The document describes several key human body systems. It discusses the skeletal system which has 206 bones and functions to support the body, protect organs, and allow movement. The muscular system contains over 600 muscles including smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles. The respiratory system helps breathe in oxygen used for energy and removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports blood through the heart and vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
We can learn the answer to this question by
observing, hypothesizing, experimenting, and
analysing. We are complex living beings in a
complex, contradictory, ever-changing world. We
know that we do not understand everything about
ourselves, but by using this scientific method
we can keep learning more and more.
Without our bodies we are nothing. A person
cannot exist without a body. In this book you
can see pictures of some basic structures of the
human body. You can also begin to see the
interconnections between the different parts of
the body in order to understand how the body
functions.
We should warn you that there are two serious
misconceptions that you may get from this book.
One misconception is that any part of the human
body exists in a static state. Actually everything
in the body is in a constant state of movement
and change. It is constantly being broken down
and rebuilt. Every thing is in the process of
becoming something else. Actually, we are not
made of things, but of processes. Thus, on the
left-hand pages, we have briefly discussed some
of the processes and functions of the structures
seen on the right-hand pages.
The second misconception is that the human
body systems exist as separate entities. They
cannot function separately. They are all
interconnected and dependent on each other.
Some of the same organs even belong to more
than one system. For example, the long bones
appear in both the skeletal and the lymphatic
systems, since in addition to providing support
they also manufacture blood cells. The ovaries
appear in both the hormonal and the reproductive
systems, since they produce both hormones and
ova. These human body systems are merely
useful ways of classifying and studying the
structure and function of the body. All together
they function and interact with each other and
with the surroundings to produce a conscious,
living human being.
This presentation contains the explanation of different systems in our body. For example : respiratory,circulatory etc.I hope you will enjoy the presentation :)
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
8. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal system is made up of 206 bones.
The Skeletal system has 3 functions: supports the body, protects some of our internal
organs, and allows us to move.
9. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal system is made up of 206 bones.
The Skeletal system has 3 functions: supports the body, protects some of our internal
organs, and allows us to move.
The Skeletal system works with other systems:
10. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal system is made up of 206 bones.
The Skeletal system has 3 functions: supports the body, protects some of our internal
organs, and allows us to move.
The Skeletal system works with other systems:
Muscular- the muscles help our bones move.
11. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal system is made up of 206 bones.
The Skeletal system has 3 functions: supports the body, protects some of our internal
organs, and allows us to move.
The Skeletal system works with other systems:
Muscular- the muscles help our bones move.
Cardiovascular- red blood cells are made in the bone marrow of the bone.
12. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal system is made up of 206 bones.
The Skeletal system has 3 functions: supports the body, protects some of our internal
organs, and allows us to move.
The Skeletal system works with other systems:
Muscular- the muscles help our bones move.
Cardiovascular- red blood cells are made in the bone marrow of the bone.
Digestive System- the calcuim our body intakes will be delivered to our bones by the
blood cells.
17. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Your body consists of more than 600 muscles.
There are three types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
18. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Your body consists of more than 600 muscles.
There are three types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles- muscles we cannot control. The brain
controls these muscles. These muscles are your stomach, intestinal, esphogus, ect.
19. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Your body consists of more than 600 muscles.
There are three types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles- muscles we cannot control. The brain
controls these muscles. These muscles are your stomach, intestinal, esphogus, ect.
Cardiac muscle: This is the heart muscle. It pumps your blood throughout your body.
It pumps without you telling it too.
20. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Your body consists of more than 600 muscles.
There are three types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles- muscles we cannot control. The brain
controls these muscles. These muscles are your stomach, intestinal, esphogus, ect.
Cardiac muscle: This is the heart muscle. It pumps your blood throughout your body.
It pumps without you telling it too.
Skeletal Muscles:Voluntary muscles.You control these muscles. You control your foot
if you want to kick the soccer ball. These muscles are connected to the bones by
tendons.
26. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
It helps you breath in the oxygen that your body needs to work properly.
Oxygen helps you to move and turns food into energy.
27. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
It helps you breath in the oxygen that your body needs to work properly.
Oxygen helps you to move and turns food into energy.
The right lung is larger than the left lung.
28. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
It helps you breath in the oxygen that your body needs to work properly.
Oxygen helps you to move and turns food into energy.
The right lung is larger than the left lung.
