This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It notes that approximately 1000-1200 mg of calcium is present in an adult, mostly in bone. It describes the distribution and protein binding of calcium in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Factors that influence calcium absorption in the gut and renal handling of calcium are outlined. Mechanisms involved in response to changes in serum calcium levels, including the roles of TRPV5 calcium channels and calbindin D28k protein, are summarized. Causes, clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia and various hypercalcemic disorders like primary hyperparathyroidism and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia are described.
1. Anemia is defined as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin levels. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell breakdown.
2. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, and sideroblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by blood loss or poor iron absorption. Thalassemia involves a genetic defect in hemoglobin production. Anemia of chronic disease occurs during chronic illnesses and involves trapped iron. Sideroblastic anemia has a genetic defect affecting iron utilization.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure red blood cell
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It is transmitted to humans through contact with water contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rats. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions during the monsoon season. Occupations like farming, sewage work, and fishing are at high risk. Clinical features range from a mild flu-like illness to severe multi-organ involvement including jaundice, acute kidney injury, pulmonary hemorrhage and bleeding diathesis. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR of blood, urine or CSF. Treatment consists of antibiotics and supportive care such as dialysis. Prevention focuses on health education, immunizing livestock
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It notes that approximately 1000-1200 mg of calcium is present in an adult, mostly in bone. It describes the distribution and protein binding of calcium in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Factors that influence calcium absorption in the gut and renal handling of calcium are outlined. Mechanisms involved in response to changes in serum calcium levels, including the roles of TRPV5 calcium channels and calbindin D28k protein, are summarized. Causes, clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia and various hypercalcemic disorders like primary hyperparathyroidism and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia are described.
1. Anemia is defined as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin levels. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell breakdown.
2. Common types of anemia include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, and sideroblastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by blood loss or poor iron absorption. Thalassemia involves a genetic defect in hemoglobin production. Anemia of chronic disease occurs during chronic illnesses and involves trapped iron. Sideroblastic anemia has a genetic defect affecting iron utilization.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure red blood cell
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It is transmitted to humans through contact with water contaminated by the urine of infected animals like rats. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions during the monsoon season. Occupations like farming, sewage work, and fishing are at high risk. Clinical features range from a mild flu-like illness to severe multi-organ involvement including jaundice, acute kidney injury, pulmonary hemorrhage and bleeding diathesis. Diagnosis involves culture, serology and PCR of blood, urine or CSF. Treatment consists of antibiotics and supportive care such as dialysis. Prevention focuses on health education, immunizing livestock
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its classification and causes. It discusses impaired red blood cell production, excessive destruction of RBCs, and blood loss as the main etiologic classifications. The morphologic classifications are macrocytic, microcytic hypochromic, and normochromic normocytic anemia. Causes of impaired RBC production include bone marrow abnormalities and deficiencies in essential factors or stimulation factors. Excessive destruction can be due to intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular defects. Blood loss can be acute or chronic. Specific causes are discussed under each classification.
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition with fewer than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin. The types discussed include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and management. Key points like ringed sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hereditary spherocytosis are explained. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or splenectomy in some cases.
This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, symptoms, evaluation and treatment. It defines anemia as a hemoglobin level below 130g/L for men and 120g/L for women. Anemia can be classified based on four critical elements of erythropoiesis: EPO production, iron availability, bone marrow proliferative capacity and red cell maturation. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, blood tests like complete blood count and iron studies, and bone marrow examination if needed. Causes of anemia include blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hepatology - 2018 - Terrault - Update on prevention diagnosis and treatment...Sheik4
This document provides an update to the 2018 AASLD Hepatitis B Guidance, summarizing key changes and interim data. It discusses the approval of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults, which joins entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and peginterferon as preferred therapies. Phase 3 trials found TAF had similar antiviral efficacy to TDF but significantly less negative impact on bone density and renal function. The guidance was updated to reflect TAF as a new preferred treatment and changes to screening and prevention recommendations.
The document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It provides details on:
- Calcium distribution in the body, with 99% located in bones and teeth.
- Intestinal and renal handling of calcium and the roles of TRPV5 channel and calbindin D28k protein.
- Causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and vitamin D excess.
- Presentation of hypercalcemia ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms like confusion.
- Workup and treatment of hypercalcemia depending on its underlying cause and severity.
Dr. T.V. Rao provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Some key points:
- H. pylori was discovered in 1983 by Warren and Marshall and linked to gastritis and ulcers. They received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- H. pylori colonizes the stomach of about half of individuals worldwide. It is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the stomach.
