Medical oxygen generator plant for hospitalRajinder Singh
"PECTHERM (P) LIMITED" in partnership with "INMATEC Gase Technologie GmBh & Co. KG", Germany brings in India Medical Oxygen Generators –100% Made in Germany. We have an impressive history as well as an unmatched product line to name just a few advantages as below :-
100% MADE IN GERMANY guarantees for very good quality
More than 20 years experience and more than 6000 sold generators worldwide
3,500 m² production area
Market leader with its own R&D (research and development) and own Design department
Documentation in many languages incl. English, German, all European, Turkish, Russian, Arabic, Farsi and more.
OnTouch PSA Oxygen Generators with a full feature, color Touch Control Panel offering advanced control & monitoring and unlimited connectivity i.e. IPAD, IPHONE & PC remote control, Email Alarm, Profibus, Modbus.
Redundant generators with full duplex valve sections. “INMATEC" equipments can give life between 15 to 25 years of successful operation
Oxygen with purities upto 99.5% and capacities up to 1500 m3/h
Medical Oxygen Generator Plants in compliance with the latest European and US PHARMACOPOEIA, according to ISO 10083 and complying to HTM
Our Medical Onsite Oxygen Generators marked as a "Medical Device" with the CE mark 1250
Usage dependent production of highly pure to ultrapure oxygen directly on site at constant oxygen purity.
The INMATEC oxygen generators with PAN technology (Power As Needed) are some of the most energy-efficient generators worldwide for the in-house production of oxygen.
Just as in the OnTouch series, all operating values are continually measured and monitored. The use of the multilingual touch control panel offers the highest possible protection for the whole production process. All measured values are logged and can be further processed or even remote controlled from any computer workstation in the world by the remote control procedure.
The energy advantages and the full networking ability with tablets and smartphones make the INMATEC generators a real highlight in the world of in-house production. Only available… at “PECTHERM”.!
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance, including normal pH levels and buffer systems that regulate pH. It defines different acid-base disorders like metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. For each disorder it discusses compensatory responses and common causes. Key concepts covered are the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, anion gap, factors that can cause a rise or fall in bicarbonate levels, and how the kidneys and lungs work to compensate for acid-base imbalances. Reference materials are also listed.
Interpretation of the Arterial Blood Gas analysisVishal Golay
The document discusses the basics of acid-base balance, the role of kidneys in homeostasis, and a step-wise approach to diagnosing acid-base disorders from arterial blood gas results including evaluating pH, PCO2, HCO3, and other electrolytes and looking at changes from normal values. It also covers proper sampling techniques for arterial blood gases and interpreting various values calculated from the measured results.
This document contains several blood gas analysis reports and questions to test interpretation skills. It includes cases of metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation, metabolic acidosis with partial compensation, and respiratory alkalosis with hyperoxia. Questions assess the ability to interpret acid-base and oxygenation status, calculate values like anion gap and oxygen content, and determine the most hypoxemic patient based on content rather than pressure. The document is a study aid for the arterial blood gas analysis section of a pediatrics practical exam.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gas analysis. It discusses the history and development of blood gas analysis, indications for arterial blood gas sampling, and the procedure. It outlines normal values and how to interpret acid-base balance, oxygenation, and ventilation based on arterial blood gas parameters. A stepwise approach to acid-base analysis is presented, including how to identify primary versus secondary disorders and evaluate respiratory and renal responses.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen in 1773, while John Priestley was the first to publish on it in 1774. Antoine Lavoisier later coined the term "oxygen". Oxygen is essential for aerobic metabolism and production of ATP in cells. However, too much oxygen can be toxic. The goals of oxygen therapy are to correct hypoxemia, decrease symptoms, and minimize cardiovascular strain. Devices range from low-flow nasal cannulas to high-flow non-rebreathing masks. Proper selection depends on the patient's condition and desired fraction of inspired oxygen. Overuse of oxygen can suppress ventilation and cause toxicity, so the minimum amount to achieve adequate oxygenation should be used.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis including normal parameters, definitions of acid-base disturbances, and a systematic approach to interpreting ABG results. It discusses the three mechanisms that maintain pH homeostasis: chemical buffering, alveolar ventilation, and renal handling of acids and bases. The four primary acid-base disorders are defined as metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. A stepwise approach is outlined including establishing the primary disorder, assessing compensation, and evaluating for mixed disturbances. Examples of common ABG interpretations are also provided.
