Description of how human specie was evolved using context from Darwinf thoery and also what is the role of gentic engineering in this aspect

2. Army Public College of Management & Sciences,
Rawalpindi
Prof. Col (Retd.) Javed Rushdi
1. Zeeshan Sajid F-3657
2. Salman Salah ud Din F-3679
3. Muhammad Shiraz Habib F-3680
4. Faizan Ahmed F-3700

3. Human Origins
• The Origin of the Human Species
• Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
• Recent Developments in Genetics
• Some Implications of Recent Developments

4. • Islamic Concept
• Modern or Scientific Concept

5. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES
• Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people
originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that
the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated
from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately
six million years.
• One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability
to walk on two legs -- evolved over 4 million years ago.
• Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that
the modern humanspecies, Homo sapiens, has a very close
relationship to another group of primate species, the apes
• Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution
occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived
between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa.

6. Human Species Family Tree

7. THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN SPECIES
• Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different
species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however,
about how these species are related or which ones simply
died out.
• Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably
between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. They entered
Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million
years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of
the world much later.

8. • Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed
by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of
organisms arise and develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited variations that increase the
individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
• First formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of
Species" in 1859.
• The theory is sometimes described as "survival of the
fittest," but that can be misleading. Here, "fitness" refers
not to an organism's strength or athletic ability, but
rather the ability to survive and reproduce.

10. • Natural selection can change a species in small ways, causing a population
to change color or size over the course of several generations. This is
called "microevolution.“
• Given enough time and enough accumulated changes, natural selection
can create entirely new species, known as "macroevolution." It can turn
dinosaurs into birds, amphibious mammals into whales and the ancestors
of apes into humans.
• Darwin also described a form of natural selection that depends on an
organism's success at attracting a mate, a process known as sexual
selection. The colorful plumage of peacocks and the antlers of male deer
are both examples of traits that evolved under this type of selection.
• But Darwin wasn't the first or only scientist to develop a theory of
evolution. The French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck came up with the
idea that an organism could pass on traits to its offspring, though he was
wrong about some of the details. And around the same time as Darwin,
British biologist Alfred Russel Wallace independently came up with the
theory of evolution by natural selection.

12. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the
international, collaborative research program
whose goal was the complete mapping and
understanding of all the genes of human beings.
All our genes together are known as our
"genome.“

13. Human genome project
• The Human Genome Project
started in 1990 and ended in
2003.
• It was coordinated by the U.S.
Department of Energy and the
National Institutes of Health.
• The HGP aims to: identify all
20,000 to 25,000 genes in
human DNA, determine
sequence of 3 billion chemical
base pairs of DNA, store
information in databases,
address the ELSI (ethical, legal,
and social implications).

14. Achievements
• The sequencing of the human DNA sequence was completed in the spring of
2003.
• 99% of the gene-containing section of the human genome sequence was
completed, to accuracy of 99.99%, in April of 2003.
• 3.7 million human SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism – DNA sequence
variation in a single nucleotide) was mapped in February of 2003.
• The genome sequences of E. coli, S. cerevisiae, D. melanogaster, and C.
elegans were finished in April of 2003.
• The whole-genome drafts of the mouse and the rat was finished in April of
2003.

15. • Identify potential suspects through DNA
evidence
• Exonerate those wrongly convicted by
providing DNA evidence
• Settle questions of paternity and other family
relationships
• Identify endangered and protected species
• Detect pollutants in water, soil, air, and food
• Match organ donors with recipients
• Authenticate consumables, like caviar and
wine
Forensics

16. Molecular medicine
• Improve upon gene therapy
(insertion or alteration of genes to
treat disease)
• Develop methods of earlier
detection of genetic mutation and
susceptibility to diseases
• Design drugs to act as activators or
inhibitors of functions of different
proteins to prevent diseases
(rational drug design)
• Improve diagnosis of different
diseases, like diabetes, heart
disease, schizophrenia, and cancer
• Reduce and treat genetic diseases,
like hemochromatosis,
phenlyketonuria, and
hypercholesterolemia

18. Implications
• Improve in assessment of health damage by
radiation exposure
• Improve in assessment of damage caused by
exposure to mutagenic chemicals and
carcinogenic toxins
• Study evolution through germline mutations
• Study migration of specific groups based on
female genetic inheritance
• Study Y chromosome and mutations