- H. pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in rare
Hyperkalemia is defined as a plasma potassium level above 5.5 mEq/L. It can be caused by a shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space due to acidosis or tissue damage. Other causes include reduced renal excretion due to medications like ACE inhibitors or renal failure. Symptoms range from none to muscle weakness to cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment involves calcium to antagonize cardiac effects, insulin or beta-agonists to shift potassium intracellularly, and cation exchange resins or dialysis to remove excess potassium.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses thyroid storm, which is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It can have a mortality rate of 20-30%. Causes include infections, discontinuing thyroid medications, and other systemic stresses. Patients experience high metabolism, tachycardia, hypertension, and other symptoms. Treatment involves medications to stop thyroid hormone synthesis and block peripheral effects, supportive care, treating any precipitating causes, and monitoring for complications. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are needed to reduce mortality from this medical emergency.
This document discusses thyroid storm, which is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It can have a mortality rate of 20-30%. Causes include infections, discontinuing thyroid medications, and other systemic stresses. Patients experience high metabolism, tachycardia, hypertension, and other symptoms. Treatment involves medications to stop thyroid hormone synthesis and block peripheral effects, supportive care, treating any precipitating causes, and monitoring for complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce the high mortality risk associated with thyroid storm.
This document summarizes guidelines from the WHO on rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. It recommends modern cell-culture or embryonated egg-derived rabies vaccines over nerve tissue vaccines. It outlines considerations for wound treatment, administration of rabies immunoglobulin, and intramuscular vaccine regimens. It also discusses intradermal regimens, vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and booster doses.
This document discusses various types of thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. It defines thyrotoxicosis as a hypermetabolic condition associated with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The causes of thyrotoxicosis include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. Thyroiditis can be painful or painless and is caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and other conditions. Subacute thyroiditis is often viral in origin and causes neck pain and signs of thyrotoxicosis. Postpartum thyroiditis can cause thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or a combination in the first postpartum year.
This document discusses various types of thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. It defines thyrotoxicosis as a hypermetabolic condition associated with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The causes of thyrotoxicosis include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, and certain tumors. Thyroiditis can be painful or painless and is caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, or acute infectious thyroiditis. Subacute thyroiditis presents with neck pain and signs of thyrotoxicosis. Postpartum thyroiditis can cause thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or a combination in the first postpartum year.
Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. It affects women more frequently than men and can result from infiltration of tissues by mucopolysaccharides from prolonged hypothyroidism, causing symptoms like poor hearing and swelling. Signs include weight gain, fatigue, dry skin, and joint pain. Investigations show low thyroid hormone levels and high thyroid stimulating hormone. Treatment is with levothyroxine replacement, starting at a low dose and increasing gradually until a maintenance dose is reached. Pregnant women with hypothyroidism often need higher levothyroxine doses to maintain normal thyroid levels and prevent issues for the fetus. Myxedema coma, a rare severe complication
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, reduced sodium intake, and exercise. Medications used include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and vasodilators. Treatment depends on the individual's medical history and any underlying conditions.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its classification and causes. It discusses impaired red blood cell production, excessive destruction of RBCs, and blood loss as the main etiologic classifications. The morphologic classifications are macrocytic, microcytic hypochromic, and normochromic normocytic anemia. Causes of impaired RBC production include bone marrow abnormalities and deficiencies in essential factors or stimulation factors. Excessive destruction can be due to intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular defects. Blood loss can be acute or chronic. Specific causes are discussed under each classification.
This document discusses various types of anemia. It defines anemia as a condition with fewer than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin. The types discussed include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. For each type, the document outlines causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and management. Key points like ringed sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and hereditary spherocytosis are explained. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or splenectomy in some cases.
This document discusses anemia, including its definition, classification, symptoms, evaluation and treatment. It defines anemia as a hemoglobin level below 130g/L for men and 120g/L for women. Anemia can be classified based on four critical elements of erythropoiesis: EPO production, iron availability, bone marrow proliferative capacity and red cell maturation. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, blood tests like complete blood count and iron studies, and bone marrow examination if needed. Causes of anemia include blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hepatology - 2018 - Terrault - Update on prevention diagnosis and treatment...Sheik4
This document provides an update to the 2018 AASLD Hepatitis B Guidance, summarizing key changes and interim data. It discusses the approval of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults, which joins entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and peginterferon as preferred therapies. Phase 3 trials found TAF had similar antiviral efficacy to TDF but significantly less negative impact on bone density and renal function. The guidance was updated to reflect TAF as a new preferred treatment and changes to screening and prevention recommendations.
The document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It provides details on:
- Calcium distribution in the body, with 99% located in bones and teeth.
- Intestinal and renal handling of calcium and the roles of TRPV5 channel and calbindin D28k protein.
- Causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, and vitamin D excess.
- Presentation of hypercalcemia ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms like confusion.
- Workup and treatment of hypercalcemia depending on its underlying cause and severity.
Dr. T.V. Rao provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Some key points:
- H. pylori was discovered in 1983 by Warren and Marshall and linked to gastritis and ulcers. They received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- H. pylori colonizes the stomach of about half of individuals worldwide. It is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the mucus layer of the stomach.
- H. pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in rare
Hyperkalemia is defined as a plasma potassium level above 5.5 mEq/L. It can be caused by a shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space due to acidosis or tissue damage. Other causes include reduced renal excretion due to medications like ACE inhibitors or renal failure. Symptoms range from none to muscle weakness to cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment involves calcium to antagonize cardiac effects, insulin or beta-agonists to shift potassium intracellularly, and cation exchange resins or dialysis to remove excess potassium.
This document discusses various drug classes used in the treatment of heart failure, including their mechanisms and effects. Diuretics such as loop diuretics are used to reduce preload on the heart by reducing extracellular fluid volume. Vasodilators such as nitroglycerin and ACE inhibitors reduce afterload by dilating blood vessels. Beta-blockers improve outcomes by inhibiting the deleterious effects of sympathetic activation on the heart. Other discussed drug classes include renin inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, vasopressin antagonists, and the cardiac peptide nesiritide.
This document discusses thyroid storm, which is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It can have a mortality rate of 20-30%. Causes include infections, discontinuing thyroid medications, and other systemic stresses. Patients experience high metabolism, tachycardia, hypertension, and other symptoms. Treatment involves medications to stop thyroid hormone synthesis and block peripheral effects, supportive care, treating any precipitating causes, and monitoring for complications. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are needed to reduce mortality from this medical emergency.
This document discusses thyroid storm, which is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It can have a mortality rate of 20-30%. Causes include infections, discontinuing thyroid medications, and other systemic stresses. Patients experience high metabolism, tachycardia, hypertension, and other symptoms. Treatment involves medications to stop thyroid hormone synthesis and block peripheral effects, supportive care, treating any precipitating causes, and monitoring for complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce the high mortality risk associated with thyroid storm.
This document summarizes guidelines from the WHO on rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. It recommends modern cell-culture or embryonated egg-derived rabies vaccines over nerve tissue vaccines. It outlines considerations for wound treatment, administration of rabies immunoglobulin, and intramuscular vaccine regimens. It also discusses intradermal regimens, vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and booster doses.
This document discusses various types of thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. It defines thyrotoxicosis as a hypermetabolic condition associated with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The causes of thyrotoxicosis include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma. Thyroiditis can be painful or painless and is caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and other conditions. Subacute thyroiditis is often viral in origin and causes neck pain and signs of thyrotoxicosis. Postpartum thyroiditis can cause thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or a combination in the first postpartum year.
This document discusses various types of thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. It defines thyrotoxicosis as a hypermetabolic condition associated with elevated thyroid hormone levels. The causes of thyrotoxicosis include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, and certain tumors. Thyroiditis can be painful or painless and is caused by chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, or acute infectious thyroiditis. Subacute thyroiditis presents with neck pain and signs of thyrotoxicosis. Postpartum thyroiditis can cause thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or a combination in the first postpartum year.
Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. It affects women more frequently than men and can result from infiltration of tissues by mucopolysaccharides from prolonged hypothyroidism, causing symptoms like poor hearing and swelling. Signs include weight gain, fatigue, dry skin, and joint pain. Investigations show low thyroid hormone levels and high thyroid stimulating hormone. Treatment is with levothyroxine replacement, starting at a low dose and increasing gradually until a maintenance dose is reached. Pregnant women with hypothyroidism often need higher levothyroxine doses to maintain normal thyroid levels and prevent issues for the fetus. Myxedema coma, a rare severe complication
Hypertension is classified based on blood pressure readings into normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. It can be treated through lifestyle modifications like weight loss, reduced sodium intake, and exercise. Medications used include diuretics, sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCBs, and vasodilators. Treatment depends on the individual's medical history and any underlying conditions.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.