This document provides guidance on interpreting arterial blood gas (ABG) results. It discusses:
1. The normal ranges for pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, and other ABG components.
2. A step-by-step process for ABG interpretation, beginning with checking the validity of results, assessing oxygenation, identifying acid-base disturbances, and determining whether issues are respiratory or metabolic in nature.
3. How to evaluate the chronicity of any respiratory acid-base disturbances and how the kidneys will compensate metabolically.
4. How to classify metabolic acid-base disturbances based on anion gap and identify potential etiologies like lactic acidosis
Medical oxygen generator plant for hospitalRajinder Singh
"PECTHERM (P) LIMITED" in partnership with "INMATEC Gase Technologie GmBh & Co. KG", Germany brings in India Medical Oxygen Generators –100% Made in Germany. We have an impressive history as well as an unmatched product line to name just a few advantages as below :-
100% MADE IN GERMANY guarantees for very good quality
More than 20 years experience and more than 6000 sold generators worldwide
3,500 m² production area
Market leader with its own R&D (research and development) and own Design department
Documentation in many languages incl. English, German, all European, Turkish, Russian, Arabic, Farsi and more.
OnTouch PSA Oxygen Generators with a full feature, color Touch Control Panel offering advanced control & monitoring and unlimited connectivity i.e. IPAD, IPHONE & PC remote control, Email Alarm, Profibus, Modbus.
Redundant generators with full duplex valve sections. “INMATEC" equipments can give life between 15 to 25 years of successful operation
Oxygen with purities upto 99.5% and capacities up to 1500 m3/h
Medical Oxygen Generator Plants in compliance with the latest European and US PHARMACOPOEIA, according to ISO 10083 and complying to HTM
Our Medical Onsite Oxygen Generators marked as a "Medical Device" with the CE mark 1250
Usage dependent production of highly pure to ultrapure oxygen directly on site at constant oxygen purity.
The INMATEC oxygen generators with PAN technology (Power As Needed) are some of the most energy-efficient generators worldwide for the in-house production of oxygen.
Just as in the OnTouch series, all operating values are continually measured and monitored. The use of the multilingual touch control panel offers the highest possible protection for the whole production process. All measured values are logged and can be further processed or even remote controlled from any computer workstation in the world by the remote control procedure.
The energy advantages and the full networking ability with tablets and smartphones make the INMATEC generators a real highlight in the world of in-house production. Only available… at “PECTHERM”.!
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance, including normal pH levels and buffer systems that regulate pH. It defines different acid-base disorders like metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. For each disorder it discusses compensatory responses and common causes. Key concepts covered are the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, anion gap, factors that can cause a rise or fall in bicarbonate levels, and how the kidneys and lungs work to compensate for acid-base imbalances. Reference materials are also listed.
Interpretation of the Arterial Blood Gas analysisVishal Golay
The document discusses the basics of acid-base balance, the role of kidneys in homeostasis, and a step-wise approach to diagnosing acid-base disorders from arterial blood gas results including evaluating pH, PCO2, HCO3, and other electrolytes and looking at changes from normal values. It also covers proper sampling techniques for arterial blood gases and interpreting various values calculated from the measured results.
This document contains several blood gas analysis reports and questions to test interpretation skills. It includes cases of metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation, metabolic acidosis with partial compensation, and respiratory alkalosis with hyperoxia. Questions assess the ability to interpret acid-base and oxygenation status, calculate values like anion gap and oxygen content, and determine the most hypoxemic patient based on content rather than pressure. The document is a study aid for the arterial blood gas analysis section of a pediatrics practical exam.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gas analysis. It discusses the history and development of blood gas analysis, indications for arterial blood gas sampling, and the procedure. It outlines normal values and how to interpret acid-base balance, oxygenation, and ventilation based on arterial blood gas parameters. A stepwise approach to acid-base analysis is presented, including how to identify primary versus secondary disorders and evaluate respiratory and renal responses.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered oxygen in 1773, while John Priestley was the first to publish on it in 1774. Antoine Lavoisier later coined the term "oxygen". Oxygen is essential for aerobic metabolism and production of ATP in cells. However, too much oxygen can be toxic. The goals of oxygen therapy are to correct hypoxemia, decrease symptoms, and minimize cardiovascular strain. Devices range from low-flow nasal cannulas to high-flow non-rebreathing masks. Proper selection depends on the patient's condition and desired fraction of inspired oxygen. Overuse of oxygen can suppress ventilation and cause toxicity, so the minimum amount to achieve adequate oxygenation should be used.
