Humans have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair contains o.pdf
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Humans have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair contains one chromosome from mom and one from dad. The RFLP markers most commonly used for DNA profile analysis are found on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 17. These RFLP markers are named after their locations on these chromosomes. For example, the marker on chromosome 2 is called D2S44 (section 44 of chromosome 2). These chromosomal locations are also referred to as DNA loci (from Latin: locus is singular, loci are plural). Autorads are x-ray films with dark bands representing RFLP markers. The bands are found in lanes, and each lane in this autorad contains DNA fragments from a different source. As you may recall, bands containing longer fragments of DNA are toward the top of the autorad and bands containing shorter fragments are toward the bottom. This is where the "Length Polymorphism" of RFLP is important; Because different individuals will have many different lengths of DNA possible at the location of an RFLP marker, and different people will have bands at different places. Children inherit one copy of an RFLP marker from their mother and one copy from their father. Below is an autorad from a single RFLP locus probe DNA fingerprint analysis for a man and woman and their four children. Examine the image and determine which children, if any, are not the genetic offspring of the couple. Fig 2.
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Dna fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting involves extracting DNA from samples, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, and analyzing the fragment length patterns to identify individuals. Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are highly variable regions of DNA that differ in repeat number between people. By analyzing multiple VNTR loci, DNA profiles can be generated that uniquely identify individuals, except for identical twins. The FBI has established 13 core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are analyzed to generate DNA profiles included in the CODIS national DNA database.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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www.indiandentalacademy.com
molecular marker RFLP, and application
INTRODUCTION
RFLP
Analysis technique
APPLICATION OF RFLP
FORENSIC
DISEASE PROGNOSIS
GENETIC COUNSELING
PEDIGREE
VARIETAL
Advantages of RFLP
Disadvantages of RFLP
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
VNTR and RFLP
This document discusses RFLP and VNTR analysis techniques. RFLP detects differences in DNA sequences by analyzing fragment length variations after restriction enzyme digestion. VNTRs are locations with variable numbers of short repeated sequences that can differ between individuals. The document outlines the basic methods for both, which involve restriction digestion, gel electrophoresis, and probing. It also lists their applications, which include DNA fingerprinting, genetic mapping, disease detection, and forensic analysis.
Rflp
Details on restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with animation. Please download to see clearly.
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This document discusses chromosome and gene mapping techniques. It describes how gene mapping is used to identify the location of genes and distances between genes on chromosomes. Two main types of maps are discussed - genetic maps based on linkage and physical maps using actual distances in base pairs. Molecular markers are described as polymorphic DNA sequences used to map genes. Methods for genetic mapping like linkage analysis and calculating recombination fractions are explained.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dna n gene
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
molecular marker RFLP, and application
INTRODUCTION
RFLP
Analysis technique
APPLICATION OF RFLP
FORENSIC
DISEASE PROGNOSIS
GENETIC COUNSELING
PEDIGREE
VARIETAL
Advantages of RFLP
Disadvantages of RFLP
CONCLUSIONS
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This document discusses RFLP and VNTR analysis techniques. RFLP detects differences in DNA sequences by analyzing fragment length variations after restriction enzyme digestion. VNTRs are locations with variable numbers of short repeated sequences that can differ between individuals. The document outlines the basic methods for both, which involve restriction digestion, gel electrophoresis, and probing. It also lists their applications, which include DNA fingerprinting, genetic mapping, disease detection, and forensic analysis.
Rflp
Details on restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with animation. Please download to see clearly.
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DNA polymorphisms can be used as genetic markers. Molecular markers include non-PCR based markers like RFLPs and PCR-based markers like microsatellites, minisatellites, and SNPs. RFLPs detect differences in restriction fragment lengths that can be used to identify carriers of genetic diseases or match DNA samples in criminal cases. Microsatellites and minisatellites are variable tandem repeats that provide many alleles for identification. Together these marker types allow DNA fingerprinting for individual identification.
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This document provides an overview of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It discusses:
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2. FISH can be used to identify chromosomal abnormalities, assist with gene mapping, and determine ploidy. It has advantages over other techniques like being less labor intensive.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in molecular biology including:
- DNA and RNA structure, including nucleotides, bases, sugars, and single vs double stranded forms.
- Key cellular components like genes, chromosomes, and genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Central processes like transcription, translation, and the central dogma.
