This document defines hypoglycemia and discusses its causes, symptoms, severity, treatment and prevention. Hypoglycemia is defined as a low blood glucose level (<4.0 mmol/L) accompanied by symptoms that respond to carbohydrate administration. Common causes include diabetes medications, decreased food intake, increased exercise and alcohol consumption. Symptoms range from autonomic reactions like trembling to neuroglycopenic effects like confusion. Treatment involves consuming 15-20g of fast-acting carbohydrates depending on severity. Prevention strategies incorporate eating regular meals, blood glucose monitoring, and always having rapid-acting carbohydrates available.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. It can range from mild to severe symptoms and is often caused by too much insulin, lack of the hormone glucagon, or excessive alcohol consumption. Common symptoms include trembling, sweating, anxiety, and pale skin. More severe cases can involve confusion, irrational behavior, seizures or loss of consciousness. Treatment involves consuming carbohydrates like glucose tablets or juice to raise blood sugar levels. People with diabetes can prevent hypoglycemia by checking blood sugar regularly, eating meals and snacks consistently, avoiding excessive alcohol, and being prepared with fast-acting carbohydrates if symptoms arise.
A 76-year old man with diabetes and hypertension was brought to the emergency room in an unresponsive state. His blood sugar was low at 35 mg/dL. He was given dextrose which caused him to become responsive again. Hypoglycemia can be caused by issues with insulin secretion or counterregulation in diabetes. Symptoms range from autonomic to neuroglycopenic. Treatment involves ingestion of fast-acting carbohydrates for mild episodes or intravenous dextrose for more severe cases. Lifestyle changes and medication adjustments are also important to prevent future hypoglycemia.
This document discusses hypoglycemia, defining it as low plasma glucose levels leading to symptoms that are resolved by raising glucose levels. It notes hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes and less frequent in type 2 diabetes. The defenses against hypoglycemia are impaired in diabetes due to defective insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine responses. Recent low blood sugar can cause hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, increasing risk of future episodes. Causes of hypoglycemia include medications, medical conditions, and nonislet cell tumors.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. It can be caused by issues like taking too much insulin, lack of food, excessive alcohol, or tumors in the pancreas. Mild symptoms include trembling, sweating, and irritability, while more severe symptoms can include confusion, irrational behavior, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Treatment depends on the severity, ranging from consuming sugar to IV glucose administration. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, eating habits, and exercise routines can help prevent hypoglycemic episodes.
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low. Symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, weakness and sweating, which develop within 10-15 minutes. These symptoms are caused by low blood sugar triggering the release of hormones to raise blood sugar levels back to normal. Hypoglycemia is most commonly caused by diabetes but can also result from medications, alcohol, skipping meals, or not eating enough. It is diagnosed through a blood sugar level test.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can affect both people with diabetes and those without. It occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL. Symptoms include hunger, sweating, weakness and mood changes. Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes who take too much insulin but can also occur due to excessive alcohol, tumors, or lack of the hormone glucagon. Dietary modifications like eating smaller, more frequent meals and limiting sugary foods can help manage hypoglycemia.
This document discusses hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, symptoms, management and prevention. It defines hypoglycemia as low blood glucose levels that cause symptoms which resolve with increased glucose levels. Hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes and can be caused by insulin excess, missed meals, exercise or other medical conditions. Symptoms range from autonomic reactions like sweating to neuroglycopenic effects like confusion. Management involves recognizing symptoms, treating with fast-acting carbohydrates, and educating patients to prevent future episodes.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. It can range from mild to severe symptoms and is often caused by too much insulin, lack of the hormone glucagon, or excessive alcohol consumption. Common symptoms include trembling, sweating, anxiety, and pale skin. More severe cases can involve confusion, irrational behavior, seizures or loss of consciousness. Treatment involves consuming carbohydrates like glucose tablets or juice to raise blood sugar levels. People with diabetes can prevent hypoglycemia by checking blood sugar regularly, eating meals and snacks consistently, avoiding excessive alcohol, and being prepared with fast-acting carbohydrates if symptoms arise.
A 76-year old man with diabetes and hypertension was brought to the emergency room in an unresponsive state. His blood sugar was low at 35 mg/dL. He was given dextrose which caused him to become responsive again. Hypoglycemia can be caused by issues with insulin secretion or counterregulation in diabetes. Symptoms range from autonomic to neuroglycopenic. Treatment involves ingestion of fast-acting carbohydrates for mild episodes or intravenous dextrose for more severe cases. Lifestyle changes and medication adjustments are also important to prevent future hypoglycemia.