This document provides an overview of arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis including normal parameters, definitions of acid-base disturbances, and a systematic approach to interpreting ABG results. It discusses the three mechanisms that maintain pH homeostasis: chemical buffering, alveolar ventilation, and renal handling of acids and bases. The four primary acid-base disorders are defined as metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. A stepwise approach is outlined including establishing the primary disorder, assessing compensation, and evaluating for mixed disturbances. Examples of common ABG interpretations are also provided.
This document provides guidance on interpreting arterial blood gas (ABG) results. It discusses:
1. The normal ranges for pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, and other ABG components.
2. A step-by-step process for ABG interpretation, beginning with checking the validity of results, assessing oxygenation, identifying acid-base disturbances, and determining whether issues are respiratory or metabolic in nature.
3. How to evaluate the chronicity of any respiratory acid-base disturbances and how the kidneys will compensate metabolically.
4. How to classify metabolic acid-base disturbances based on anion gap and identify potential etiologies like lactic acidosis
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: 5% is carried dissolved in plasma, 10% is carried as carbamino-hemoglobin, and 85% is carried as hydrogen carbonate. In tissues, carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and reacts with water, catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, to form hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions. In the lungs, these reactions reverse, hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions recombine to release carbon dioxide back into the lungs.
This document discusses medical gases, their production, distribution, and applications. It notes that medical gases must be extremely pure and their production and use is strictly regulated. Common medical gases include oxygen, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and medical air. They have various applications including in pharmaceutical production, as therapies for patients, and to control atmospheres. The document outlines how medical gases are delivered to facilities through pipelines and various safety measures that are in place.
1) The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is directly proportional to its percentage. Gases dissolve in liquids according to their partial pressures based on Henry's law.
2) Respiratory membranes are only 0.5-1 μm thick, allowing for efficient gas exchange across their large total surface area of about 60 m2.
3) Factors that maximize gas exchange include increasing the partial pressure difference of gases, maximizing membrane surface area, and minimizing membrane thickness.
Anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal systemCHETAN RSANGATI
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its organs and functions. It describes the alimentary canal which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It discusses the organs that make up the digestive system such as the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It provides details on the structure, blood supply, nerve supply and functions of these organs to breakdown and absorb food.
The document summarizes key concepts about gas exchange in the respiratory system. It discusses Dalton's law of partial pressures and Henry's law, which explain how gases dissolve in liquids and exert pressure. The document then explains how atmospheric and alveolar air differ in composition due to differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures. It also describes ventilation-perfusion coupling in the lungs and how this efficient gas exchange. Oxygen is transported in the blood by dissolving in plasma and binding reversibly to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Factors like temperature, pH, carbon dioxide levels, and 2,3-BPG affect the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve. Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms in the blood - dissolved, bound to hem
Chapter 40 transport of oxygen and carbonDon Alerta
- Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues, increasing oxygen carrying capacity 30-100x over dissolved oxygen alone. In tissues, oxygen diffuses into cells where it is used to produce carbon dioxide.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction as oxygen, from tissues into blood and back to the lungs, aided by chemical compounds that increase its transport 15-20x. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion.
- During exercise, cardiac output and tissue blood flow increase substantially, along with right-shifting of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, greatly enhancing oxygen delivery to active muscles.
The lungs have several metabolic functions beyond gas exchange, including defence against pathogens, maintenance of water balance, temperature and acid-base regulation, and metabolism of substances. The lungs are protected by physical, cellular and biochemical defences at different levels of the respiratory tract. Mucus, cilia, coughing, and alveolar macrophages help clear particles and pathogens from the lungs. The lungs also play roles in systemic functions such as water and heat regulation, acid-base balance, and metabolism of hormones and vasoactive substances.
This document discusses the transport of carbon dioxide in the body. It notes that CO2 is produced during cellular respiration and diffuses into tissue capillaries before being transported back to the lungs. CO2 is transported in three forms: dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions, and bound to hemoglobin. The majority (70%) is transported as bicarbonate ions via reactions that involve carbonic anhydrase. Transport is facilitated by pressure gradients and the Haldane effect, which enhances CO2 unloading in the lungs and loading in tissues. Hypoventilation and hyperventilation can disrupt acid-base balance by altering CO2 levels.
Hypoxia is a condition defined by low oxygen levels in tissues. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen supply or transport such as high altitude, anemia, lung diseases, or blood flow issues. Symptoms include cyanosis or blue skin/lips. There are four main types of hypoxia: arterial (low oxygen to lungs), anemic (low hemoglobin), ischemic (poor blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues can't use oxygen). Treatment focuses on restoring arterial oxygen levels through acclimatization, hyperventilation, or supplemental oxygen administration. Untreated hypoxia can damage tissues and organs or even cause death.
