Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, reduced sodium intake, and exercise. Medications used include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and vasodilators. Treatment depends on the individual's medical history and any underlying conditions.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications. Common drug classes used to treat hypertension include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Drug choice depends on the individual patient's condition and needs to avoid medications that could worsen other diseases.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is important in regulating blood pressure. Common classes of antihypertensive agents discussed include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, alpha blockers, and central sympatholytics. Lifestyle modifications including weight loss, exercise, diet changes, and avoiding tobacco are also recommended for managing hypertension.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. β-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. β-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide is a natriuretic peptide that causes vasodilation and natriuresis. β-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart.
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be essential or secondary hypertension. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications. Common drug classes used to treat hypertension include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and vasodilators. Drug choice depends on the individual patient's condition and needs to avoid medications that could worsen other diseases.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive agents used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension and describes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is important in regulating blood pressure. Common classes of antihypertensive agents discussed include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, alpha blockers, and central sympatholytics. Lifestyle modifications including weight loss, exercise, diet changes, and avoiding tobacco are also recommended for managing hypertension.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. β-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and preload by vasodilation. β-blockers improve outcomes by preventing the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, nesiritide, and vasopressin receptor antagonists.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume through natriuresis. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide is a natriuretic peptide that causes vasodilation and natriuresis. β-blockers improve outcomes in heart failure by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide acts similarly to reduce preload and causes natriuresis. β-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Combined treatment with diuretics, vasodilators, and β-blockers aims to reduce preload and afterload while protecting the heart.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
This document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology. It covers topics like diuretics and their indications for hypertension and fluid retention. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension including lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies. The main antihypertensive drug classes covered are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It also discusses heart failure pharmacology and angina management. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of different drug classes for cardiovascular conditions.
Pharmacotherapy, Management of Hypertension, JNC 8 guidelinesankitamishra1402
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and discussing its physiological regulation. It then covers the principles of antihypertensive therapy, classifying drugs by their primary mechanisms of action. The main drug classes discussed are diuretics, sympatholytics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse drug reactions. It concludes by discussing lifestyle modifications and strategies for dosing antihypertensive drugs according to JNC8 guidelines.
This document provides information on antihypertensive drugs. It begins by listing the specific learning objectives, which include defining hypertension, discussing types and drugs for treatment, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and considerations for use in various conditions. It then covers primary and secondary hypertension, urgency vs emergency, and mnemonics for drug classes. Individual drug classes are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, arteriolar vasodilators, and beta blockers. Mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and special considerations are provided for each class.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Basic must know things about Anti-Hypertensives including the latest JNC-8 Classification and protocol for managing hypertension in various co-morbid conditions.
This document summarizes the properties and uses of drugs with cardiac inotropic effects for treating heart failure. It discusses how these drugs increase the force of cardiac contraction without proportionally increasing oxygen consumption. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of digitalis glycosides, which are commonly used inotropic drugs that work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Digitalis glycosides are used to treat both congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
This document discusses various vasoactive drugs used to treat low blood pressure and cardiac issues in critically ill patients. It begins by explaining the immature heart's limited responsiveness to medications and calcium regulation. It then describes different types of effects that agents can have including increasing blood pressure, contractility, heart rate, and relaxation. The remainder of the document delves into specific drugs, outlining their mechanisms, indications, dosages, and side effects. These include catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, as well as dobutamine, milrinone, vasopressin, nitroprusside, and nesiritide.
1. The document discusses drug therapy for hypertension, outlining several classes of drugs and their mechanisms of action, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other central acting agents.
2. Beta-blockers are recommended for mild to moderate hypertension but have adverse effects like fatigue and should not be used in diabetes or asthma. ACE inhibitors are first-line for essential hypertension and have benefits for conditions like diabetes.
3. Diuretics are commonly used first-line but have side effects like hypokalemia. Combination therapy with multiple drug classes is often needed to control resistant hypertension.