This document discusses hypoglycemia, defining it as low plasma glucose levels leading to symptoms that are resolved by raising glucose levels. It notes hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes and less frequent in type 2 diabetes. The defenses against hypoglycemia are impaired in diabetes due to defective insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine responses. Recent low blood sugar can cause hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, increasing risk of future episodes. Causes of hypoglycemia include medications, medical conditions, and nonislet cell tumors.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. It can be caused by issues like taking too much insulin, lack of food, excessive alcohol, or tumors in the pancreas. Mild symptoms include trembling, sweating, and irritability, while more severe symptoms can include confusion, irrational behavior, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Treatment depends on the severity, ranging from consuming sugar to IV glucose administration. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, eating habits, and exercise routines can help prevent hypoglycemic episodes.
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low. Symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, weakness and sweating, which develop within 10-15 minutes. These symptoms are caused by low blood sugar triggering the release of hormones to raise blood sugar levels back to normal. Hypoglycemia is most commonly caused by diabetes but can also result from medications, alcohol, skipping meals, or not eating enough. It is diagnosed through a blood sugar level test.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can affect both people with diabetes and those without. It occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal, typically below 70 mg/dL. Symptoms include hunger, sweating, weakness and mood changes. Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes who take too much insulin but can also occur due to excessive alcohol, tumors, or lack of the hormone glucagon. Dietary modifications like eating smaller, more frequent meals and limiting sugary foods can help manage hypoglycemia.
This document discusses hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, symptoms, management and prevention. It defines hypoglycemia as low blood glucose levels that cause symptoms which resolve with increased glucose levels. Hypoglycemia is common in type 1 diabetes and can be caused by insulin excess, missed meals, exercise or other medical conditions. Symptoms range from autonomic reactions like sweating to neuroglycopenic effects like confusion. Management involves recognizing symptoms, treating with fast-acting carbohydrates, and educating patients to prevent future episodes.
Hypoglycemia
Characterized by an abnormally low level of blood sugar below a set point
Normal range : 70-110 mg/dL or 3.9-6.1mmol/L
Glucose is body’s main energy source
Hypoglycemia is Not a disease in itself
But the Indicator of health problems
The document discusses hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. It defines normal fasting blood sugar as 70-100 mg/ml and a 2 hour post-glucose level of <140 mg/ml. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include dizziness and should be managed promptly. If blood sugar is <70 mg/dl, one should consume something sweet and check again in 10-15 minutes. If still low, consult a doctor. Maintaining regular meals and not fasting for long periods can help prevent hypoglycemia.
This document discusses hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), including its causes, symptoms, management, and prevention. It defines hypoglycemia as a low serum glucose level and describes the most common causes as taking too much insulin (for diabetics) or lack of food intake. Symptoms are discussed as well as treatment approaches, which involve giving oral glucose, IV dextrose, or glucagon injections depending on the severity and consciousness of the patient. Reactive hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar occurring after eating, is also examined along with potential contributing factors and recommended treatments like dietary changes and frequent small meals. Prevention strategies highlighted include eating regularly, exercising with food, and diabetics always carrying fast-acting sugar.
Hypoglycemia is defined as a plasma glucose level below 4.0 mmol/L or the development of autonomic or neuroglycopenic symptoms in patients taking insulin or oral anti-diabetic drugs that are reversed by caloric intake. Causes include missed or delayed meals, excessive exercise, alcohol, errors in medication dosage, and other medical conditions. Treatment involves promptly detecting and treating low blood glucose, eliminating symptoms quickly, and avoiding overcorrection to prevent poor glycemic control. Management depends on severity of symptoms and involves ingesting 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates and retesting blood glucose levels. Education of patients and caregivers is important for prevention and proper response.
This document discusses diabetes technology including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, insulin pumps, and smart pens. CGM systems can monitor glucose levels in real-time or intermittently and have been shown to help lower A1C levels and reduce hypoglycemic episodes when used regularly. Insulin pumps can also help improve glucose control and reduce complications compared to multiple daily injections. While this technology has benefits, it also has costs and limitations, so expectations must be managed. Future diabetes devices may include implantable sensors, combined insulin and glucagon delivery, but self-care will still be required to manage the disease.
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to either lack of insulin production or insulin resistance. The two main types are type 1 DM caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and type 2 DM caused by insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.
2. Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Type 1 diabetes often presents with diabetic ketoacidosis, while type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed through routine testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy to control blood glucose levels.
3. Strict control is important to prevent long-term complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart
The document provides guidelines for the management of hypernatremia, outlining the need for a protocol, definitions, etiologies, clues from history and examination, diagnostic workup, approaches to treatment based on volume status, monitoring during treatment, and take-home messages. Hypernatremia is a medical emergency caused by excessive sodium intake, water deficit, or both, and requires careful fluid management and electrolyte replacement tailored to the individual case while closely monitoring for complications.
INSULIN MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES DR. NEVA JAY
This document discusses insulin management for type 1 diabetes mellitus. It provides information on diabetic ketoacidosis, goals of treatment, criteria for diabetes diagnosis, the treatment team, intensive insulin therapy including different insulin preparations and regimens, goals for blood sugar and HbA1c levels, and home blood glucose monitoring. The standard treatment involves multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy to closely mimic normal insulin secretion and intensive education to allow patients to lead normal lives.