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including bacterial vs human DNA organization and composition.
It also includes diagrams of DNA structure, the genetic code, and tRNA structure to illustrate these concepts. The document concludes with sample review questions.
Supplemental knowledge conversion processes have been added to the E.pdf
Supplemental knowledge conversion processes have been added to the Extended Nonaka (1991)
organizational learning model by Ray (2014) to form a new Enhanced Organizational Learning
model. Match the supplement knowledge conversion process titles to the correct definitions:
Acquisition Assimilation Absorption Utilization Exploitation A. the process of scanning,
identifying, and selecting data to support propositions that become new knowledge. B. the
process of analyzing, processing and interpreting info so it can be understood. C. the process of
translating explicit group knowledge in transferrable states into organizational remembered tacit
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operations..
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Rina: Un tema popular de debate entre polticos y economistas es la idea de brindar asistencia
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Musashi: Creo que es opresivo que el gobierno cobre impuestos a las personas que se cuidan a s
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A pesar de sus diferencias, con qu proposicin es ms probable que estn de acuerdo dos
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molecular markers
DNA polymorphisms can be used as genetic markers. Molecular markers include non-PCR based markers like RFLPs and PCR-based markers like microsatellites, minisatellites, and SNPs. RFLPs detect differences in restriction fragment lengths that can be used to identify carriers of genetic diseases or match DNA samples in criminal cases. Microsatellites and minisatellites are variable tandem repeats that provide many alleles for identification. Together these marker types allow DNA fingerprinting for individual identification.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Nucleic acid and Molecular markers
The document discusses nucleic acids and their components. Specifically:
- Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules composed of nucleotides, which contain a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
- DNA and RNA are the two main types of nucleic acids. They are made up of nucleotides and have characteristic bases and pentoses.
- RNA has several types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA that play important roles in protein synthesis and ribosome structure.
Seminar /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
The document discusses gene mapping techniques to localize genes on chromosomes. It describes two main approaches: somatic cell hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Somatic cell hybridization involves fusing cells from two species and tracking which chromosomes are retained based on expression of phenotypes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that hybridize to complementary DNA sequences, allowing visualization of specific chromosomes or regions under UV light. These techniques have revolutionized chromosome analysis and gene mapping by precisely locating genes on human chromosomes.
D.N.A and genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.Forensic dna typing by John M Butler
The document discusses the history and techniques of forensic DNA analysis. It describes how early methods like RFLP used repeated DNA regions called VNTRs to differentiate individuals. More recent STR techniques use short tandem repeats that allow analysis of low-quantity and degraded DNA samples. The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function, describing the double helix structure and how DNA is organized into chromosomes, genes, and loci. It also summarizes sample collection sources for DNA analysis and the basic workflow from extraction to profiling and comparison.
Gene mapping tools
Gene mapping tools can be used to represent the arrangement of genes on chromosomes and determine the position and distance between genes. There are several types of gene mapping including physical mapping, genetic mapping, and linkage mapping. Physical mapping uses molecular techniques to examine DNA directly to construct maps showing gene positions. Genetic maps are based on recombination frequencies between genes and measure distances in centimorgans. Different DNA markers can also be used for mapping, including RFLPs, SNPs, SSLPs, and STSs, along with techniques like FISH, restriction digests, and PCR to analyze these markers and produce genome maps. Gene mapping is important for identifying mutant genes that cause genetic disorders and furthering our understanding of human genetics.
Special types of chromosome
in this slide Include three type of special chromosome first is giant chromosome , second is lampbrush and last one is B- chromosome.
Fish
This document provides an overview of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It discusses:
1. FISH is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to bind specifically to chromosomal regions with complementary DNA sequences, which can then be viewed under a fluorescent microscope.
2. FISH can be used to identify chromosomal abnormalities, assist with gene mapping, and determine ploidy. It has advantages over other techniques like being less labor intensive.
3. Common applications of FISH include detecting aneuploidies for prenatal diagnosis, locating specific DNA sequences on chromosomes, and identifying features in DNA for uses like genetic counseling.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and protein found in cells. They contain genes and other sequences that control functions. Chromosomes come in two types - prokaryotic chromosomes are usually circular DNA molecules while eukaryotic chromosomes contain linear DNA molecules organized into multiple structures. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and other non-histone proteins. The DNA is tightly coiled and packaged into nucleosomes, which further coil to form higher-order structures. Centromeres and telomeres play important roles in cell division and chromosome stability. Chromosome number and structure can vary between species and provide insights into evolution.