The drug that is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy is losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). While all antihypertensives should be used cautiously in pregnancy, ARBs like losartan are contraindicated due to the risk of fetal harm, including the possibility of fetal death. Atenolol, methyldopa, nifedipine and propranolol can be used in pregnancy with appropriate monitoring by an obstetrician. The answer is B.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications, including their mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages. It focuses on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and central sympatholytics. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels and relaxing smooth muscle. Thiazide diuretics are first-line for elderly hypertension due to benefits like once daily dosing and reduced stroke/heart attack risk. ACEIs and ARBs inhibit the renin-angiotensin system and are recommended for various conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Central sympatholytics like clonidine and
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying blood pressure levels from normal to grades 1-3 hypertension. It then provides introductions on hypertension prevalence and consequences. The document is primarily focused on detailing specific antihypertensive drug classes including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and others. For each class, it lists example drugs and discusses mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and other relevant details. The goal is to serve as a reference for the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications.
1. The document discusses various types of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and effects.
2. It categorizes antihypertensive drugs into 8 classes: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators.
3. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and common side effects. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are considered first-line treatments for hypertension.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying drugs into different groups including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, and direct vasodilators. It then proceeds to describe the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of drugs within each group. The document concludes by discussing treatment algorithms for hypertension based on JNC 7 guidelines and recommendations for treating hypertensive crises.
This document provides an overview of antihypertensive agents (blood pressure medications). It discusses the types and classes of antihypertensives, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects of each class. The document is intended to teach healthcare providers about selecting and utilizing different antihypertensive drugs to treat hypertension.
Heart failure is a common condition that results in impaired pumping of the heart. It can be caused by structural or functional issues in the heart. There are over 5 million patients with heart failure in the US, with 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year. The two main types are systolic heart failure, characterized by reduced pumping ability, and diastolic heart failure, characterized by stiffening of the heart muscle. Treatment involves medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and device-based therapies like biventricular pacing for certain patients. Ongoing research is exploring new drugs and approaches for the treatment of heart failure.
The document summarizes several classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension and heart failure. It discusses the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, side effects and nursing considerations for drugs from classes like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and cardiac glycosides like digoxin. The document provides an overview of how these drugs work and how they are used to treat various cardiac conditions.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Nesiritide acts similarly to reduce preload and causes natriuresis. β-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Combined treatment with diuretics, vasodilators, and β-blockers aims to reduce preload and afterload while protecting the heart.
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be essential (of unknown cause) or secondary to other diseases. Normal blood pressure is regulated by the kidney which controls blood volume via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is activated when blood pressure or sodium levels drop, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention. Antihypertensive drugs target different parts of this system, like ACE inhibitors which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing peripheral resistance and blood volume. Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that lowers blood pressure by
This document discusses cardiovascular pharmacology. It covers topics like diuretics and their indications for hypertension and fluid retention. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension including lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies. The main antihypertensive drug classes covered are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It also discusses heart failure pharmacology and angina management. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of different drug classes for cardiovascular conditions.
Pharmacotherapy, Management of Hypertension, JNC 8 guidelinesankitamishra1402
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and discussing its physiological regulation. It then covers the principles of antihypertensive therapy, classifying drugs by their primary mechanisms of action. The main drug classes discussed are diuretics, sympatholytics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, direct renin inhibitors, and vasodilators. For each class, it describes the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, dosing, and adverse drug reactions. It concludes by discussing lifestyle modifications and strategies for dosing antihypertensive drugs according to JNC8 guidelines.
This document provides information on antihypertensive drugs. It begins by listing the specific learning objectives, which include defining hypertension, discussing types and drugs for treatment, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and considerations for use in various conditions. It then covers primary and secondary hypertension, urgency vs emergency, and mnemonics for drug classes. Individual drug classes are discussed in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, arteriolar vasodilators, and beta blockers. Mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and special considerations are provided for each class.
Basic must know things about Anti Hypertensive drugs including the recent JNC-8 classification and protocols for treating Hypertension with various co-morbid condition.
Basic must know things about Anti-Hypertensives including the latest JNC-8 Classification and protocol for managing hypertension in various co-morbid conditions.
