Hunter Reed-CURB POSTER
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Bird feeding indirectly affects mammal distribution and behavior. The study examined mammal detections at sites with bird feeders compared to control sites without feeders. Bird feeding increased mammal diversity and density by providing extra food that increased immigration, home range shifts, and survival. Mammal detections decreased during periods of snow cover likely due to higher energy costs. While bird feeding increased detections of squirrels, chipmunks, raccoons and opossums, it did not change their daily activity patterns since feeders provided constant food access.
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Ecological relationships
This document discusses habitats and environments. A habitat contains biotic and abiotic factors and provides resources for organisms to survive. Organisms are adapted to their habitat and may have even or uneven distributions. Ecologists study habitats using various sampling methods and measure factors like population sizes and environmental conditions. Feeding relationships between organisms in a habitat are represented by food chains and webs. Population sizes are determined by competition, disease, poisoning, and changes in biotic and abiotic factors.
Ecology notes
Ecology and biodiversity plays an important role in biology. Learn the key components of ecosystem interactions.
Example presentation 1 student y
This document discusses plants and animals as natural resources. It notes that plants and animals are important for food, materials, fuel, air quality, and as habitat. However, both face threats from habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, soil erosion, and pollution. A graph shows the increasing percentage of threatened species between 2000-2011. Plants and animals are interrelated through food chains and shared habitats, so environmental issues affect both. Their decline jeopardizes sustainability as humans rely on both for survival.
Biodiversity = Science, Technology and Society Group-2
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It provides many benefits like food, clean water, climate regulation, and cultural services. There are three main types of biodiversity: genetic diversity within species, species diversity between species, and ecosystem diversity between ecosystems. Biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and other human activities. Protected areas aim to conserve biodiversity by limiting human impacts and regulating activities like hunting, grazing, and forestry within areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and forest reserves.
Wild life day
awareness of wild fauna and flora, value of forest, endangered species, causes for wild life depletion, human-wildlife conflict, deforestation, wild-life conservation, wild-life sanctuaries, national park, afforestation, save tree, save forest, save earth, save wild-life
MadanRiva_Thesis
This document summarizes a study examining factors that influenced changes in wild turkey populations in California from 1972 to 2013. The study used breeding bird survey data, land cover data, and data on turkey translocations and hunting to build statistical models analyzing the effects of various predictors on population change. The models found that hunting increased as populations increased, indicating hunting was not limiting populations. Land cover effects varied by scale, with urban land cover positively correlated with population change at smaller distances. Forest, grassland and agriculture were negatively correlated at an intermediate distance. Overall, wild turkey populations in California increased 10% annually during the study period. The results suggest increasing urban land cover, which provides more food, has helped wild turkey populations grow.
Meeting presentation. 2011. Ecological Services of Weeds
This document discusses the ecological services provided by weeds and non-native plants. It notes that while weeds are typically managed to reduce their negative impacts, they can also provide important benefits by providing food, shelter, nesting sites, and perching areas for native wildlife. The document explores various examples of wildlife utilizing weeds and recommends management modifications like altering the timing, intensity, proportion or scale of weed control activities to maintain these ecological services while still meeting management goals. The goal is to recognize and preserve the wildlife value weeds can provide through a "dual goals" approach to management.
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Meeting presentation. 2011. Ecological Services of Weeds
Meeting presentation. 2011. Ecological Services of Weeds
Hunter Reed-CURB POSTER
- 1. One Bird’s Junk, Another Animal’s Treasure: The Indirect Effects of Bird Feeding on Mammal Distribution and Behavior J Hunter Reed References 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2012). 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation: National Overview. 2. Johansen, S. M., Horn, D. J., & Wilcoxen, T. E. (2014). Factors Influencing Seed Species Selection by Wild Birds at Feeders. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 126(2), 374–381. 3. Lin, E. (2005). Production and processing of small seeds for birds. Rome. 4. Prevedello, J. a, Dickman, C. R., Vieira, M. V, & Vieira, E. M. (2013). Population responses of small mammals to food supply and predators: a global meta-analysis. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 82(5), 927–36. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12072 5. Boutin, S. (1989). Food supplementation experiments with terrestrial vertebrates: patterns, problems, and the future. Journal of Zoology, 68, 203–220. 6. Corcoran, M. J., Wetherbee, B. M., Shivji, M. S., Potenski, M. D., Chapman, D. D., & Harvey, G. M. (2013). Supplemental Feeding for Ecotourism Reverses Diel Activity and Alters Movement Patterns and Spatial Distribution of the Southern Stingray, Dasyatis americana. PLoS ONE, 8(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0059235 7. Byman, D., Hay, D. B., & Bakken, G. S. (1988). Energetic costs of the winter arboreal microclimate: the gray squirrel in a tree. Journal of Biometerology, 32, 112– 122. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University Objectives and Predictions 1. Examine the impact of bird feeding on mammal detection, diversity, and density • Bird feeding will increase mammal detection, diversity, and density 2. Examine the impact of weather variables (snow cover and temperature) and bird feeding on mammal detections and activity • Bird feeding will increase mammal detection and density during cold and snow cover Results Introduction • 52.8 million Americans distribute nearly 1 billion pounds of birdseed each year1 • Much of this seed is wasted directly below feeders by birds due to species-specific seed preferences2 • Most common seed varieties are energy and nutrient rich3 • Small mammal populations tend to be food limited, so waste bird seed may be a significant food source to mammals4 • Food supplementation enhances mammal survival5 and reproduction5 , increases immigration5 , and alters animal activity6 • Methodology • Study Area: • Liddell Field Station (Ithaca, New York) • Mixed deciduous/coniferous forest • Surrounded by agricultural fields • Exposure to humans and domestic animals • Trapping periods: • Spring Jan. 31st – May 5th • Fall Aug. 28th – Dec. 12th • Camera Trapping • 6 infrared trail cameras • Rotate cams weekly (feeder and control sites) Discussion • Increases in mammal detections, diversity, and density at feeder sites attributed to increased immigration5 , home range shifts6 , and survival5 • Decreases in mammal detections during snow cover likely due to increased energy expenditure from greater difficulty in finding and uncovering food.7 • Bird feeders did not alter the daily activity patterns of mammals likely because feeders were always available during their typical activity hours. In total, 15,684 photos were taken comprising 12 mammal species. Mean detections increased for Grey Squirrel (a), Eastern Chipmunk (b), Raccoon (c), and Virginia Opossum (d) at feeders. Mean detections decreased for Grey Squirrel and Virginia Opossum during snow cover. Grey Squirrel activity was greater at feeder sites and their daily activity pattern was unaffected.