This document defines neonatal hypoglycemia and provides guidelines for screening, managing, and following up infants at risk. Key points include:
- Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level less than 40-45 mg/dL. Glucose is essential for the fetus and newborn's energy needs.
- Infants at highest risk include SGA, LGA, preterm and those with perinatal stressors and should be screened at regular intervals for the first 3 days.
- Causes include problems with insulin, glucose production/stores, utilization and other metabolic defects.
- Management involves oral feeds, IV dextrose boluses and infusions to maintain blood glucose above 45
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
The document discusses the differences between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), noting that DKA involves hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis while HHS involves severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity without acidosis. It provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches for DKA and HHS, emphasizing the goals of treatment as improving circulation, gradually reducing glucose and correcting electrolyte imbalances.
This document provides information on causes and treatment of hypoglycemia. It defines hypoglycemia and outlines symptoms. It describes various causes of hypoglycemia including insulin excess, critical illness, hormone deficiencies, drugs, and tumors. It discusses diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. Hypoglycemia is a common side effect of diabetes treatment that physicians must work to prevent and address promptly when it occurs.
This case report describes a 25-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). He reported symptoms of nausea, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss. Laboratory results showed metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia and ketones consistent with DKA. While being treated for DKA, he developed worsening back pain and new neurological symptoms. Imaging revealed an epidural abscess, which was surgically treated. He required intensive rehabilitation for residual lower extremity weakness following treatment and resolution of the abscess.
This document discusses basics of insulin therapy including:
- The discovery of insulin in the 1920s and types of insulin including basal, mealtime, premixed, and newer combinations.
- Insulin action profiles, indications for insulin use, administration techniques using vials, syringes and pens, and common insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes including once or twice daily basal insulin +/- mealtime insulin or premixed insulin.
- Proper storage, mixing, and injection of insulin as well as recommended sites for injection are also reviewed.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. DM can cause long-term damage to organs and present with symptoms like excessive thirst and weight loss. There are different types of DM including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The treatment of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication like oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Diet and physical activity are essential for managing blood glucose levels and preventing complications of DM.
The document discusses different types of insulin available to manage diabetes, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting, and premixed insulins. It reviews insulin protocols and addresses patient selection for different regimens. The document also discusses designing and adjusting insulin regimens, including using a basal-bolus approach to better mimic normal physiology.
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when the body has too little insulin or cannot use insulin properly to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin moves glucose from the blood into cells where it is used for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the blood. Hyperglycemia can be caused by diabetes, certain medications, critical illness, gestational diabetes, or other factors. High blood glucose levels over time can damage organs and blood vessels. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue. Risks include dehydration, blood clots, pancreatitis, and long-term organ damage.
This document provides an overview of hypopituitarism, including its anatomy, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Hypopituitarism is a clinical syndrome of deficiency in pituitary hormone production and secretion that can result from disorders of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or surrounding structures. Common causes include tumors, trauma, infections, infiltrative disorders, and genetic mutations. Clinical features vary depending on which hormones are deficient but may include fatigue, weight changes, dry skin, and visual disturbances. Diagnosis involves hormonal blood tests and dynamic testing. Treatment is lifelong hormone replacement therapy to mimic normal hormone levels.
The document discusses hyponatremia, defining it as a low serum sodium concentration and describing the physiology and pathophysiology of sodium regulation in the body. It examines the epidemiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of hyponatremia, providing details on evaluating volume status, calculating sodium deficits, and correcting sodium levels based on chronicity and symptoms.
The document defines hypoglycemia as low blood glucose levels (<4.0 mmol/L) accompanied by symptoms that respond to carbohydrate administration. Common symptoms include trembling, sweating, hunger and confusion. Hypoglycemia can be caused by diabetes medications, lack of food, exercise and alcohol. Mild cases are treated with 15g of fast-acting carbohydrates while more severe cases may require glucagon injections or IV glucose. Prevention focuses on regular eating patterns and glucose monitoring around exercise or other activities that impact blood sugar.
Hypoglycemia among diabetic patients, 11 Dec 2021.pptxAhmed Elshebiny
This document discusses hypoglycemia among diabetic patients. It notes that hypoglycemia increases both morbidity and mortality, and is a limiting factor in diabetes management. Recurrent hypoglycemia can lead to hypoglycemia unawareness. The document recommends preventing hypoglycemia rather than just treating attacks. It then outlines topics to be covered, including understanding hypoglycemia, preventing and managing attacks, special groups and situations, and new technologies.