This document summarizes the properties and uses of drugs with cardiac inotropic effects for treating heart failure. It discusses how these drugs increase the force of cardiac contraction without proportionally increasing oxygen consumption. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of digitalis glycosides, which are commonly used inotropic drugs that work by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Digitalis glycosides are used to treat both congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.
This document discusses various vasoactive drugs used to treat low blood pressure and cardiac issues in critically ill patients. It begins by explaining the immature heart's limited responsiveness to medications and calcium regulation. It then describes different types of effects that agents can have including increasing blood pressure, contractility, heart rate, and relaxation. The remainder of the document delves into specific drugs, outlining their mechanisms, indications, dosages, and side effects. These include catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, as well as dobutamine, milrinone, vasopressin, nitroprusside, and nesiritide.
1. The document discusses drug therapy for hypertension, outlining several classes of drugs and their mechanisms of action, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and other central acting agents.
2. Beta-blockers are recommended for mild to moderate hypertension but have adverse effects like fatigue and should not be used in diabetes or asthma. ACE inhibitors are first-line for essential hypertension and have benefits for conditions like diabetes.
3. Diuretics are commonly used first-line but have side effects like hypokalemia. Combination therapy with multiple drug classes is often needed to control resistant hypertension.
The drug that is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy is losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). While all antihypertensives should be used cautiously in pregnancy, ARBs like losartan are contraindicated due to the risk of fetal harm, including the possibility of fetal death. Atenolol, methyldopa, nifedipine and propranolol can be used in pregnancy with appropriate monitoring by an obstetrician. The answer is B.
Antihypertensives | Classes of Drugs | Baro ReceptorChetan Prakash
This Presentation provides a knowledge about Antihypertensives, types of blood pressure, hypertension types, normal blood pressure regulation, baro receptors, classes of antihypertensive drugs,recent discovery on hypertension. This is an assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive medications, including their mechanisms of action and advantages/disadvantages. It focuses on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and central sympatholytics. CCBs work by blocking calcium channels and relaxing smooth muscle. Thiazide diuretics are first-line for elderly hypertension due to benefits like once daily dosing and reduced stroke/heart attack risk. ACEIs and ARBs inhibit the renin-angiotensin system and are recommended for various conditions like diabetes and heart disease. Central sympatholytics like clonidine and
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying blood pressure levels from normal to grades 1-3 hypertension. It then provides introductions on hypertension prevalence and consequences. The document is primarily focused on detailing specific antihypertensive drug classes including diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and others. For each class, it lists example drugs and discusses mechanisms of action, indications, advantages, disadvantages, and other relevant details. The goal is to serve as a reference for the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications.
1. The document discusses various types of hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes its causes and effects.
2. It categorizes antihypertensive drugs into 8 classes: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers, central sympatholytics, and vasodilators.
3. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and common side effects. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are considered first-line treatments for hypertension.
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by classifying drugs into different groups including diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, and direct vasodilators. It then proceeds to describe the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of drugs within each group. The document concludes by discussing treatment algorithms for hypertension based on JNC 7 guidelines and recommendations for treating hypertensive crises.
This document provides an overview of antihypertensive agents (blood pressure medications). It discusses the types and classes of antihypertensives, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and alpha blockers. It describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects of each class. The document is intended to teach healthcare providers about selecting and utilizing different antihypertensive drugs to treat hypertension.
Heart failure is a common condition that results in impaired pumping of the heart. It can be caused by structural or functional issues in the heart. There are over 5 million patients with heart failure in the US, with 500,000 new cases diagnosed each year. The two main types are systolic heart failure, characterized by reduced pumping ability, and diastolic heart failure, characterized by stiffening of the heart muscle. Treatment involves medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and device-based therapies like biventricular pacing for certain patients. Ongoing research is exploring new drugs and approaches for the treatment of heart failure.
The document summarizes several classes of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension and heart failure. It discusses the mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, side effects and nursing considerations for drugs from classes like diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and cardiac glycosides like digoxin. The document provides an overview of how these drugs work and how they are used to treat various cardiac conditions.
