Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
CHAPTER 2Recent Phases of Education ReformThe previous.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 2
Recent Phases of Education Reform
The previous chapter discusses the process by which education systems
became institutionalized and developed their distinctive characteristics.
The shape of the first modern education systems were developed in six
core modern nations to serve the nation-building interests of the
respective ruling classes. While these first systems differed signifi-
cantly in many features, they represented an acceptable fit (or at least
a winning accommodation of the various interests) in their respective
contexts and the issues that were salient at the time of their creation.
Over the subsequent course of development, modern education1 has
been diffused to new settings. At the risk of oversimplification, we
argue in this chapter that there have been six approaches or phases to
this diffusion, focusing on distinctive models of education develop-
ment/change.2 Five of these models are sequential: (1) the original
modern models and the colonial and neocolonial models exported by
the core nations, (2) the postcolonial centralized (or state-led develop-
ment) model(s), (3) decentralized regionalization models promoted by
multilateral agencies; (4) neoliberal decentralized–sectoral reform
models also promoted by multilateral agencies, and (5) emerging com-
munity- (and school-) based models. Finally, a sixth approach has per-
sisted throughout the period in a transformative model, an approach
that questions the dominant models of change and seeks, instead to
reform, to transform the education system and the society. We seek in
the pages below to review these models in terms of:
• Where they are most prevalent;
• How they are organized, administered, and financed;
• What the main characteristics of their education delivery are, such
as buildings, curriculum, instructional materials, teacher prepara-
tion, stress on student mastery;
PAGE 29
29
................. 11172$ $CH2 12-16-04 14:29:15 PS
30 CHAPTER 2
• What their implications are for bringing about change in develop-
ing country education systems.3
We see the evolution of models of reform as an ongoing process of
trial and error. Each new model developed in reaction to perceived
problems with the previous models. As a result, a great deal more is
known about what is less likely to work than what could be successful.
Typically, failed approaches are examined, failures diagnosed, and new
strategies adopted to overcome the limitations identified in past
approaches, but without systematic evidence—evidence which would
be counterfactual at best—that the new approach will work better. Each
dominant approach is based on the prevalent ideas at the time.4 Need-
less to say, none of the efforts has been perfect, as illustrated in chapter
4, but like all ideas, most efforts have fit best in the settings where they
were first developed and less well in other settings.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SIX APPROACHES TO
EDUCATION REFORM
Prior to the modern era, education was prim ...
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
CHAPTER 2Recent Phases of Education ReformThe previous.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 2
Recent Phases of Education Reform
The previous chapter discusses the process by which education systems
became institutionalized and developed their distinctive characteristics.
The shape of the first modern education systems were developed in six
core modern nations to serve the nation-building interests of the
respective ruling classes. While these first systems differed signifi-
cantly in many features, they represented an acceptable fit (or at least
a winning accommodation of the various interests) in their respective
contexts and the issues that were salient at the time of their creation.
Over the subsequent course of development, modern education1 has
been diffused to new settings. At the risk of oversimplification, we
argue in this chapter that there have been six approaches or phases to
this diffusion, focusing on distinctive models of education develop-
ment/change.2 Five of these models are sequential: (1) the original
modern models and the colonial and neocolonial models exported by
the core nations, (2) the postcolonial centralized (or state-led develop-
ment) model(s), (3) decentralized regionalization models promoted by
multilateral agencies; (4) neoliberal decentralized–sectoral reform
models also promoted by multilateral agencies, and (5) emerging com-
munity- (and school-) based models. Finally, a sixth approach has per-
sisted throughout the period in a transformative model, an approach
that questions the dominant models of change and seeks, instead to
reform, to transform the education system and the society. We seek in
the pages below to review these models in terms of:
• Where they are most prevalent;
• How they are organized, administered, and financed;
• What the main characteristics of their education delivery are, such
as buildings, curriculum, instructional materials, teacher prepara-
tion, stress on student mastery;
PAGE 29
29
................. 11172$ $CH2 12-16-04 14:29:15 PS
30 CHAPTER 2
• What their implications are for bringing about change in develop-
ing country education systems.3
We see the evolution of models of reform as an ongoing process of
trial and error. Each new model developed in reaction to perceived
problems with the previous models. As a result, a great deal more is
known about what is less likely to work than what could be successful.
Typically, failed approaches are examined, failures diagnosed, and new
strategies adopted to overcome the limitations identified in past
approaches, but without systematic evidence—evidence which would
be counterfactual at best—that the new approach will work better. Each
dominant approach is based on the prevalent ideas at the time.4 Need-
less to say, none of the efforts has been perfect, as illustrated in chapter
4, but like all ideas, most efforts have fit best in the settings where they
were first developed and less well in other settings.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SIX APPROACHES TO
EDUCATION REFORM
Prior to the modern era, education was prim ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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8. CONTEXT
- social, cultural, historical,
political and other related
circumstances or events
that surround the text.
