This document discusses emotions, including what they are, influences on their expression, guidelines for expressing emotions, and managing difficult emotions. It explains that emotions have physiological, nonverbal, and cognitive components. Culture, gender, personality, and social conventions can influence emotional expression. When expressing emotions, one should recognize their feelings, consider when and where to share them, and be mindful of communication channels used. Managing difficult emotions involves addressing irrational thinking and self-talk, monitoring reactions, and replacing unconstructive thoughts with more positive perspectives.

1. Looking Out/Looking InLooking Out/Looking In
Thirteenth EditionThirteenth Edition
44EmotionsEmotions
CHAPTER TOPICSCHAPTER TOPICS
• What are Emotions?
• Influences on Emotional Expression
• Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
• Managing Difficult Emotions

2. 22EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What Are Emotions?What Are Emotions?
• Physiological Factors
• Strong emotions are coupled with strong
physiological factors
• Physical components of fear:
• Increased heart rate
• Rise in blood pressure
• Increase in adrenaline secretions
• Elevated blood sugar
• A slowing of the digestive system

3. 33EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What are Emotions?What are Emotions?
• Nonverbal Reactions
• Feelings are often apparent by observable
reactions
• Appearance Changes
• Blushing, sweating, etc
• Behavioral Changes
• Facial expression
• Posture
• Gestures
• Different vocal tone or rate

4. 44EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What are Emotions?What are Emotions?
• Cognitive Interpretations
• The mind plays an important role in
determining emotional states
• The symptoms of fear discussed earlier are similar
to those of excitement, joy and other emotions
• If you were to monitor someone having a strong
emotional reaction, you would have a hard time
ascertaining which emotion the person was
experiencing

5. 55EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
What are Emotions?What are Emotions?
• Verbal Expression
• Words can be required to discover the depth
or intensity of the emotion
• At times we can’t rely on perceptiveness to be
sure a message is communicated
• Is a new acquaintance mistaking your
friendlessness as a come-on?
• Is a lover’s unenthusiastic response a sign of
boredom with you, or something less personal?

6. 66EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on EmotionalInfluences on Emotional
ExpressionExpression
• Personality
• There is a clear relationship between
personality and the way we experience and
express emotions
• Extroverts tend to report more positive emotions
• Neurotic individuals tend to report more negative
emotions
• Personality doesn’t have to govern your
communication satisfaction

7. 77EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on EmotionalInfluences on Emotional
ExpressionExpression
• Culture
• A significant factor that influences emotional
expression in different cultures is whether that
culture is:
• Individualistic (United States and Canada)
• These cultures feel comfortable revealing their emotions
to people with whom they are close
• Collectivistic (Japan and India)
• These cultures prize harmony and discourage
expressions of negative emotions which may upset
relationships

8. 88EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on EmotionalInfluences on Emotional
ExpressionExpression
• Gender
• Biological sex is the best predictor of the
ability to detect/interpret emotional expression
• Research suggests that there is some truth to the
unexpressive male
• In one study, females were 10-15% more accurate
in remembering emotional images
• People in close relationships are likely to
experience/express more emotions than
those who are not

9. 99EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on EmotionalInfluences on Emotional
ExpressionExpression
• Social Conventions
• The unwritten rules of communication
discourage the direct expression of emotion
• How many genuine emotional expressions do you
or we see in daily life?
• Social rules even discourage too much expression
of positive feelings
• Emotion Labor
• Managing or even suppressing emotions is both
appropriate and necessary

10. 1010EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Influences on EmotionalInfluences on Emotional
ExpressionExpression
• Fear of Self-Disclosure
• In a society that discourages the expression
of emotions, revealing them can seem risky
• Emotional Contagion
• The process by which emotions are
transferred from one person to another
• Is it possible to catch someone’s mood?
• Emotions become more infectious with prolonged
contact

11. 1111EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for ExpressingGuidelines for Expressing
EmotionEmotion
• There is not a universal rule for expression
of emotion
• Personality, culture, gender, play a part
• The key is to express emotion constructively
• Think about a time when you expressed your
emotion clearly, then wish you hadn’t.
• Those who control their feelings and deny
distress are more likely to get a host of
ailments, including cancer and heart disease

12. 1212EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for ExpressingGuidelines for Expressing
EmotionEmotion
• Recognize Your Feelings
• Beyond being aware, also try to identify
• Recognize the difference between feeling,
talking and acting
• Expand your emotional vocabulary
• Share multiple feelings
• You might often express anger but overlook
confusion, disappointment or frustration

13. 1313EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for ExpressingGuidelines for Expressing
EmotionEmotion
• Consider When and Where to Express
Your Feelings
• Give yourself time to discover the gravity of
the emotion before full expression
• Accept responsibility for your feelings
• Instead of saying:
• “You’re making me angry!” try “I’m getting angry.”
• “You hurt my feelings,” say “I feel hurt when you do
that.”

14. 1414EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Guidelines for ExpressingGuidelines for Expressing
EmotionEmotion
• Be Mindful of the Communication Channel
• Mediated Channels
• Email
• Instant Message
• SMS Message
• Is it appropriate to end a relationship via
voicemail?
• What is the result of using CAPITAL
LETTERS in an instant message or email?

15. 1515EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions
• Facilitative Emotions
• Are emotions which contribute to effective
functioning
• Debilitative Emotions
• Are emotions which detract from effective
functioning
• Intensity
• Anger or irritation may be beneficial
• Rage usually makes matters worse

16. 1616EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Sources of Debilitative Emotions
• Our genetic makeup
• Emotional memory
• Harmless events can trigger debilitative feelings
• Self-talk

17. 1717EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Self-Talk
• Interpretations people make of an event,
during the process of self-talk that determine
their feelings
Event Thought Feeling
Being called names “I’ve done something wrong.” hurt, upset
Being called names “My friend must be sick.” concern,
sympathy

18. 1818EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Irrational Thinking
• The Fallacies
• The Fallacy of Perfection
• The belief that a worthwhile communication should
be able to handle every situation
• The Fallacy of Approval
• That it is vital to gain the approval of virtually every
person

19. 1919EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Irrational Thinking
• The Fallacy of Shoulds
• The inability to distinguish between what is and
what should be
• The Fallacy of Overgeneralization
• Basing a decision on limited information
• When we exaggerate shortcomings
• The Fallacy of Causation
• The irrational belief that emotions are caused by
others rather than by one’s own self-talk

20. 2020EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Irrational Thinking
• The Fallacy of Helplessness
• Satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond
your control
• The Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations
• The assumption that if something bad can happen,
then it is going to happen

21. 2121EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Managing Difficult EmotionsManaging Difficult Emotions
• Minimizing Debilitative Emotions
• Monitor your emotional reactions
• Note the activating event
• Record your self-talk
• Reappraise your irrational beliefs
• Replace self-defeating self-talk with more
constructive thinking

22. 2222EMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATINGEMOTIONS: FEELING, THINKING, AND COMMUNICATING
Chapter ReviewChapter Review
• What are Emotions?
• Influences on Emotional Expression
• Guidelines for Expressing Emotions
• Managing Difficult Emotions