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It notes that approximately 1000-1200 mg of calcium is present in an adult, mostly in bone. It describes the distribution and protein binding of calcium in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Factors that influence calcium absorption in the gut and renal handling of calcium are outlined. Mechanisms involved in response to changes in serum calcium levels, including the roles of TRPV5 calcium channels and calbindin D28k protein, are summarized. Causes, clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia and various hypercalcemic disorders like primary hyperparathyroidism and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia are described.
1. Anemia is defined as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin levels. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell breakdown.
2. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, and sideroblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by blood loss or poor iron absorption. Thalassemia involves a genetic defect in hemoglobin production. Anemia of chronic disease occurs during chronic illnesses and involves trapped iron. Sideroblastic anemia has a genetic defect affecting iron utilization.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure red blood cell
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It is transmitted to humans through contact with water contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rats. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions during the monsoon season. Occupations like farming, sewage work, and fishing are at high risk. Clinical features range from a mild flu-like illness to severe multi-organ involvement including jaundice, acute kidney injury, pulmonary hemorrhage and bleeding diathesis. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR of blood, urine or CSF. Treatment consists of antibiotics and supportive care such as dialysis. Prevention focuses on health education, immunizing livestock
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its classification and causes. It discusses impaired red blood cell production, excessive destruction of RBCs, and blood loss as the main etiologic classifications. The morphologic classifications are macrocytic, microcytic hypochromic, and normochromic normocytic anemia. Causes of impaired RBC production include bone marrow abnormalities and deficiencies in essential factors or stimulation factors. Excessive destruction can be due to intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular defects. Blood loss can be acute or chronic. Specific causes are discussed under each classification.
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition with fewer than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin. The types discussed include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and management. Key points like ringed sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hereditary spherocytosis are explained. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or splenectomy in some cases.
This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, symptoms, evaluation and treatment. It defines anemia as a hemoglobin level below 130g/L for men and 120g/L for women. Anemia can be classified based on four critical elements of erythropoiesis: EPO production, iron availability, bone marrow proliferative capacity and red cell maturation. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, blood tests like complete blood count and iron studies, and bone marrow examination if needed. Causes of anemia include blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hepatology - 2018 - Terrault - Update on prevention diagnosis and treatment...Sheik4
This document provides an update to the 2018 AASLD Hepatitis B Guidance, summarizing key changes and interim data. It discusses the approval of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults, which joins entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and peginterferon as preferred therapies. Phase 3 trials found TAF had similar antiviral efficacy to TDF but significantly less negative impact on bone density and renal function. The guidance was updated to reflect TAF as a new preferred treatment and changes to screening and prevention recommendations.
The document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It provides details on:
- Calcium distribution in the body, with 99% located in bones and teeth.
- Intestinal and renal handling of calcium and the roles of TRPV5 channel and calbindin D28k protein.
- Causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and vitamin D excess.
- Presentation of hypercalcemia ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms like confusion.
- Workup and treatment of hypercalcemia depending on its underlying cause and severity.
Dr. T.V. Rao provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Some key points:
- H. pylori was discovered in 1983 by Warren and Marshall and linked to gastritis and ulcers. They received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- H. pylori colonizes the stomach of about half of individuals worldwide. It is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the stomach.
- H. pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in rare
Hyperkalemia is defined as a plasma potassium level above 5.5 mEq/L. It can be caused by a shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space due to acidosis or tissue damage. Other causes include reduced renal excretion due to medications like ACE inhibitors or renal failure. Symptoms range from none to muscle weakness to cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment involves calcium to antagonize cardiac effects, insulin or beta-agonists to shift potassium intracellularly, and cation exchange resins or dialysis to remove excess potassium.