This is a presentation covers the basics aspects of dual mode of mechanical ventilations. these modes that use the pressure control and volume control ventilation at the same time.
This document discusses arterial blood gases (ABG) and venous blood gases (VBG), including their normal values, physiology of acid-base balance, interpretation, and factors that can affect results. ABG provides information about acid-base balance, alveolar ventilation, and oxygenation status, while VBG is less invasive and can be used for frequent monitoring. The document outlines the steps to analyze ABG, describes various acid-base imbalances like respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, and provides examples of ABG values for different conditions.
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and pH regulation in the human body. It discusses the importance of maintaining pH levels, the various buffer systems that help regulate pH (including the bicarbonate buffer system and phosphate buffer system), and the roles of respiration and the kidneys in pH regulation. Blood gas analysis is described as a way to determine acid-base balance and oxygenation by measuring values like pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, and oxygen saturation. Conditions like respiratory acidosis and alkalosis that disrupt acid-base balance are also summarized.
The document describes the structure and function of the kidney and nephron. The kidney regulates blood volume, electrolyte concentrations, pH, and excretes waste. It contains nephrons, the functional units, each with a glomerulus for blood filtration into Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule collecting duct. Filtration occurs from blood into the glomerulus, then reabsorption and secretion regulate water and ion balance as the filtrate passes through the nephron, with waste exiting as urine through the ureters.
PH definition and determinants , how to regulate the Acid/base in our body ,ABG's normal values in atrery and vein , how to obtain an arterial blood sample, the interpretation of ABG's , steps to analuse Acid-base, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and its causes also about metablic acidosis and alkalosis and the causes and some case studies .
Hazardous Materials Certification Training Part 1Matthew Gaudyn
A comprehensive walkthrough of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The presentation was made for AAA Molybdenum Products, Inc. and it was meant to train employees on the most common hazardous materials used at the company. Disclaimer: most of the information is still pertinent, but updates to the Code always occur. Please make sure you are using the most up-to-date versions of your CFR 49 manual.
The respiratory system provides gas exchange by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. It contains the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs through diffusion between the alveolar air and capillary blood. Inhalation is driven by contraction of the diaphragm which increases the thoracic cavity volume, lowering pressure and drawing air in. Exhalation is passive as the diaphragm and chest wall relax, reducing volume and raising pressure to push air out.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood capillaries during gas exchange in the lungs. Air enters the lungs through the nasal cavity and trachea, with oxygen-rich alveolar air reaching the alveoli. The blood in the surrounding capillaries is oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich. Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cells where it binds to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygenated blood is then transported around the body where gas exchange occurs again, with oxygen diffusing into cells and carbon dioxide diffusing into the blood.
This document defines key terms related to gas exchange and ventilation in the lungs. It discusses functional residual capacity, residual volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory capacity. It defines serial and physiological dead space and how they are measured. It describes how to calculate alveolar ventilation rate given pulmonary ventilation rate, dead space volume, and respiratory rate. It explains the processes of ventilation, perfusion, and the ventilation/perfusion ratio in the lungs.
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: 5% is carried dissolved in plasma, 10% is carried as carbamino-hemoglobin, and 85% is carried as hydrogen carbonate. In tissues, carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and reacts with water, catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, to form hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions. In the lungs, these reactions reverse, hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions recombine to release carbon dioxide back into the lungs.
This document discusses medical gases, their production, distribution, and applications. It notes that medical gases must be extremely pure and their production and use is strictly regulated. Common medical gases include oxygen, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and medical air. They have various applications including in pharmaceutical production, as therapies for patients, and to control atmospheres. The document outlines how medical gases are delivered to facilities through pipelines and various safety measures that are in place.
1) The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is directly proportional to its percentage. Gases dissolve in liquids according to their partial pressures based on Henry's law.
2) Respiratory membranes are only 0.5-1 μm thick, allowing for efficient gas exchange across their large total surface area of about 60 m2.
3) Factors that maximize gas exchange include increasing the partial pressure difference of gases, maximizing membrane surface area, and minimizing membrane thickness.
Anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal systemCHETAN RSANGATI
The document provides an overview of the digestive system, including its organs and functions. It describes the alimentary canal which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It discusses the organs that make up the digestive system such as the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It provides details on the structure, blood supply, nerve supply and functions of these organs to breakdown and absorb food.