The lungs work with the diaphragm- it allows you to inhale and exhale.
29. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
It helps you breath in the oxygen that your body needs to work properly.
Oxygen helps you to move and turns food into energy.
The right lung is larger than the left lung.
The lungs work with the diaphragm- it allows you to inhale and exhale.
As you inhale, you inhale oxygen. The oxygen will go through the lungs to the red
blood cells and travel throughout the body.
30. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
It helps you breath in the oxygen that your body needs to work properly.
Oxygen helps you to move and turns food into energy.
The right lung is larger than the left lung.
The lungs work with the diaphragm- it allows you to inhale and exhale.
As you inhale, you inhale oxygen. The oxygen will go through the lungs to the red
blood cells and travel throughout the body.
As you exhale, you exhale carbon dioxide. The poison your body does not need
31. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
It helps you breath in the oxygen that your body needs to work properly.
Oxygen helps you to move and turns food into energy.
The right lung is larger than the left lung.
The lungs work with the diaphragm- it allows you to inhale and exhale.
As you inhale, you inhale oxygen. The oxygen will go through the lungs to the red
blood cells and travel throughout the body.
As you exhale, you exhale carbon dioxide. The poison your body does not need
Systems: Cardiovascular system and Skeletal System
38. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It carries blood that is filled with oxygen and nutrients throughout your body.
It carries away wastes.
39. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It carries blood that is filled with oxygen and nutrients throughout your body.
It carries away wastes.
It is your bodies very own delivery service.
40. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It carries blood that is filled with oxygen and nutrients throughout your body.
It carries away wastes.
It is your bodies very own delivery service.
It is the size of a fist and is located on the left side of your chest.
41. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It carries blood that is filled with oxygen and nutrients throughout your body.
It carries away wastes.
It is your bodies very own delivery service.
It is the size of a fist and is located on the left side of your chest.
Right side of your heart- receives the blood from the body and carries it to the lungs
to get rid of the carbon dioxide.
42. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It carries blood that is filled with oxygen and nutrients throughout your body.
It carries away wastes.
It is your bodies very own delivery service.
It is the size of a fist and is located on the left side of your chest.
Right side of your heart- receives the blood from the body and carries it to the lungs
to get rid of the carbon dioxide.
Left side of your heart- receives the blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout
your body delivering oxygen.
43. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It carries blood that is filled with oxygen and nutrients throughout your body.
It carries away wastes.
It is your bodies very own delivery service.
It is the size of a fist and is located on the left side of your chest.
Right side of your heart- receives the blood from the body and carries it to the lungs
to get rid of the carbon dioxide.
Left side of your heart- receives the blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout
your body delivering oxygen.
It works with all the systems.
48. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NOTES FROM MAGIC SCHOOL BUS
Step 1: Mouth- Teeth grind food and saliva breaks down chemical of food.
49. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NOTES FROM MAGIC SCHOOL BUS
Step 1: Mouth- Teeth grind food and saliva breaks down chemical of food.
Step 2: Esophagus- Muscles push the swallowed food down into the stomach.
50. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NOTES FROM MAGIC SCHOOL BUS
Step 1: Mouth- Teeth grind food and saliva breaks down chemical of food.
Step 2: Esophagus- Muscles push the swallowed food down into the stomach.
Step 3: Stomach- Acids and juices from organs will turn food into a liquid.
51. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NOTES FROM MAGIC SCHOOL BUS
Step 1: Mouth- Teeth grind food and saliva breaks down chemical of food.
Step 2: Esophagus- Muscles push the swallowed food down into the stomach.
Step 3: Stomach- Acids and juices from organs will turn food into a liquid.
Step 4: Small Intestines- Vilia will absorb nutrients from the food and transport it to
the blood stream. Then the blood stream will carry it to the rest of the body.
52. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NOTES FROM MAGIC SCHOOL BUS
Step 1: Mouth- Teeth grind food and saliva breaks down chemical of food.
Step 2: Esophagus- Muscles push the swallowed food down into the stomach.
Step 3: Stomach- Acids and juices from organs will turn food into a liquid.
Step 4: Small Intestines- Vilia will absorb nutrients from the food and transport it to
the blood stream. Then the blood stream will carry it to the rest of the body.
Step 5: Large Intestines- Liquid will be absorbed from waste and sent to bladder.
Waste will leave body.