This document discusses thyroid storm, which is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It can have a mortality rate of 20-30%. Causes include infections, discontinuing thyroid medications, and other systemic stresses. Patients experience high metabolism, tachycardia, hypertension, and other symptoms. Treatment involves medications to stop thyroid hormone synthesis and block peripheral effects, supportive care, treating any precipitating causes, and monitoring for complications. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are needed to reduce mortality from this medical emergency.
This document discusses thyroid storm, which is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It can have a mortality rate of 20-30%. Causes include infections, discontinuing thyroid medications, and other systemic stresses. Patients experience high metabolism, tachycardia, hypertension, and other symptoms. Treatment involves medications to stop thyroid hormone synthesis and block peripheral effects, supportive care, treating any precipitating causes, and monitoring for complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce the high mortality risk associated with thyroid storm.
This document summarizes guidelines from the WHO on rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. It recommends modern cell-culture or embryonated egg-derived rabies vaccines over nerve tissue vaccines. It outlines considerations for wound treatment, administration of rabies immunoglobulin, and intramuscular vaccine regimens. It also discusses intradermal regimens, vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and booster doses.
This document discusses various types of thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. It defines thyrotoxicosis as a hypermetabolic condition associated with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The causes of thyrotoxicosis include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. Thyroiditis can be painful or painless and is caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and other conditions. Subacute thyroiditis is often viral in origin and causes neck pain and signs of thyrotoxicosis. Postpartum thyroiditis can cause thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or a combination in the first postpartum year.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
2. Normal BP: <120/<80
Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
Hypertension stage1 140-159/90-99
Hypertension stage 2 160/100
Emergency >210/>120
Resistant hypertension Failure of BP
control with
three drug
regimen
Isolated systolic >140/<90
hypertension
3. How can we treat hypertension
•Secondary hypertension- treat underlying cause
•Essential hypertension- cause not known
•Factors involved- stress, weight, dietary habits, salt retention,
increased angiotensin production, , increased sympathetic tone
•Approaches-
Reduce salt/water content of body
Reduce sympathetic tone
Reduce effects of circulating angiotensin II
Reduce cardiac force of contraction
Dilate peripheral vessels to reduce cardiac filling & consequent
stroke volume
4. Drugs used for treatment of hypertension:
•Diuretics
•Centrally acting agents- methyl dopa, clonidine
•-Adrenoceptor blockers
•-Adrenoceptor blockers
•Combined and blockers
•ACE inhibitors
•ARBs
•CCBs
•Vasodilators
Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Diazoxide,
Fenoldopam (arteriolar)
Sodium nitroprusside
(arteriolar + venular)
5. Need for life-style changes:
•Weight loss/control
•Restricted sodium intake
•Increasing aerobic exercise
•Moderating alcohol consumption
These changes in life-style may be sufficient to
control hypertension in early stage I
They also facilitate pharmacological treatment
6. Diuretics:
•Thiazides, loop diuretics and K+ sparing diuretics
They are antihypertensive when given alone
Also enhance the efficacy of other antihypertensive
agents
Exact mechanism not known
Initially decrease extracellular volume and enhance Na+
excretion by inhibiting Na+Cl- co-transporter which leads
to in CO
7. Long term therapy- CO and extracellular
volume returns to pretreatment value due to
compensatory mechanisms but antihypertensive
effect persists due to decrease in PVR
in PVR may occur due to direct vasodilatory
effect of thiazides or due to their effect on kidney