9. Other examples:
- Studies have revealed that
drinking a
glass of water 30 minutes before
taking your meals helps your
digestion.
- Manny Pacquiao is the only boxer
that has won eight division fights.
10. Identify the given context(s) found in each
situation/occasion.
1. Filipino was introduced as a subject in all grades at
the elementary and high school levels in 1944.
2. In 2020, there are over 900,000 regular personnel
that the Department of Education (DepEd). employs,
and more than 800,000 of them are teachers.
3. Spreading fake news is a serious crime.
11. Things to Consider in Identifying the Deeper Meaning
of Texts
1. The time or the period the text was written.
2. What circumstances produced the text?
3. Issues the text tackles or deals with.
12. Things to Consider in Identifying the Deeper Meaning
of Texts
1. The time or the period the text was written.
2. What circumstances produced the text?
3. Issues the text tackles or deals with.
In the previous lesson, you have learned that organization, coherence, and cohesion, language use, and mechanics play a very significant role in developing a well-written text. Having unity in writing helps the readers to easily understand what the text is about without having to re-read it. Language use enables writers to communicate ideas effectively without confusing the reader.
An effective language is specific, concise, familiar, correct, and in appropriate levels. Mechanics refers to the rules of the written language such as capitalization, punctuation, spelling, and even grammar. Having a well-written text makes it easier for you to express your work to the readers.
After learning the properties of a well-written text, it is important to connect it to hypertext so that it will be easier for you to use connections to other locations that you may find interesting and useful with your readings.
I have here a text video. All you are going to do is to attentively watch this and afterwards, I will be asking you some questions.
For the caged bird Sings of freedom What is caged bird mainly about?
- The poem describes the different experiences of the two birds: one is free and the other one is longing for freedom.
From the message of the poem, what do you think is the theme or the background of the text?
The background of the text is about inequality.
Do you think the poem has something to do with the author?
The author might have experienced the feeling of being a caged bird.
Maya Angelou is a victim of racism. It is based on her own personal struggles.
Maya Angelou wrote the poem "Caged Bird" as a reflection on her own experiences with racism, oppression, and discrimination, as well as those of African Americans more broadly. The caged bird in the poem symbolizes the African American experience of being confined, oppressed, and marginalized in a society characterized by racism and inequality. The free bird, on the other hand, represents the privileged and dominant group in society, free to enjoy their liberties without restriction.
I have here some jumbled foreign
words. The definitions are given and what you are going to do is to rearrange the letters to form the needed word. Afterwards, you are going to give an example for each of these.
Social – Example - She has poor social skills.
There are some cultural differences between us.
He has written a historical drama.
It takes time to develop political awareness.
They can earn more in exceptional circumstances.
You have just watched a video, right?
What does the activity give us?
-It helps us identify the message, theme, background of the text and the connection of the text and the author.
In other words, this helps us understand the context of the text. When reading, what are the factors that you usually observe in the text? Aside from the writer’s techniques, styles and ways to deliver whatever purpose the text has, what else do you notice? - There is always a development in texts.
Today, we are going to discuss about context of text development mainly hypertext and intertext.
When you hear the word context, what comes into your mind? - Context pertains to the circumstances that form the setting for an event.
For example, if your teacher asks you to write an essay about global warming, all the things that you will write must be associated with it. Otherwise, you will be out of context. Another example is someone writing a text regarding the Corona Virus Disease (COVID 19) and how the world is doing so far in managing the disease. If the writer mentions the past pandemic such as the Spanish Flu, it is relevant and still in context because the previous pandemic has a major influence to experts today in containing the virus.
Now, let us proceed to the two types of context in text development which are intertext and hypertext.
Hypertext – came from the prefix “hyper”, which means beyond or above.
It is a way of representing text about a topic where other topics can be linked.
Non- Linear is not sort as one direction, but it can be multidirectional
Digital devices, browsers, and other similar technology have made it very easy for readers to obtain the information they want, in the sequence that they prefer. This is through the use of links which takes the reader into another text.
The World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet.
Hypertext is the foundation of World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to obtain more information on a subsequent page on the same site or from website anywhere in the world.
Hypertext allows readers to access information particularly suited to their needs. Example, if a reader still needs more background on a particular item that a text is discussing, such as when a reader does not know a particular term being used, the reader can choose to highlight that term and access a page that defines the term and describes it.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it.
Write a content in each link.
is one method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text. It happens when some properties of an original text are incorporated in the text that is created by another author.
Intertext or intertextuality is technically defined as a process of text development that merges two more processes such as imitation and creation in doing a text. It involves imitation because the author as highly influenced by another author comes up with his own version of the text consciously or unconsciously incorporating the style and other characteristics of the text done by that author.
Allusion – a writing technique where the author include a casual reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance
Pastiche- a work of visual arts, literature, theatre,music or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more oher writers/ artists blending a variety of distinct styles