Human Chromosomes ,Genetics, genetics problems.pptx
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Giant chromosomes-lampbrush & Polytene
Some giant chromosomes are found in few species of insects, these chromosomes have unique morphology & function. this slide discovers few of them.
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This Presentation deals with the introduction of Genetic Markers, their types and significance in Forensic Science
Polytene & Lampbrush
Polytene and lampbrush chromosomes are specialized giant chromosomes found in insect larvae and animal oocytes respectively. Polytene chromosomes contain thousands of DNA strands and are found in insect salivary glands during interphase. They have characteristic dark and light banding patterns that map genes and identify mutations. Lampbrush chromosomes are very large structures found during meiotic prophase in most animal oocytes except mammals. They contain loops of transcriptionally active chromatin that can be up to 30 times larger than normal chromosomes. Both chromosome types are involved in high levels of gene expression and transcription.
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This document discusses genetics and inheritance patterns. It covers key topics such as chromosomes, genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance. It provides examples and explanations of these fundamental genetics concepts.
2. Special chromosomes - Polytene chromosomes
Polytene chromosomes are giant chromosomes that form in certain cell types through repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division. This results in thousands of identical DNA strands aligned side by side. They are very large, up to 2000um long, and show characteristic banding patterns when stained. The bands correspond to regions of coiled DNA and contain genes, while interbands have less coiled DNA. Gene activity causes some bands to expand and puff out, indicating active transcription in those regions. Polytene chromosomes are useful for mapping genes and studying patterns of gene expression.
Chromosome structure and packaging of dna
Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and help transmit genetic information from parents to offspring. They exist in the nucleus of cells and vary in number between species. DNA is packaged into chromosomes through histone proteins that allow very long DNA strands to fit inside cells. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes, which contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes further compact DNA by forming a beads-on-a-string structure that can coil and fold, allowing the long DNA molecules to fit within cells.
GENE marker typing , abo blood grouping ,karl lamdsteiner
This document discusses the importance of genetic markers in forensic analysis. It defines genetic markers as variations in DNA sequences, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that can be used for individual identification. The document outlines several types of genetic markers used in forensic analysis, including RFLP, SSLP, RAPD, VNTR, STR, and AFLP. It describes how these markers can be detected using techniques like PCR and used to identify individuals by comparing DNA profiles in databases like CODIS. The document concludes that genetic marker techniques combined with PCR allow analysis of minute DNA samples from crime scenes and that markers provide useful information for individual identification.
Concept of genome mapping
This document discusses genome mapping and gene mapping. Genome mapping involves assigning DNA fragments to chromosomes to create a genetic map and guide for sequencing. There are two categories of mapping - genetic mapping using techniques like crossbreeding, and physical mapping which examines DNA directly. Gene mapping determines the order and distance between genes in map units and uses recombination frequencies to estimate distances. Mapping techniques like linkage analysis and using DNA markers like RFLPs, SSLPs, and SNPs help construct linkage maps of the genome.
Lecture 1
The document provides an overview of key concepts in molecular biology including:
- DNA and RNA structure, including nucleotides, bases, sugars, and single vs double stranded forms.
- Key cellular components like genes, chromosomes, and genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Central processes like transcription, translation, and the central dogma.
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including bacterial vs human DNA organization and composition.
It also includes diagrams of DNA structure, the genetic code, and tRNA structure to illustrate these concepts. The document concludes with sample review questions.
Similar to Humans have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair contains o.pdf (20)
Chromosomes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
Chromosomes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
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Seminar /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
D.N.A and genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...
D.N.A and genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...
Human Chromosomes ,Genetics, genetics problems.pptx
Human Chromosomes ,Genetics, genetics problems.pptx
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translating explicit group knowledge in transferrable states into organizational remembered tacit
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Suppose that the Fed will increase the money supply. Which of the following would make the
effect of this increase on aggregate demand larger in the short-run?