Hypoglycemia
Characterized by an abnormally low level of blood sugar below a set point
Normal range : 70-110 mg/dL or 3.9-6.1mmol/L
Glucose is body’s main energy source
Hypoglycemia is Not a disease in itself
But the Indicator of health problems
The document discusses hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. It defines normal fasting blood sugar as 70-100 mg/ml and a 2 hour post-glucose level of <140 mg/ml. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include dizziness and should be managed promptly. If blood sugar is <70 mg/dl, one should consume something sweet and check again in 10-15 minutes. If still low, consult a doctor. Maintaining regular meals and not fasting for long periods can help prevent hypoglycemia.
This document discusses hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), including its causes, symptoms, management, and prevention. It defines hypoglycemia as a low serum glucose level and describes the most common causes as taking too much insulin (for diabetics) or lack of food intake. Symptoms are discussed as well as treatment approaches, which involve giving oral glucose, IV dextrose, or glucagon injections depending on the severity and consciousness of the patient. Reactive hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar occurring after eating, is also examined along with potential contributing factors and recommended treatments like dietary changes and frequent small meals. Prevention strategies highlighted include eating regularly, exercising with food, and diabetics always carrying fast-acting sugar.
Hypoglycemia is defined as a plasma glucose level below 4.0 mmol/L or the development of autonomic or neuroglycopenic symptoms in patients taking insulin or oral anti-diabetic drugs that are reversed by caloric intake. Causes include missed or delayed meals, excessive exercise, alcohol, errors in medication dosage, and other medical conditions. Treatment involves promptly detecting and treating low blood glucose, eliminating symptoms quickly, and avoiding overcorrection to prevent poor glycemic control. Management depends on severity of symptoms and involves ingesting 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates and retesting blood glucose levels. Education of patients and caregivers is important for prevention and proper response.
This document discusses diabetes technology including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, insulin pumps, and smart pens. CGM systems can monitor glucose levels in real-time or intermittently and have been shown to help lower A1C levels and reduce hypoglycemic episodes when used regularly. Insulin pumps can also help improve glucose control and reduce complications compared to multiple daily injections. While this technology has benefits, it also has costs and limitations, so expectations must be managed. Future diabetes devices may include implantable sensors, combined insulin and glucagon delivery, but self-care will still be required to manage the disease.
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to either lack of insulin production or insulin resistance. The two main types are type 1 DM caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and type 2 DM caused by insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.
2. Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Type 1 diabetes often presents with diabetic ketoacidosis, while type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed through routine testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy to control blood glucose levels.
3. Strict control is important to prevent long-term complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart
The document provides guidelines for the management of hypernatremia, outlining the need for a protocol, definitions, etiologies, clues from history and examination, diagnostic workup, approaches to treatment based on volume status, monitoring during treatment, and take-home messages. Hypernatremia is a medical emergency caused by excessive sodium intake, water deficit, or both, and requires careful fluid management and electrolyte replacement tailored to the individual case while closely monitoring for complications.
INSULIN MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES DR. NEVA JAY
This document discusses insulin management for type 1 diabetes mellitus. It provides information on diabetic ketoacidosis, goals of treatment, criteria for diabetes diagnosis, the treatment team, intensive insulin therapy including different insulin preparations and regimens, goals for blood sugar and HbA1c levels, and home blood glucose monitoring. The standard treatment involves multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy to closely mimic normal insulin secretion and intensive education to allow patients to lead normal lives.
This document defines neonatal hypoglycemia and provides guidelines for screening, managing, and following up infants at risk. Key points include:
- Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level less than 40-45 mg/dL. Glucose is essential for the fetus and newborn's energy needs.
- Infants at highest risk include SGA, LGA, preterm and those with perinatal stressors and should be screened at regular intervals for the first 3 days.
- Causes include problems with insulin, glucose production/stores, utilization and other metabolic defects.
- Management involves oral feeds, IV dextrose boluses and infusions to maintain blood glucose above 45
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves.
1. Microvascular (due to damage to small blood vessels).
2. Macrovascular (due to damage to larger blood vessels).
The document discusses the differences between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), noting that DKA involves hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis while HHS involves severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity without acidosis. It provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches for DKA and HHS, emphasizing the goals of treatment as improving circulation, gradually reducing glucose and correcting electrolyte imbalances.
This document provides information on causes and treatment of hypoglycemia. It defines hypoglycemia and outlines symptoms. It describes various causes of hypoglycemia including insulin excess, critical illness, hormone deficiencies, drugs, and tumors. It discusses diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. Hypoglycemia is a common side effect of diabetes treatment that physicians must work to prevent and address promptly when it occurs.
This case report describes a 25-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). He reported symptoms of nausea, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss. Laboratory results showed metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia and ketones consistent with DKA. While being treated for DKA, he developed worsening back pain and new neurological symptoms. Imaging revealed an epidural abscess, which was surgically treated. He required intensive rehabilitation for residual lower extremity weakness following treatment and resolution of the abscess.
This document discusses basics of insulin therapy including:
- The discovery of insulin in the 1920s and types of insulin including basal, mealtime, premixed, and newer combinations.