The document summarizes key concepts about gas exchange in the respiratory system. It discusses Dalton's law of partial pressures and Henry's law, which explain how gases dissolve in liquids and exert pressure. The document then explains how atmospheric and alveolar air differ in composition due to differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures. It also describes ventilation-perfusion coupling in the lungs and how this efficient gas exchange. Oxygen is transported in the blood by dissolving in plasma and binding reversibly to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Factors like temperature, pH, carbon dioxide levels, and 2,3-BPG affect the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve. Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms in the blood - dissolved, bound to hem
Chapter 40 transport of oxygen and carbonDon Alerta
- Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues, increasing oxygen carrying capacity 30-100x over dissolved oxygen alone. In tissues, oxygen diffuses into cells where it is used to produce carbon dioxide.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction as oxygen, from tissues into blood and back to the lungs, aided by chemical compounds that increase its transport 15-20x. The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide drive this diffusion.
- During exercise, cardiac output and tissue blood flow increase substantially, along with right-shifting of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, greatly enhancing oxygen delivery to active muscles.
The lungs have several metabolic functions beyond gas exchange, including defence against pathogens, maintenance of water balance, temperature and acid-base regulation, and metabolism of substances. The lungs are protected by physical, cellular and biochemical defences at different levels of the respiratory tract. Mucus, cilia, coughing, and alveolar macrophages help clear particles and pathogens from the lungs. The lungs also play roles in systemic functions such as water and heat regulation, acid-base balance, and metabolism of hormones and vasoactive substances.
This document discusses the transport of carbon dioxide in the body. It notes that CO2 is produced during cellular respiration and diffuses into tissue capillaries before being transported back to the lungs. CO2 is transported in three forms: dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions, and bound to hemoglobin. The majority (70%) is transported as bicarbonate ions via reactions that involve carbonic anhydrase. Transport is facilitated by pressure gradients and the Haldane effect, which enhances CO2 unloading in the lungs and loading in tissues. Hypoventilation and hyperventilation can disrupt acid-base balance by altering CO2 levels.
Hypoxia is a condition defined by low oxygen levels in tissues. It can be caused by factors that decrease oxygen supply or transport such as high altitude, anemia, lung diseases, or blood flow issues. Symptoms include cyanosis or blue skin/lips. There are four main types of hypoxia: arterial (low oxygen to lungs), anemic (low hemoglobin), ischemic (poor blood flow), and histotoxic (tissues can't use oxygen). Treatment focuses on restoring arterial oxygen levels through acclimatization, hyperventilation, or supplemental oxygen administration. Untreated hypoxia can damage tissues and organs or even cause death.
This is a presentation covers the basics aspects of dual mode of mechanical ventilations. these modes that use the pressure control and volume control ventilation at the same time.
This document discusses arterial blood gases (ABG) and venous blood gases (VBG), including their normal values, physiology of acid-base balance, interpretation, and factors that can affect results. ABG provides information about acid-base balance, alveolar ventilation, and oxygenation status, while VBG is less invasive and can be used for frequent monitoring. The document outlines the steps to analyze ABG, describes various acid-base imbalances like respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, and provides examples of ABG values for different conditions.
This document provides an overview of acid-base balance and pH regulation in the human body. It discusses the importance of maintaining pH levels, the various buffer systems that help regulate pH (including the bicarbonate buffer system and phosphate buffer system), and the roles of respiration and the kidneys in pH regulation. Blood gas analysis is described as a way to determine acid-base balance and oxygenation by measuring values like pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, and oxygen saturation. Conditions like respiratory acidosis and alkalosis that disrupt acid-base balance are also summarized.
The document describes the structure and function of the kidney and nephron. The kidney regulates blood volume, electrolyte concentrations, pH, and excretes waste. It contains nephrons, the functional units, each with a glomerulus for blood filtration into Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule collecting duct. Filtration occurs from blood into the glomerulus, then reabsorption and secretion regulate water and ion balance as the filtrate passes through the nephron, with waste exiting as urine through the ureters.
PH definition and determinants , how to regulate the Acid/base in our body ,ABG's normal values in atrery and vein , how to obtain an arterial blood sample, the interpretation of ABG's , steps to analuse Acid-base, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and its causes also about metablic acidosis and alkalosis and the causes and some case studies .
Hazardous Materials Certification Training Part 1Matthew Gaudyn
A comprehensive walkthrough of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The presentation was made for AAA Molybdenum Products, Inc. and it was meant to train employees on the most common hazardous materials used at the company. Disclaimer: most of the information is still pertinent, but updates to the Code always occur. Please make sure you are using the most up-to-date versions of your CFR 49 manual.
The respiratory system provides gas exchange by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. It contains the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs through diffusion between the alveolar air and capillary blood. Inhalation is driven by contraction of the diaphragm which increases the thoracic cavity volume, lowering pressure and drawing air in. Exhalation is passive as the diaphragm and chest wall relax, reducing volume and raising pressure to push air out.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood capillaries during gas exchange in the lungs. Air enters the lungs through the nasal cavity and trachea, with oxygen-rich alveolar air reaching the alveoli. The blood in the surrounding capillaries is oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich. Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cells where it binds to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. The oxygenated blood is then transported around the body where gas exchange occurs again, with oxygen diffusing into cells and carbon dioxide diffusing into the blood.
This document defines key terms related to gas exchange and ventilation in the lungs. It discusses functional residual capacity, residual volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory capacity. It defines serial and physiological dead space and how they are measured. It describes how to calculate alveolar ventilation rate given pulmonary ventilation rate, dead space volume, and respiratory rate. It explains the processes of ventilation, perfusion, and the ventilation/perfusion ratio in the lungs.
This document provides an overview of the rise and development of paternalism. It discusses how paternalism emerged from hierarchical social structures like the family unit or tribe, where authority figures like fathers or leaders exercised power and control over subordinates. It notes how concepts like patriarchy, paternalism and patrimonialism describe such top-down relations. The document also examines the distinction between benevolent and exploitative forms of paternalism, and how thinkers like Kant and Mill critiqued paternalism for limiting individual freedom and autonomy.
VERGİLEMENİN SINIRLARI VE ANAYASAL KURAL ÖNERİLERİ
HUKUK TEORİSİ, HUKUK FELSEFESİ VE HUKUK DOKTRİNİ YAKLAŞIMLARI
1. HUKUK TEORİSİ, HUKUK FELSEFESİ
VE
HUKUK DOKTRİNİ YAKLAŞIMLARI
• BU SUNUM AŞAĞIDAKİ KAYNAKTAN YARARLANILARAK HAZIRLANMIŞTIR.
C.C.AKTAN,HUKUK VE İKTİSAT,İZMİR: SOBİAD YAYINI
• SUNUMU HAZIRLAYAN: CANSU İDİKURT
Prof.Dr.CoSkun Can Aktan
2. “Ulusların uygulamaya koydukları öldürücü ve ahlak bozucu kanunlar nelerdir?
Bunlar, bir soyguncular çetesinin mecliste geçirdiği kurallar yerine kanunlar
denilmesini hak etmemektedirler. Eğer cahil ve yeteneksiz insanlar ilaçlarla şifa
vermek yerine ölümcül zehirleri salık verirlerse buna, muhtemelen, doktorların
tedavisi denemez. Yıkıcı bir düzenleme olmasına rağmen bir ülke onu kabul etse bile
bir ülkedeki bu tip bir kural kanun olarak adlandırılamaz. Bu nedenle, kanun, her
şeyin en kadimi ve aslı olan doğa ile ve iyiyi savunan ve kötüyü cezalandıran doğanın
standartlarıyla uyum içinde olmak koşuluyla, adil olanla adaletsiz olan arasındaki
ayrımdır.”
Marcus Tullius Cicero
3. Toplumsal yaşamı düzenleyen
hukuk kuralları acaba hangi
temel ilkelere göre
düzenlenmeli ve
uygulanmalıdır?
Pozitif hukukun temel
amaçları nelerdir?
Yargıçlar hukuk kurallarını
tatbik etme aşamasında
hangi ilkelere bağlı kalarak
karar vermelidirler?
Hukuk kurallarını
tatbik etmekle görevli
olan yargıçlar karar
verirken sadece
pozitif hukuk kuralları
ile mi bağlı
olmalıdırlar?
Normatif hukuk
açısından
hukukun temel
amaçları neler
olmalıdır?
4. Özetle, hüküm
verme konusunda
yargıçların
izleyecekleri ideal
yol ne olmalıdır?
Öte yandan, yargıçların
kararlarına ne kadar
güvenilebilir? Yargıçları
kim yargılayacak?
Yargıçların kararlarının
güvenilirliğini sağlamak için acaba
jüri sisteminin hukuk sistemine
dahil edilmesi gerekir mi?
5. 17. Yüzyılın başlarından itibaren
kullanılmaya başlanan bir kavramdır.
Latince “iuris” ve
“prudentia” kelimelerinden türetilen
“iurisprudentia”, bu kavramın etimolojik
temelini oluşturur.
Kısaca “hukuk doktrini” olarak ifade
edebileceğimiz “jurisprudence” bir
hukuk teorisi olduğu kadar bir hukuk
metodolojisidir; aynı şekilde bir hukuk
felsefesi olduğu kadar bir hukuk
sosyolojisi yaklaşımıdır.
6. Doğal hukuk
doktrini
Bu yaklaşıma göre hukuk kuralları
oluşturulurken ve uygulanırken “doğal haklar”
esas alınmalıdır. Bu konu hukuk doktrinleri
içerisinde “doğal hukuk felsefesi” olarak da
bilinir.
Bu doktrine göre hukukun temeli evrensel
değerler ve ahlak olmalıdır. Bu yaklaşımda
evrensel anlamda kabul edilen değerler ve etik
ilkeler önem taşımaktadır.
Evrensel
değerler ve
ahlak doktrini
Hukuk doktrini, pozitif hukuk kurallarının kaynağı
üzerine düşünmek demektir. Önemle belirtelim ki,
hukuk doktrini açısından ideal kuralların ne olması
gerektiği konusunda üzerinde uzlaşılmış ilkeler söz
konusu değildir. Bu konuda birbirinden oldukça
farklı görüşler ya da daha doğru bir ifadeyle
öğretiler mevcuttur. Bu konudaki öğretileri şu
şekilde özetlemek mümkündür:
7. Hukuki teoloji doktrini
• Bu yaklaşıma göre dinler ve
inançlar da hukuk kurallarının
temelini oluşturabilir. Burada
toplumda benimsenmesi ve
uygulanması gereken kurallar
belirli bir dine ait kurallardır.
• Örneğin, Kilise bilimi veya
eklesiyoloji Hristiyan
teolojisinde önemli bir yere
sahiptir ve hukuk kurallarını
kilise kavramı çerçevesinde
ele alır.
8. Türk hukukçularından Kemal Gözler hukuki
teolojisi doktrinini şu sözlerle açıklamaktadır:
“İlk çağ tabiî hukukçularına göre, hukuk tabiatın
ürünüdür. Orta çağ tabiî hukukçuları ise bu
tabiatın, Tanrı tarafından yaratıldığı, tanrısal bir
tabiat olduğu üzerinde durmuşlardır. Onlara
göre, hukukun kaynağında tabiatı yaratan Tanrı
bulunur… Ortaçağ tabiî hukuku dinî niteliktedir.
Bunun içindir ki, Orta Çağ tabiî hukukuna bazen
dinî tabiî hukuk da denir. Belki bu hukuka
doğrudan “ilahî hukuk” veya “dinî hukuk”
demek daha uygun düşerdi. Ama İlk Çağ için
yerleşen “tabiî hukuk” terimini kullanma
alışkanlığı Orta Çağ için de devam etmiştir. Orta
Çağ tabiî hukukunun en önemli temsilcileri Aziz
Augustinus ve Thomas Aquinas’tır.”
9. Teamül ve içtihat hukuku doktrini:
Bu teamül ve içtihat hukuku yaklaşımında hem
geçmiş tecrübeler hem de önceki yıllarda
mahkemelerin vermiş olduğu içtihat kararları
hukukun ana kaynağını oluşturmalıdır görüşü
savunulur.
Örneğin, bir ülkenin yazılı bir anayasası
olmayabilir; ama asırlar boyunca oluşmuş yazılı
olmayan gelenekleri ve tecrübeleri fevkalade
önemlidir.
Hukuk sosyolojisi doktrini:
Bu yaklaşıma göre hukuk kurallarının
oluşturulmasında sosyal yapı, sosyal kurumlar
ve kültür önem taşır. Bunlardan bağımsız ve
kayıtsız kuralların varlığı hem meşruiyet
açısından sorunlar oluşturabilir hem de
uygulanabilmesi güç olabilir.
10. Faydacılık doktrini:
• Bu doktrine göre, insan
davranışlarını belirleyen olgu
faydadır, yasa-koyucular da bu
gerçeği dikkate alarak kuralları
oluşturmalıdır. Bu yaklaşım
çerçevesinde bireysel faydayı
esas alan hukuk kuralının
ekonomik bakımdan etkin
sonucu doğurduğu savunulur.
• Özellikle anayasa yapımında,
yasama faaliyetine yön verecek
temel kaynak toplumsal fayda
olmalıdır.
Hukuki pragmatizm doktrini
• Hukuk kurallarının oluşturulması,
benimsenmesi ve tatbikinde
“pratik kolaylık”,
“uygulanabilirlik”, “mantıksal
tutarlılık” ve “toplumsal fayda”
gibi unsurlar önem taşır. Hukuki
pragmatizm yaklaşımını
savunanların başında Amerikalı
yargıç ve akademisyen Richard A.
