are destined for node j or for other nodes.
Thus, the probability of collision at node j in a slot is:
If node j attempts to transmit at a slot while it
receives a message, a collision occurs as well. In that
case, the receiver is not in position to tell whether the
collision is due to its own transmission or whether it
would occur anyway. In the sequel, we will term
collision an event addressing the case of multiple
simultaneous transmissions received by (not necessarily
intended to) a node and no transmission attempt by that
node. Note that, if we include the possibility that the
receiver also attempts to access the channel, the
probability of collision is the same as the one above with
nj substituted by nj þ 1. Whenever a collision occurs at a
receiver, the packet is retransmitted in the next slot if the
transmitter accesses the channel again. If a node does not
have any neighbors (i.e., it is nj ¼ 0), then this node does
not receive any packets and does not experience
collisions.
3.2Attacker Model:
We consider one attacker, the jammer, in the sensor
network area. The jammer is neither authenticated nor
associated with the network. The objective of the
jammer is to corrupt legitimate transmissions of sensor
nodes by causing intentional packet collisions at
receivers. Intentional collision leads to retransmission,
which is translated into additional energy consumption
for a certain amount of attainable throughput or
equivalently reduced throughput for a given amount of
consumed energy. In this paper, we do not consider the
attacker that is capable of node capture.
The jammer may use its sensing ability in order to
sense ongoing activity in the network. Clearly, sensing
ongoing network activity prior to jamming is beneficial
for the attacker in the sense that its energy resources are
not aimlessly consumed and the jammer is not needlessly
exposed to the network. The jammer transmits a small
packet which collides with legitimate transmitted
packets at their intended receivers.
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59
3. Fig .2.Illustration of Jamming attack
As argued in, a beacon packet of a few bits suffices to disrupt
a transmitted packet in the network. The jammer is assumed
to have energy resources denoted by Em, yet the
corresponding energy constraint in the optimization problems
of the next section may be redundant if the jammer adheres to
the policy above.
The jammer uses an omni directional antenna with
circular sensing range Rms and adaptable transmission range
Rm that is realized by controlling transmission power Pm as
illustrated inFig.1.Thejammeralsocontrolstheprobabilityq of
jamming the area within its transmission range in a slot, thus,
controlling the aggressiveness of the attack.
The attack space is, therefore, specified by set P-ð 0;1Þ,
where P is the discrete set of employed power levels. The
attacker attempts to strike a balance between short-and
long-term benefits, as a more aggressive attack increases
instantaneous benefit but exposes the attacker to the detection
system, while a milder attack may prolong detection time.
If the jammer senses the channel prior to deciding
whether to jam or not, collision occurs at node j if the jammer
jams and at least one neighbor transmits. Thus, conditioned
on existence of a jammer, the probability of collision at node j
is
On the other hand, if jamming occurs without prior channel
sensing, the probability of collision is
Thus, the probability of collision is the same regardless of
channel sensing prior to jamming. This implies that jamming
can be viewed as a multiple access situation between a
network of legitimate nodes, each with access probability and
the jammer with access probability q. Nevertheless, by using
sensing, the adversary does not was energy on empty slots
and conserves energy by a factor of 1where denotes the
number of legitimate nodes in the jammer’s sensing range.
For large 1.
Namely, for a den sensor network, It is very likely that
some transmission will always occur in the network and,
therefore, it does not really make a difference whether the
attacker will sense the channel or not. In the sequel, we will
not consider the energy saving facto We will subsequently
assume that the adversary pos- sesses different amounts of
knowledge about the network, ranging from full knowledge
about network parameters such as access probability and the
neighborhood of a monitor node to no knowledge at all.
Network’s differing levels of knowledge about an attacker
will be considered as well.
3.3 Attack Detection Model:
The network employs a mechanism for monitoring network
status and detecting potential malicious activity.
The monitoring mechanism consists of:
1)Determination of a subset of nodes M that act as monitors.
2) Employment of a detection algorithm at each monitor
node.
The assignment of the role of monitor to anode is affected by
potential existing energy consumption and node
computational complexity limitations, and by detection
performance specifications. In this work, we consider a fixed
set M, and formulate optimization problems for one or
several monitor nodes. We fix attention to a specific monitor
node and the detection scheme that it employs.
First, we need to define the quantity to be observed at each
monitor. In our case, the readily available metric is the
probability of collision that a monitor node experiences,
namely the percentage of packets that are erroneously
received.
During normal network operation and in the absence of a
jammer, we consider a large enough training period in which
the monitor node learns the percentage of collisions it
experiences as the long-term limit of the ratio of number of
slots where there was collision over total number of slots of
the training period. Now let the network operate in the open
after the training period has elapsed and fix attention to a time
window much smaller than the training period.
An increased percentage of collisions in the time window
compared to the learned long-term ratio may be an indication
of an ongoing jamming attack that causes additional
collisions. However, it may happen as well that the network
operates normally and there is just a temporary irregular
increase in the percentage of collisions compared to the
learned ratio for that specific interval.