- Insulin action profiles, indications for insulin use, administration techniques using vials, syringes and pens, and common insulin regimens for type 2 diabetes including once or twice daily basal insulin +/- mealtime insulin or premixed insulin.
- Proper storage, mixing, and injection of insulin as well as recommended sites for injection are also reviewed.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. DM can cause long-term damage to organs and present with symptoms like excessive thirst and weight loss. There are different types of DM including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The treatment of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication like oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Diet and physical activity are essential for managing blood glucose levels and preventing complications of DM.
The document discusses different types of insulin available to manage diabetes, including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting, and premixed insulins. It reviews insulin protocols and addresses patient selection for different regimens. The document also discusses designing and adjusting insulin regimens, including using a basal-bolus approach to better mimic normal physiology.
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when the body has too little insulin or cannot use insulin properly to regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin moves glucose from the blood into cells where it is used for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the blood. Hyperglycemia can be caused by diabetes, certain medications, critical illness, gestational diabetes, or other factors. High blood glucose levels over time can damage organs and blood vessels. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue. Risks include dehydration, blood clots, pancreatitis, and long-term organ damage.
This document provides an overview of hypopituitarism, including its anatomy, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Hypopituitarism is a clinical syndrome of deficiency in pituitary hormone production and secretion that can result from disorders of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, or surrounding structures. Common causes include tumors, trauma, infections, infiltrative disorders, and genetic mutations. Clinical features vary depending on which hormones are deficient but may include fatigue, weight changes, dry skin, and visual disturbances. Diagnosis involves hormonal blood tests and dynamic testing. Treatment is lifelong hormone replacement therapy to mimic normal hormone levels.
The document discusses hyponatremia, defining it as a low serum sodium concentration and describing the physiology and pathophysiology of sodium regulation in the body. It examines the epidemiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of hyponatremia, providing details on evaluating volume status, calculating sodium deficits, and correcting sodium levels based on chronicity and symptoms.
The document defines hypoglycemia as low blood glucose levels (<4.0 mmol/L) accompanied by symptoms that respond to carbohydrate administration. Common symptoms include trembling, sweating, hunger and confusion. Hypoglycemia can be caused by diabetes medications, lack of food, exercise and alcohol. Mild cases are treated with 15g of fast-acting carbohydrates while more severe cases may require glucagon injections or IV glucose. Prevention focuses on regular eating patterns and glucose monitoring around exercise or other activities that impact blood sugar.
Hypoglycemia among diabetic patients, 11 Dec 2021.pptxAhmed Elshebiny
This document discusses hypoglycemia among diabetic patients. It notes that hypoglycemia increases both morbidity and mortality, and is a limiting factor in diabetes management. Recurrent hypoglycemia can lead to hypoglycemia unawareness. The document recommends preventing hypoglycemia rather than just treating attacks. It then outlines topics to be covered, including understanding hypoglycemia, preventing and managing attacks, special groups and situations, and new technologies.
Hypoglycaemia Biochemistry decrease in Glucose mechanismMirzaNaadir
glucose decrease due to lots of reason because there are lots of problem regerding it i detail i have given its problems and causes and symptoms and treatment also
Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body's main energy source. Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people who don't have diabetes.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is caused by very low levels of blood glucose, below 3.0 mmol/L. It is common in type 1 diabetes and can occur due to overdose of insulin or diabetes medications, excessive alcohol consumption, or certain illnesses. Symptoms range from irregular heartbeat and sweating to confusion and loss of consciousness. Treatment involves giving the person glucose tablets, juice, or an IV glucose solution to quickly raise their blood sugar levels. Preventing hypoglycemia requires education on recognizing symptoms early and always having access to fast-acting carbohydrates.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It typically presents in childhood or early adulthood with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment involves lifelong insulin replacement therapy via injections to control blood glucose levels and minimize the risk of complications. Rapid-, short-, intermediate-, and long-acting insulin formulations have different onset and duration profiles suited to individual treatment regimens. Strict glycemic control is important to reduce microvascular and macrovascular risks.
This document provides information on diabetes in children and adolescents for nurses. It discusses the types of diabetes, signs and symptoms, treatment including insulin types and dosing, management goals, and guidelines for hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, diet, exercise, and sick days. The importance of frequent monitoring, education, and documentation for optimal diabetes management in pediatric patients is emphasized.
This document discusses hypoglycemia in diabetes, including its definition, symptoms, causes, treatment, and the role of technology in prevention. Hypoglycemia is defined as a low blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL that causes symptoms. The most common cause is insulin treatment, and symptoms include neurogenic and neuroglycopenic effects. Treatment involves consuming 15-20g of fast-acting carbohydrates. Glucagon injections are recommended for severe hypoglycemia. Continuous glucose monitors can help detect and prevent hypoglycemic episodes through real-time glucose monitoring and alerts.
A short presentation looking at the various definitions of hypoglycaemia
(clinical, biochemical and symptomatic).
It goes through the modes of acute treatment and the options for disabling
hypos.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications. It defines DM as a group of metabolic disorders involving hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. DM is classified into type 1, type 2, gestational and other specific types. The pathophysiology of type 1 involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while type 2 results from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency due to genetic and lifestyle factors. Treatment involves medical nutrition therapy, oral hypoglycemic drugs, insulin therapy, exercise and monitoring of blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Complications can be microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephro
Diabetes Mellitus Type-II is a lifelong disease where the body does not properly use insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Over time, high blood sugar can damage organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. Type-2 diabetes is usually caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors like weight and diet. It is diagnosed through blood tests measuring glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose levels. Treatment involves medications, lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, and possibly surgery, to manage blood sugar and prevent complications.
This document provides an overview of hypoglycemia, including its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It begins by defining hypoglycemia and describing normal glucose metabolism and regulation. It then discusses hypoglycemia in those with and without diabetes. For those with diabetes, it covers frequency, definitions, pathophysiology including defective counterregulation and unawareness, and risk factors. It details treatment approaches. For those without diabetes, it reviews potential causes such as drugs, illnesses, tumors, and endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Throughout it provides details on clinical evaluation and management goals of correcting the underlying causes of hypoglycemia.
There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes which is insulin dependent and usually develops in childhood, and type 2 diabetes which often develops later in life and can be prevented or managed through lifestyle changes. The main symptoms of type 1 diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and tiredness. Management of type 1 diabetes involves insulin injections or pump therapy. Type 2 diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and lifestyle changes like following a balanced diet and regular physical activity.
Hypoglycemia is a disorder caused by low blood glucose levels that can have many potential causes. Symptoms range from mild symptoms like hunger and fatigue at mild levels to more severe symptoms like blurred vision, confusion, and seizures at lower levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but initially involves raising blood glucose through ingesting carbohydrates or administering glucose intravenously or through glucagon injections. Long term treatment aims to prevent future hypoglycemic episodes by addressing the underlying cause, adjusting medications, patient education, and new technologies to monitor glucose levels.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its pathophysiology, classification, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, management through nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, drug therapy including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, complications, and patient education. It describes the four main types of diabetes as type 1, type 2, gestational, and other specific types, and discusses the characteristics, causes, and treatment of each.
Introduction to Diabetes & anti diabetic drug screening methodsAnurag Raghuvanshi
This document provides an introduction to diabetes and anti-diabetic drug screening methods. It begins by classifying diabetes and defining the main types - type 1, type 2, gestational, and secondary. It then describes the pancreas and its beta cells that produce insulin. Various models for inducing diabetes in animals are discussed for screening anti-diabetic drugs, including chemical agents like alloxan and streptozotocin, viral induction, immune-mediated induction using anti-insulin serum, genetic alteration in mice/rats, pancreatectomy, and hormone-induced using dexamethasone. Common screening methods and their principles, procedures, advantages, and limitations are summarized.
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when a person's blood glucose levels drop below normal. Mild symptoms include trembling, sweating, and irritability, while more severe symptoms can include confusion, irrational behavior, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Hypoglycemia is commonly caused by too much insulin in diabetics, lack of food after exercise or alcohol consumption, and tumors of the pancreas. Treatment depends on severity, ranging from oral glucose for mild cases to IV glucose or glucagon injections for more serious situations. Prevention involves regular blood sugar monitoring, eating regularly, and being prepared with fast-acting carbohydrates when engaging in exercise.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
2. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, the participantsAt the end of this topic, the participants
will be able to:will be able to:
To understand what term hypoglycemiaTo understand what term hypoglycemia
meansmeans
To list the common symptoms ofTo list the common symptoms of
hypoglycemiahypoglycemia
To describe the common causes ofTo describe the common causes of
hypoglycemiahypoglycemia
To understand how to prevent &To understand how to prevent &
effectively self manage hypoglycemiaeffectively self manage hypoglycemia
reaction.reaction.
3. HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
defined as the development of autonomicdefined as the development of autonomic
and neuroglycopenic symptoms, a lowand neuroglycopenic symptoms, a low
blood glucose level (<4.0 mmol/L forblood glucose level (<4.0 mmol/L for
people treated with insulin or insulinpeople treated with insulin or insulin
secretagogue), and symptomssecretagogue), and symptoms
responding to the administration ofresponding to the administration of
carbohydrates.carbohydrates.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
4. HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
UNAWARENESSUNAWARENESS
Is the term given when people do notIs the term given when people do not
experience the first stage symptoms andexperience the first stage symptoms and
are unaware that their blood glucose areare unaware that their blood glucose are
low. Possible reasons for this includelow. Possible reasons for this include
frequent low or untreated blood sugarfrequent low or untreated blood sugar
levels, long standing diabetes and nervelevels, long standing diabetes and nerve
damage.damage.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
5. CAUSES OFCAUSES OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Side effects of diabetes medicationsSide effects of diabetes medications 1,21,2
Less intake of foodLess intake of food
Increased in physical activityIncreased in physical activity
Excessive alcohol intakeExcessive alcohol intake
Food malabsorption (celiac disease)Food malabsorption (celiac disease)
1. O’Shaughnessey C, H. Hypoglycemia. Primary Care Reports Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text.
2. Sutton L, Chapman-Novakofski K. Hypoglycemia education needsAvailable from: MEDLINE.
3. Holt P. Effective management of hypoglycaemia in diabetes. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text.
6. CAUSES OFCAUSES OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Poor injection techniquePoor injection technique
Insulin prescription & administrationInsulin prescription & administration
errorserrors
Mistiming of prescribed medication inMistiming of prescribed medication in
relation to food consumption.relation to food consumption.
Holt P. Effective management of hypoglycaemia in diabetes. Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text.
7. SEVERITY OFSEVERITY OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
MILD – autonomic symptoms are present.MILD – autonomic symptoms are present.
The individual is able to self-treat.The individual is able to self-treat.
MODERATE – autonomic &MODERATE – autonomic &
neuroglycopenic symptoms are present.neuroglycopenic symptoms are present.
The individual is able to self-treat.The individual is able to self-treat.
SEVERE – individual requires assistanceSEVERE – individual requires assistance
of another person. Unconsciousness mayof another person. Unconsciousness may
occur.occur.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
9. TREATMENT OFTREATMENT OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
GOALS:GOALS: To detect and treat a low bloodTo detect and treat a low blood
glucose level promptly by using an interventionglucose level promptly by using an intervention
that provide a rapid rise in blood glucose to athat provide a rapid rise in blood glucose to a
safe level, eliminating the risk for injury, andsafe level, eliminating the risk for injury, and
relieving symptoms quickly.relieving symptoms quickly.
15 g of glucose will usually increase blood15 g of glucose will usually increase blood
glucose by 2.1 mmol/L within 20 minutes withglucose by 2.1 mmol/L within 20 minutes with
adequate symptom relief for most people.adequate symptom relief for most people.
20 g of glucose will usually increase blood20 g of glucose will usually increase blood
glucose by 3.6 mmol/L within 45 minutes.glucose by 3.6 mmol/L within 45 minutes.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
10. TREATMENT OFTREATMENT OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
MILD TO MODERATE HYPOGLYCEMIAMILD TO MODERATE HYPOGLYCEMIA
15 g of oral carbohydrates, preferably as glucose or15 g of oral carbohydrates, preferably as glucose or
sucrose tablets or solution. Retest blood glucose in 15sucrose tablets or solution. Retest blood glucose in 15
minutes; repeat treatment if BG still <4.0 mmol/L.minutes; repeat treatment if BG still <4.0 mmol/L.
SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA (CONSCIOUS)SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA (CONSCIOUS)
20 g of oral carbohydrates (glucose tablets or20 g of oral carbohydrates (glucose tablets or
equivalent); retest in 15 minutes & repeat treatment ifequivalent); retest in 15 minutes & repeat treatment if
BG still <4.0 mmol/LBG still <4.0 mmol/L
SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA (UNCONSCIOUS)SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA (UNCONSCIOUS)
1 mg of GLUCAGON subcutaneously or1 mg of GLUCAGON subcutaneously or
intramascularly or 10 to 25 g of glucoseintramascularly or 10 to 25 g of glucose
intraveneously (20 – 50 cc of D50W)intraveneously (20 – 50 cc of D50W)
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
11. TREATMENT OFTREATMENT OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Examples of 15 g of carbohydrates:Examples of 15 g of carbohydrates:
4 glucose tablets4 glucose tablets
15 mL (3 teaspoons) or 3 packets of table sugar15 mL (3 teaspoons) or 3 packets of table sugar
dissolved in waterdissolved in water
175 mL (3/4 cup) of juice or regular drink175 mL (3/4 cup) of juice or regular drink
15 mL (1 teaspoon) of honey15 mL (1 teaspoon) of honey
• To prevent repeated hypoglycemia, once theTo prevent repeated hypoglycemia, once the
hypoglycemia has been reversed, the person shouldhypoglycemia has been reversed, the person should
have the usual meal or snack that is due at that timehave the usual meal or snack that is due at that time
of the day. If a meal is >1 hour away, a snackof the day. If a meal is >1 hour away, a snack
(including 15 g CHO & a protein source) should be(including 15 g CHO & a protein source) should be
consumed.consumed.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
12. PREVENTION OFPREVENTION OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Eat regular meals, have enough at eachEat regular meals, have enough at each
meal, and try not to skip meals ormeal, and try not to skip meals or
snacks.snacks.