A. the interest rate falls and SRAS relatively steep
B. the interest rate rises and SRAS is relatively steep
C. the interest rate falls and SRAS is relatively flat
D. the interest rate rises and SRAS is relatively flat.
Suppose that the body weights of Roborovski dwarf hamsters are norma.pdf
Suppose that the body weights of Roborovski dwarf hamsters are normally distributed with a m
of 22 g and a standard deviation of 1.2 g. A scientist thinks that conditions in the Ordos desert
affecting the hamsters in the region, She collects a random sample of n=25 hamsters from the Or
and finds the sample mean weight to be 21.4 g. Find the probability of observing a sample mean
than or equal to 21.4 if the mean weights of the hamsters in the Ordos desert is 22g as reported..
Suppose that in a particular country, the TFR fell to zero and remai.pdf
Suppose that in a particular country, the TFR fell to zero and remained there. Also suppose that
there was no immigration or emigration. Draw a graph showing how the fraction of the
population that was working age would change over time. Immediately following the fertility
reduction, would the working-age fraction rise or fall? How long would this trend continue?
After how many years would the working-age fraction reach its maximum? Its minimum?.
Suppose that disposable income, consumption, and saving in some coun.pdf
Disposable income was originally $200 billion with consumption of $150 billion and savings of $50 billion. When disposable income rose by $20 billion to $220 billion, consumption increased by $18 billion to $168 billion and savings rose by $2 billion to $52 billion. The economy's MPC was 0.9 and MPS was 0.1 before and after the increase in disposable income.
Suppose that 60 of students at Kansas State University have listene.pdf
Suppose that 60% of students at Kansas State University have listened to Funtabi's album "The
Creatures We Are" (available to listen to on Spotify, Apple Music, and other music streaming
platforms). Additionally, suppose that, to gauge interest in the band, a major record label
randomly samples 400 students.
a.(4pts) Approximate the probability that less than 58% of the sampled Kansas State students
have listened to the album?(Note: Round final answers to 4 decimal places.).
Suppose Maria and Jamal both face the following individual loss dist.pdf
Suppose Maria and Jamal both face the following individual loss distribution: 30% probability of
losing $60. The individual Standard Deviation (without pooling) is approx:
27
18
22
19
27
18
22
19.
Suppose a random variable X has the following probability distributi.pdf
Suppose a random variable X has the following probability distribution:
a. Find the expected value of X, E(X).
b. Find the variance of X, V ar(X).
c. Find the cumulative distribution function of X, F(x) = P(X x).xf(x)100.20110.40120.30130.10.
Suppose a country had a smaller increase in debt in 2011 than it had.pdf
Suppose a country had a smaller increase in debt in 2011 than it had in 2010. Then other things
the same, we would expect
a. lower interest rates and investment in 2011 than in 2010.
b. lower interest rates and greater investment in 2011 than in 2010.
c. higher interest rates and greater investment in 2011 than in 2010.
d. higher interest rates and lower investment in 2011 than in 2010.
how would implement empowerment techniques within a service Choose .pdf
how would implement empowerment techniques within a service? Choose two answers that
demonstrate empowerment in practice.
a. give the client limited range of choices of services and activities
b. ask the client to follow their care plan, even if they wish to change it
c. give the client information about different choices available to them and support them to
choose independently
d. support the client to understand their own needs and decide what they need to be able to meet
those needs.
How were the management controls at Siemens prior to the Bribery sca.pdf
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controls in place that led to the bribery scandal to take place? How was the organization run prior
to the scandal? Did finance/auditors/accounting teams manipulate the accounts and why did they
not notice the bribe payments that were paid in different countries? FYI - The Siemens bribery
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How would I create this diagramRentTool Viewpoints � Technology .pdf
How would I create this diagram
RentTool Viewpoints
Technology Usage Viewpoint: How applications are supported by hardware and software.
RentTool is a tool/equipment rental company.
They provide their service to construction companies.
Use the description of RentTools application and technology layers in the next slide.
Use an Architecture library.
Draw the Infrastructure Viewpoint of ToolRent.
Draw the Technology Usage Viewpoint of ToolRent.
Application Layer
The Rental company uses two applications:
RMS: Rental Management System
CRM: Customer Relation Management
The following three application services are provided:
Rental Management Service
Financial Service
CRM Data Access Service
Data object defined in the applications:
Customer Data
Application layer services
Three Applications services:
CRM Application Component realizes CRM Data Access (application layer) service.
RMS Application Component realizes Rental Management Service (application layer) and
Financial Service (application layer).
CRM Data Access Service serves RMS application.
CRM Application Component accesses Customer Data (application layer passive structure
element).