8. Thiazides should be avoided in patients with
concommitant:
•Diabetes mellitus
•Gout
•Hyperlipidaemia
•Renal insufficiency
9. High efficacy (ceiling) diuretics
•Severe reduction in blood volume & electrolyte
imbalance
•Strong diuretic
•Weak antihypertensive than thiazide diuretics
•Indicated in HT when complicated by
Chronic renal failure
Coexisting CHF
Severe edema due to use of potent vasodilators
11. Methyldopa:
•It is an analog of DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine)
•It is a pro drug- metabolized in brain by L-aromatic
amino acid decarboxylase in adrenergic neurons to
methyl dopamine and then converted to methyl
norepinephrine
• Methyl norepinephrine is stored in the vesicles in place
of NE and released in response to stimulus
•Acts in the CNS to reduce sympathetic outflow from
brain stem
12. •Also, probably acts an an agonist of central
presynaptic 2 receptors to reduce central
sympathetic outflow
•Rapidly absorbed, t½ approximately 2 h
•Even after i.v. injection effects starts after a
delay of about 6-8 h
13. •Why the delay in action? probably due to time taken for
transportation to brain and conversion to methyl NE
•ADRs:
Sedation, transient
Dryness of mouth
Parkinsonian signs
Hyperprolactenemia leading to gynecomastia or
galactorrhoea
14. Clonidine, Guanbenz and Guanfacine:
•Stimulate 2A subtype of 2 receptors in the brain stem
and reduce the central sympathetic outflow
• in plasma concentration of NE correlates with the
decrease in BP
•Decreased sympathetic outflow also reduces cardiac
output & HR
•In supine position, when the sympathetic tone to
vasculature is low, the effect is mainly by reducing HR
and stroke volume
15. •In upright position, the vasculature tone is high
and effect is mainly by reducing the PVR
•Since they block peripheral vasoconstriction,
postural hypotension may occur
17. Guanadrel:
•Exogenous false neurotransmitter
•Actively transported to adrenergic neuron by NET (NE
transporter)
•Previously NET was known as Uptake 1
•Stored in adrenergic neurons where it is concentrated in
storage vesicles and replaces NE
•Released in place of NE and acts as false neurotransmitter
•It has no activity on adrenergic receptors
18. •This inhibits the functioning of peripheral
adrenergic neurons
•Antihypertensive effect is achieved by
reduction in PVR
•Postural hypotension
19. -Adrenergic blockers:
•Decrease HR, output and stroke volume (1)
•Inhibit renin release from JG apparatus (1)
•Block -receptors of peripheral blood vessels so they
constrict (2)
•PVR increases initially but gradually returns to
pretreatment values or less
•Those crossing the BBB also reduce central sympathetic
tone
20. •Do not cause retention of salt and water
•Often combined with diuretics- additive effect
•Highly preferred drugs for hypertensive
patients with complications like angina, MI or
CHF
23. •All -adrenoceptor blockers initially produce
vasoconstriction by blocking vascular -receptors that
relax vascular smooth muscles
•This vasoconstriction disappears after some time
(adaptability ?)
24. -Adrenoceptor blockers with intrinsic
sympathomimetic activity:
Advantages:
•Less bradycardia & myocardial suppression-
useful in patients having low cardiac reserve
•Less likely rebound hypertension
•Less worsening of lipid profile
•Less effect on exercise tolerance
26. Nebivolol: 1 selective antagonist
•Promotes vasodilation due to production of
NO in arterial smooth muscle
•Has antioxidant properties also
27. 1-Adrenoceptor blockers:
•Block 1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscles of
arterioles
•Reduce arteriolar resistance and increase venous
capacitance
•Reflex increase in HR and plasma renin activity
•Return to normal during long term therapy
•Postural hypotension may occur depending on plasma
volume
28. •Reduce total plasma concentration of
triglycerides and LDL
•Increase plasma levels of HDL- beneficial
effect
•Effect on lipids persists even when combined
with diuretics
•Preferred in hypertensive patients with BPH
29. Combined and adrenoceptor blockers:
•Labetalol and carvedilol
•Labetalol is a mixture of four stereoisomers- one
isomer is blocker like prazosin, another is a non-
selective blocker with partial agonist activity like
pindolol
•Other two isomers are inactive
•Carvedilol is a receptor antagonist with 1 receptor