Posner gelmektedir.
11. ❑Bu yaklaşıma göre hukukkuralları akla ve mantığa
uygun olmalı ve analitikbir temele sahip olmalıdır.
Hukukkurallarında akıl ve mantıkhakimolduğunda
ideal kurallarınbulunmasıve bunlarıntercih edilmesi
dahakolaylaşmış olur.
❑Örneğin; kurallarda, açıklık, anlaşılabilirlik,
ulaşılabilirlik, kesinlik, belirlilik, istikrar, daimilik,
düzenlilik, öngörülebilirlik gibi ideal ilkeler hiç
kimsenin itiraz etmeyeceği türdenilkelerdir.
12. Avusturyalı hukukçu Hans Kelsen (1881-1973)
“Saf Hukuk Teorisi” adını verdiği bir hukuk
doktrini geliştirmiştir. Kelsen, doğal hukuk ve
ilahi hukuka karşı çıkarak adalet kavramının
tanımlanmasında, diğer bir ifadeyle neyin adil,
neyin gayri adil olduğunun belirlenmesinde
insanoğlunun aklının esas alınması gerektiği
görüşünü savunur.
Kelsen şöyle demektedir:
“Çünkü neyin âdil olduğunu, neyin âdil
olmadığını bilmek gerektiğinde karar, kendi
değer yargımızın temeli olarak kabul ettiğimiz
adalet normlarının seçimine bağlıdır.”
13. Hukuki formalizm doktrini:
Analitik hukuk doktrini ile oldukça yakın olan bir diğer öğreti
literatürde formalizm olarak bilinmektedir. Hukuki
formalizm doktrini, “hukuk kurallarının oluşturulmasında ve
uygulanmasında bilimsel yaklaşım hakim olmalıdır” görüşünü
savunmaktadır.
Burada “gelenekler”, “yerleşmiş alışkanlıklar ve değerler”,
“sosyal normlar”, “etik”, “dini inançlar” ve saire
bilimselliğin önemi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımı
savunanlara göre hukuk bir bilimdir ve diğer bilimler gibi
“bilimsellik” yaklaşımı ön planda olmalıdır.
Yargıçlar hüküm verme konusunda hukuk-dışı
kaynaklara başvurmadan yasa koyucunun amacına
bağlı kalmalı ve bilimselliği gözetmelidirler.
14. Hukuk doktrini yaklaşımlarının bir
diğeri “hukuki pozitivizm” olarak
bilinir. Burada yürürlükteki hukuk
kuralları esastır. Yasa koyucu
tarafından oluşturulan yürürlükteki
hukuk kuralları yargıçların iradi ve
takdiri kararlarının önündedir.
Bu yaklaşıma göre hukuk
doktrini pozitif hukuka dayalı
olmalıdır. Pozitif hukuk, yasa
koyucunun emir ve talimatlarıdır
ve bu kurallarının temel özelliği
“cebri” olması ve kurallara
uyulmamasının müeyyidelerinin
bulunmasıdır.
15. Bu yaklaşımı savunanlara göre hukukun
uygulanmasında hukuki pozitivizm
yaklaşımı hukuki formalizm ile
bütünleştirilmelidir. Örneğin, yargıçlar
karar verirken ahlaki-dini-sosyolojik
değerleri ve kurumları dikkate almadan
bilimselliği esas almalı ve mevcut
mevzuat neyi söylüyorsa ona göre karar
vermelidirler. İradeci pozitivizm, yürürlükteki
hukukun üzerinde üst bir hukuku kabul
etmez. Normativist pozitivizm ise hukuk
bilimini doğa bilimleri gibi saf bir bilim
olarak değerlendirir
16. Hukuki realizm doktrini
Literatürde “eleştirel hukuk yaklaşımı” olarak bilinen bir
başka doktrin daha söz konusudur. Realist bir bakış açısını
benimsediği için “hukuki realizm” olarak da adlandırılan bu
yaklaşımda “hakim sınıf neyi isterse onu yasa haline getirir
ve uygular görüşü” savunulur.
Hukuk, hakim sınıfın çıkarınadır ve
hakim sınıfın diğer sınıflara dikte ettiği
kurallardır. Bu yaklaşım mevcut hukuk
doktrinlerine eleştirel bir bakış açısı
sunmaktadır. Hukukî realizm yaklaşımı
hukuku soyut hukuk kuralları ya da
adalet ve ahlâk gibi kavramlarla değil,
maddî dünyadaki gerçek ilişkilerle
açıklamaya çalışmaktadır