Technology Layer (computers and services)
Three computers in total
Two computers run the RMS software application
General-purpose Server (GP Server #1)
Back-up Server Cluster
One computer runs the CRM software application
General purpose server (GP Server #2)
Two technology layer services
Application Hosting Service
Database Management Service
Technology Layer (system software)
Two system software elements
Application Server
Database Management (DBMS)
All server computers run Application Server system software ( is assigned to relationship)
Application Server system software realizes Application Hosting service (Technology layer)
GP Server runs Database Management (DBMS) system software (is assigned to relationship)
Database Management (DBMS) system software realizes Database Management service
(Technology layer)
Technology layer (artifacts)
Related artifacts: RMS system artifact and CRM system artifact
Shows the software files distributions (e.g. zip file)
The assignment relationships with the related computers
Customer Database Tables artifact represents the implementation of the Customer Data object
in the application layer
Technology-Application Alignment
Technology layer provides the following technology layer services:
Application Hosting service serves all application components in the application layer
use a relationship connector
Database Management service serves only CRM Application application component.
Database Management service (technology layer service) accesses Customer Database Table
(an artifact that realizes Customer Data in the application layer).
How well did Thaldorf interact with each member of the DMUOn what.pdf
How well did Thaldorf interact with each member of the DMU?
On what date did Thaldorf effectively lose the sale to Lohmann University? On December 18,
Kurt Thaldorf, a sales engineer for can diagnose cancer of the pancreas in less than two the
German sales subsidiary of Mediquip, S.A., was weeks after it develops. This was not possible
before informed by Lohmann University Hospital in Stuttgart CT scanners." that it had decided
to place an order with Sigma, a Mediquip was a subsidiary of Technologie UniDutch competitor,
for a CT scanner. The hospital's verselle, a French conglomerate. The company's proddecision
came as disappointing news to Thaldorf, who uct line included, in addition to CT scanners, X-
ray, had worked for nearly eight months on the account. ultrasonic, and nuclear diagnostic
equipment. Mediquip The order, if obtained, would have meant a sale of enjoyed a worldwide
reputation for advanced technol(Euro) 2,370,000 for the sales engineer. 1 He was con- ogy and
competent after-sales service. vinced that Mediquip's CTscanner was technologically "Our
competitors are mostly from other European superior to Sigma's and, overall, a better product.
countries," commented Mediquip's Sales Director for Thaldorf began a review of his call reports
in order Europe. "In some markets they have been there longer to better understand the factors
that had led to Lohmann than we have, and they know the decision-makers betUniversity
Hospital's decision. He wanted to apply the ter than we do. But we are learning fast." Sigma, the
lessons from this experience to future sales situations. subsidiary of a diversified Dutch company
under the same name, was the company's most serious competiBACKGROUND tor. Other
major contenders in the CT scanner market were FNC, Eldora, Magna, and Piper. At the time,
the computer tomography (CT) scanner Mediquip executives estimated the European marwas a
relatively recent product in the field of diagnostic ket for CT scanners to be around 200 units per
year. imaging. This medical device, used for diagnostic pur- They pointed out that prices ranged
from 1.5 to 3.0 poses, allowed examination of cross sections of the million per unit. The
company's CT scanner sold in the human body through display of images. CT scanners upper
end of the price range. "Our equipment is at least combined sophisticated X-ray equipment with
a com- two years ahead of our most advanced competition," puter to collect the necessary data
and translate them explained a sales executive. "And our price reflects this into visual images.
When computer tomography was first introduced in Mediquip's sales organization in Europe
included the late 1960s, radiologists had hailed it as a major tech- eight country sales
subsidiaries, each headed by a mannologiqal breakthrough. Commenting on the advantages
aging director. Within each country, sales engineers of CT scanners, a product specialist with
Mediquip said, reported to regional sales managers who, in turn, ".
How do increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions threaten sea creatures, .pdf
How do increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions threaten sea creatures, like corals?
Increasing atmospheric CO2 leads to more CO2 becoming dissolved in the ocean, which makes
the ocean more basic.
Increasing atmospheric CO2 leads to more CO2 becoming dissolved in the ocean, which makes
the ocean more acidic.
Increasing atmospheric CO2 leads to destruction of the ozone layer, which increases UV
radiation and coral bleaching
Increasing atmospheric CO2 increases sedimentation on reefs, which shades out photosynthetic
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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