The document discusses turfgrass adaptation and ecology, focusing on three regions in the western United States: the Pacific Coastal region, Cool Humid region, and Cool Arid region. It summarizes the key differences between these regions in terms of precipitation patterns, average temperatures, and which grass species thrive best in each climate zone. The Pacific Coastal region, which experiences dry summers and wet winters, is highlighted as distinct from the other two regions that receive more consistent rainfall throughout the year.
This document describes various glacial and periglacial landforms formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Cirques are round hollows formed by glacial erosion in mountain regions. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two cirques, and pyramidal peaks form where three or more cirques meet. Glacial erosion can also form U-shaped valleys called troughs. Deposition by glaciers forms landforms like till, moraines, drumlins and erratics. Periglacial processes in cold regions without glaciers form patterned ground, ice wedges, pingos and other landforms through freeze-thaw action.
The taiga biome has long, cold winters and short, cool summers with low precipitation. It is dominated by coniferous trees like spruce, fir, and pine that are adapted to the climate with needle-like leaves and thick bark. Common animal species include bears, wolves, lynx, and birds that have insulating fur or feathers. The taiga stores a large amount of carbon and covers a significant portion of the northern hemisphere.
Tree rings tell us much more than just a tree’s age. They also provide clues that help us understand how our environment has changed in the past, and provide insights into how key processes in atmosphere, biosphere and geological systems operate over long timescales.
Swamps and marshes are located in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia, with the largest being the Okefenokee Swamp. Swamps have a hot, wet, and humid climate with dark, soft soil that is covered in water. Animals that live in swamps, like alligators, snakes, birds, turtles and frogs, have adaptations like webbed feet and the ability to live on both land and water. Plants in swamps, such as cypress trees, pitcher plants and cattails, have adaptations like roots that can grow above or below water and stems and leaves that can withstand wet conditions and temperature variations.
The document summarizes key facts about the deserts of Australia. It notes that deserts make up 18% of Australia but 35% receives little rainfall, making it the driest inhabited continent. It describes several major deserts that comprise 17-18% of the country, including the Great Victoria Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Simpson Desert, and Tanami Desert. It provides details on the climate, landforms, and sparse human populations of the Australian Outback and desert interior. It also summarizes some common desert plants and animals and highlights several tourist destinations in and near the deserts, such as Uluru, Kata Tjuta, Lake Eyre, and The Bungle Bungle range.
Deciduous forests have four distinct seasons and are located in parts of Eastern North America, Europe, Asia, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Trees in deciduous forests lose their leaves in winter and the forest floor has five zones including the tree stratum, small trees and saplings, shrubs, herbs, and ground. Threats to deciduous forests include air and water pollution, climate change, logging, agriculture, invasive species, and mining. Animals like woodpeckers and plants have adapted to the deciduous forest environment through traits such as reinforced skulls, barbed tongues, showy flowers, and pollen adaptation to insufficient water supply.
The document discusses habitats in Georgia's mountain region. It notes that the mountains are located in northern Georgia and are the state's highest mountain range, with Brasstown Bald being the highest point at 4,784 feet. Animals that live in the mountains, such as black bears, deer, and trout, have adaptations like thick fur and padded feet that help them survive the cold winters. Plants in the region including pine trees, magnolia trees, and Cherokee rose have adaptations like thick bark and thorns that protect them from the cold temperatures and animals.
This document describes various glacial and periglacial landforms formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Cirques are round hollows formed by glacial erosion in mountain regions. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two cirques, and pyramidal peaks form where three or more cirques meet. Glacial erosion can also form U-shaped valleys called troughs. Deposition by glaciers forms landforms like till, moraines, drumlins and erratics. Periglacial processes in cold regions without glaciers form patterned ground, ice wedges, pingos and other landforms through freeze-thaw action.
The taiga biome has long, cold winters and short, cool summers with low precipitation. It is dominated by coniferous trees like spruce, fir, and pine that are adapted to the climate with needle-like leaves and thick bark. Common animal species include bears, wolves, lynx, and birds that have insulating fur or feathers. The taiga stores a large amount of carbon and covers a significant portion of the northern hemisphere.
Tree rings tell us much more than just a tree’s age. They also provide clues that help us understand how our environment has changed in the past, and provide insights into how key processes in atmosphere, biosphere and geological systems operate over long timescales.
Swamps and marshes are located in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia, with the largest being the Okefenokee Swamp. Swamps have a hot, wet, and humid climate with dark, soft soil that is covered in water. Animals that live in swamps, like alligators, snakes, birds, turtles and frogs, have adaptations like webbed feet and the ability to live on both land and water. Plants in swamps, such as cypress trees, pitcher plants and cattails, have adaptations like roots that can grow above or below water and stems and leaves that can withstand wet conditions and temperature variations.
The document summarizes key facts about the deserts of Australia. It notes that deserts make up 18% of Australia but 35% receives little rainfall, making it the driest inhabited continent. It describes several major deserts that comprise 17-18% of the country, including the Great Victoria Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Simpson Desert, and Tanami Desert. It provides details on the climate, landforms, and sparse human populations of the Australian Outback and desert interior. It also summarizes some common desert plants and animals and highlights several tourist destinations in and near the deserts, such as Uluru, Kata Tjuta, Lake Eyre, and The Bungle Bungle range.
Deciduous forests have four distinct seasons and are located in parts of Eastern North America, Europe, Asia, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Trees in deciduous forests lose their leaves in winter and the forest floor has five zones including the tree stratum, small trees and saplings, shrubs, herbs, and ground. Threats to deciduous forests include air and water pollution, climate change, logging, agriculture, invasive species, and mining. Animals like woodpeckers and plants have adapted to the deciduous forest environment through traits such as reinforced skulls, barbed tongues, showy flowers, and pollen adaptation to insufficient water supply.
The document discusses habitats in Georgia's mountain region. It notes that the mountains are located in northern Georgia and are the state's highest mountain range, with Brasstown Bald being the highest point at 4,784 feet. Animals that live in the mountains, such as black bears, deer, and trout, have adaptations like thick fur and padded feet that help them survive the cold winters. Plants in the region including pine trees, magnolia trees, and Cherokee rose have adaptations like thick bark and thorns that protect them from the cold temperatures and animals.
The continental slope and continental rise.pptSaadTaman
This document describes different types of sedimentary environments including continental and marine environments. Continental environments include fluvial, lacustrine, paludal, glacial and desert environments. Fluvial environments include meandering streams which form sinuous channels and floodplains, depositing point bars, oxbow lakes, levees and crevasse splays. Meandering streams are the most common stream pattern.
The document discusses climate and weather topics including:
1. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth and amount of sunlight different areas receive throughout the year.
2. Weather involves current atmospheric conditions while climate describes long-term weather patterns.
3. Major weather events like hurricanes and tornadoes form due to interactions between warm and cold air masses and can cause extensive damage.
Fossils are preserved remains or traces of ancient plants and animals. A fossil can be an original skeleton, a mold or cast of the organism, or material that has replaced the original. Conditions that promote fossilization include rapid burial, lack of oxygen, and hard body parts. There are two main types of fossils - body fossils, which are actual remains, and trace fossils, which are evidence of ancient life like tracks or burrows. