This document discusses organic chemistry concepts including hybridization, types of hybridization like sp3 and sp2, electrophiles, nucleophiles, and free radicals. It provides examples of hybridization in methane, ethane, ethene, benzene, and acetylene. The mechanisms of nitration and sulphonation of benzene are explained including generation of electrophiles and the sigma complex. Haworth synthesis of napthalene and its structural elucidation are also summarized.

1. JUSTICE BASHEER AHMED SAYEED COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(Autonomous) Chennai 18.
S.I.E.T.
Department Of Chemistry
Allied Chemistry –I
UNIT-III
Fundamentals Of Organic Chemistry

2. Chemistry
20 July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 2
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3. Classification Of
Organic
Compounds
20th JULY2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 3

4. 20th JULY2020
MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 4

5. Hybridisation
• The Mixing Up Of
Orbitals Of
Different Energies
to Yeild Equal
number Of
Orbitals all having
equal energies and
shapes
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6. Types Of Hybridisation
20th JULY2020
MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 6

7. Valency Of
Carbon Atom
•C – 1s22s22p2
7

8. Hybridisation In Methane (CH4)– sp3
24th JULY2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 8

9. Hybridisation In Ethane-(C2H6) sp3
24th JULY2020
MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 9

10. ETHENE-C2H4 sp2
24th JULY2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 10

11. Hybridisation In Benzene-C6H6 (sp2 )
24th JULY2020
MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 11

12. Hybridisation in Acetylene-C2H2 (sp)
24th July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 12

13. Electrophile ,Nucleophile &Free Radical
• Electrophile –Electron+philic(electron loving)
• A positively charged ion or group which attacks a negative centre
• E.g-NO2
+,CH3
+,CH3CO+,Cl+
• Nucleophile –Nucleus+philic(proton loving)
• A negatively charged ion or group which attacks a positive centre
• E.g-Cl-,OH-,I-, NH3
• Free Radical-A radical is an atom, molecule, or ion with an odd
electron or unpaired valence electron
• E.g- Cl.,OH.,CH3.
24th July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 13

14. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution In Benzene
• The generation of an electrophile EB→E++B-
• Attack of the electrophile on the negative centre
to form the sigma complex
• Removal of proton by the attack of the anion to form
the substituted product
31th July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 14

15. Mechanism Of Nitration In Benzene-NO2
+
H2SO4 + HNO3 →HSO4
- +H2O-NO2
+
H2SO4+H2O-NO2→HSO4
- +H30+ + NO2
+
2H2SO4 + HNO3 →2HSO4
- +H30+ + NO2
+
31th July 2020
MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 15
Generation of Electrophile
Attack of the electrophile on
the negative centre
to form the sigma complex
Removal of proton by the
attack of the anion to form the
substituted product

16. Mechanism Of Sulphonation In Benzene-SO3
Generation of Electrophile
31th July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM
16
Attack of the electrophile on the
negative centre
to form the sigma complex
Removal of proton by the attack of the
anion to form the substituted product
2H2SO4 ⟶ H3O+ + HSO4
- + SO3

17. Napthalene-Haworth Synthesis
31th July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 17

18. Structural Elucidation Of Napthalene
31th July 2020 MRS.S.JAMAL SAYEEDHA TABASSUM 18

19. 31th July 2020
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