A detection algorithm is part of the detection module at a
monitor node; it takes as input observation samples obtained
by the monitor node (i.e., collision/not collision) and decides
whether there is an attack or not.
On one hand, the observation window should be small
enough, such that the attack is detected in a timely manner
and appropriate countermeasures are initiated.
On the other hand, this window should be sufficiently
large, such that the chance of a false alarm notification is
reduced.
The sequential nature of observations at consecutive time
slots motivates the use of sequential detection techniques.
A sequential decision rule consists of:
1) A stopping time, indicating when to stop taking
observations.
2) Afinal decision rule that decides between the two
hypotheses.
A sequential decision rule is efficient if it can provide
reliable decision as fast as possible. The probability of false
alarm PFA and probability of missed detection PM constitute
inherent trade-offs in a detection scheme in the sense that a
faster decision unavoidably leads to higher values of these
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60
4. probabilities while lower values are attained at the expense of
detection delay.Forgiven values of PFA and PM, the
detection test that minimizes the average number of required
observations (and thus average delay) to reach a decision
among all sequential and non sequential tests for which PFA
and PM do not exceed the predefined values above is Wald’s
Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT).
When SPRT is used for sequential testing between two
hypotheses concerning two probability distributions, SPRT is
optimal in that sense as well.
3.4 Notification Delay
Following detection of an attack, the network needs to be
notified in order to launch appropriate counter measures. The
transfer of the notification message out of the jammed area is
performed with multiple routing from the monitor node to a
node out of the jammed region.
The same random access protocol with channel access
probability is employed by a node to forward the message to
the next node. Having assumed a single-channel sensor
network, we implicitly exclude the existence of a control
channel that is used for signaling attack notification
messages.
Hence, the transfer of the notification message out of the
jammed will take place in the same channel and will still
under go jamming. Clearly, the time that is needed for the
notification message to be passed out of the jammed area
depends on the jamming strategy as well as the network
channel access probability. For that reason, we use the sum of
detection and notification delay as a metric that captures the
objective of the attacker and the network. It is understood that
if there exists a control channel for signaling notification
messages that is not jammed, then only the detection delay is
needed as a performance objective. If this control channel is
jammed, then one needs to consider the notification time but
also assess the cost incurred by jamming an additional
channel. We discuss briefly this issue in the last section as
part of future work.
We now compute the average time needed for the
notification message to be carried out of the jammed area.
The probability of successful channel access for a node i
along the route of the notification message in the presence of
jamming is
.
Hence, the ex-pected number of transmission attempts
before successful transmission, which also denotes expected
delay for node i before successful transmission is slots. In a
single-channel network, the adversary can cause additional
disruption to the network by jamming the alert message even
after being detected. In order to find the average delay for
transmitting an alert out of the jammed region, let us first
denote the average number of hops to deliver the alarm out of
jammed area Am by H.
Clearly, the expected notification delay depends on the
expected number of hops it takes for the notification message
to leave the jammed area which in turn depends on the
position of the monitor node. We assume dense sensor
deployment and, thus, roughly approximate the route
followed by the notification message with an almost straight
line. This means that H Rm=2p, namely, H is equal to the
average distance of a monitor from the boundary of the
jammed area (Rm=2) divided by the node transmission range
R.
We adhere to this approximation since the exact
expression for the distribution of H depends on knowledge
about the network topology and the location of the monitor.
Such knowledge is rather unrealistic to assume for the
attacker and even for the network itself.
The average time needed for the alarm to propagate out of
the jamming area, also referred to as notification delay, is
4.BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.3.Block diagram of Mobile jamming circuit.
with the help of this Speaker,Keypad and Mick are
blocked.
5. RANDOM MODEL WITH ONE TRANSMITTER
AND ONE JAMMER:
We first consider one transmitter node (node 1) and one
jammer node (node 2) at a single channel access point as
shown in Figure 2. Packets arrive randomly at node 1’s queue
with rate λ (packets per time slot) and they are transmitted
over a single channel. Node 2 does not have its own traffic
and jams node 1’s transmissions. We assume that each
(packet or jamming signal) transmission consumes one unit
of energy. We consider a synchronous slotted system, in
which each packet transmission (or jamming attempt) takes
one time slot. Hence, the jammer cannot wait to detect the
start of a transmission before jamming. Later in Section VI,
we will consider the effects of channel sensing and allow the
jammer to detect any transmission before starting a denial of
service attack.
Fig.4.Single Channel Access point With one Transmitter
and one Jammer
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5. From the above Fig4.Single channel Access point with one
transmitter and one jammer is used for the prototype model.
6.CONCLUSIONS
We have considered the secure communication in the K
user downlink cellular system. For the secrecy improvement
of the intended user, we develop the joint transmission
strategy with the assistance of CJ based on the framework of
power gain region. The numerical results verify the
performance improvement of the proposed scheme.
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