Check blood sugar before sports,Check blood sugar before sports,
exercise, or other physical activity andexercise, or other physical activity and
have a snack if the level is lower thanhave a snack if the level is lower than
expected.expected.
Lowth M. Hypoglycaemia Prevention and management. 2012. Available from: Consumer Health Complete -
EBSCOhost.
13. PREVENTION OFPREVENTION OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Adjusting medication before physicalAdjusting medication before physical
activity.activity.
Check blood glucose periodically afterCheck blood glucose periodically after
physical activity.physical activity.
Alcoholic beverages should always beAlcoholic beverages should always be
consumed with a snack or meal at theconsumed with a snack or meal at the
same time.same time.
Lowth M. Hypoglycaemia Prevention and management. 2012. Available from: Consumer Health Complete -
EBSCOhost.
14. PREVENTION OFPREVENTION OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Check blood sugar level before driving andCheck blood sugar level before driving and
at least every 4 hours (more often in casesat least every 4 hours (more often in cases
of hypoglycemia unawareness) during longof hypoglycemia unawareness) during long
drives.drives.
Drivers should not drive when blood sugarDrivers should not drive when blood sugar
level is below 4.0 mmol/L, and should notlevel is below 4.0 mmol/L, and should not
begin to drive without prophylacticbegin to drive without prophylactic
carbohydrate treatment.carbohydrate treatment.
Drivers should stop and treat themselves asDrivers should stop and treat themselves as
soon as hypoglycemia is suspected.soon as hypoglycemia is suspected.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
15. PREVENTION OFPREVENTION OF
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOGLYCEMIA
Drivers should not drive until 45 to 60Drivers should not drive until 45 to 60
minutes after the effective treatment ofminutes after the effective treatment of
mild to moderate hypoglycemia.mild to moderate hypoglycemia.
Always carry blood glucose monitoringAlways carry blood glucose monitoring
equipment and supplies of rapidlyequipment and supplies of rapidly
absorbable carbohydrates within easyabsorbable carbohydrates within easy
reach when driving.reach when driving.
2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada
16. RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION
An immediate source of glucose orAn immediate source of glucose or
sucrose must be always available.sucrose must be always available.
Equipment for blood glucose monitoringEquipment for blood glucose monitoring
must be available for immediatemust be available for immediate
confirmation and safe management ofconfirmation and safe management of
hypoglycemia.hypoglycemia.
Lowth M. Hypoglycaemia Prevention and management. 2012. Available from: Consumer Health Complete -
EBSCOhost.
17. RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION
Glucagon should readily be accessible,Glucagon should readily be accessible,
especially when there is a high risk ofespecially when there is a high risk of
severe hypoglycemia. Education onsevere hypoglycemia. Education on
administration is essential.administration is essential.
Wear some form of identification orWear some form of identification or
warning of their diabetes.warning of their diabetes.
Lowth M. Hypoglycaemia Prevention and management. Available from: Consumer Health Complete -
EBSCOhost.
Editor's Notes
Hypoglycemia is an emergency situation that can happen suddenly. It is one of the most worrying short-term complications of diabetes expressed by patient with diabetes and is the biggest barrier to meeting target blood glucose goals. It can be extremely frightening, incapacitating and life threatening and seriously affect cognitive functioning. As a result, many people with diabetes prefer to have a higher than normal blood glucose levels to avoid hypoglycemia but in doing so increases the risk of developing serious, debilitating long-term complications of diabetes.
Defined by triad of typical signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia; documented low blood glucose level, and correction of signs and symptoms with normalization of glucose levels thru the administration of rapid acting carbohydrates.
The main underlying cause of hypoglycemia is too much circulating insulin for the body’s requirement either by exogenous (injection) or endogenous, secreted by the pancreas. Not eating enough carbohydrate (carb) at a meal to match the amount of insulin available in the blood. Taking the medication as prescribed, but skipping or delaying a meal, usually unintentionally. This may be a problem for people with an active lifestyle, who cannot easily eat the same amount of food at the same time each day. Taking more medication than needed to match the carb eaten in the meal. This may occur during periods of weight loss when insulin resistance has been reduced and less insulin will be required for the amount of carb consumed.
Evidence suggests that 15 g of glucose (monosaccharide) is required to produce an increase in BG of approximately 2.1 mmol/L within 20 minutes, with adequate symptom relief for most people. A 20-g oral glucose dose will produce a BG increment of approximately 3.6 mmol/L at 45 minutes . Other choices such as milk and orange juice are slower to increase BG levels and provide symptom relief.
The treatment of hypoglycemia varies based on its severity, cause, and location of treatment.
Teaching individuals with diabetes about the prevention and management of hypoglycemia will prevent related complications (intellectual impairment, unconsciousness, seizures, death) and enhances self-care behaviors such as adherence to healthy diet, frequent blood glucose monitoring, exercise, and medication adherence.