blocking activity
•Pheochromocytoma
30. Vasodilators: Hydralazine:
Directly relaxes the arteriolar smooth muscle
Mechanism uncertain
Does not relax venous smooth muscle
Compensatory reflex increase in sympathetic outflow
Increase in HR, cardiac output, plasma renin activity and
fluid retention
Selective decrease in vascular resistance in coronary,
cerebral and renal vascular beds
Postural hypotension- uncommon because it does not
dilate veins
31. ADRs:
•Extension of pharmacological effects: headache,
flushing, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia,
dizziness, nausea
•Can precipitate angina or MI due to increased
myocardial O2 demand
•Immunological reactions- drug induced lupus
syndrome, serum sickness, hemolytic anemia
•Pyridoxine responsive polyneuropathy- probably
because hydralazine combines with pyridoxine to form
hydrazone
32. Minoxidil:
•Converted in liver to active form- minoxidil N-O sulphate
•Produces arteriolar vasodilation
•No effect on venous capacitance vessels
•Causes increase in cardiac output
•Blood flow to skin, skeletal muscles, GIT and heart is
increased
•Dilates renal artery, nett effect depends on hypotension
and extent of dilatation
33. •Potent stimulator of renin secretion- by
increasing sympathetic outflow and effecting
renal regulation of renin release
•Minoxidil sulphate opens ATP-modulated K+
channels
•K+ efflux occurs, cell is hyperpolarized
34. May precipitate severe bradycardia/sinus arrest
Hepatotoxicity- Coombs test (antiglobulin)
necessary because autoantibodies are produced
against Rh antigen
Preferred drug for treatment of hypertension
during pregnancy
35. ADRs:
•CVS: same as hydralazine
•Hypertrichosis: (abnormal hair growth in the
body) may occur
Uses:
•Severe hypertension- should never be given
alone; always with a diuretic to prevent fluid
retention and a sympatholytic drug to control
reflex CVS changes
•Baldness- topical
36. Diazoxide:
•Chemically related to thiazide diuretics but has no diuretic
activity
•Instead causes retention of sodium and water
•Acts by opening K+ channels in arteriolar smooth muscle
cells
•No effect on venules
•Causes hyperglycemia
•Used for short term treatment of hypertensive
emergencies
•Often combined with a diuretic and a blocker
37. Fenoldopam:
•Agonist of dopamine D1 receptors
•Causes dilatation of arterioles and natriuresis
•Oral bioavailability is poor
•t½ approx. 5 min
•Onset of action is rapid
•Increases renal output, creatinine clearance and sodium
excretion so concomitant use of diuretic or blocker is not
required
•ADRs: reflex tachycardia, headache, flushing
•Increases intraocular pressure so should be avoided in
glaucoma
38. Sodium nitroprusside:
•Releases NO which dilates the blood vessels
•Mechanism of NO release not known but mimics
endogenous NO release by vascular endothelial cells
•No development of tolerance (it occurs to nitroglycerine)
•Dilates both arterioles and venules
•CO falls due to venous pooling and reduction in PVR
•Plasma renin activity increases
•Unlike arteriolar dilators hydralazine, minoxidil and
diazoxide, it causes only modest increase in HR and
reduces cardiac O2 demand
39. •Used to treat hypertensive emergencies,
aortic dissection, controlled hypotension
during anesthesia
•Effect of light on drug
40. Toxicity:
•Headache, nausea, vomiting-disappear after the drug is
discontinued
•Cyanide or thiocyanate accumulation
•Thiocyanate toxicity- psychosis, disorientation and
convulsions
•Methemoglobinaemia- due to cyanide
41. •Administration of sodium thiosulfate and
hydroxycobalamine
•Sodium thiosulfate- acts as a sulfur donor and facilitates
metabolism of thiocyanates
•Hydrocobalamine- combines with cyanide ion to form
non-toxic cyanocobalamine
42. Pregnancy
•If taken before pregnancy, most anti-HTN can be
continued except ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II
receptor blockers.
•Methyldopa is most widely used for hypertension during
pregnancy.
•Beta-blockers are not recommended early in pregnancy.
43. Drugs to be avoided for treatment of hypertension
associated with other diseases:
Pregnancy ACEI, ARBs, -blockers,
diuretics
Diabetes mellitus IIDDM) Diuretics, -blockers
Angina pectoris Vasodilators
Bronchial asthma -blockers
Peripheral vascular disease -blockers
CHF CCBs except amlodipine,
and -blockers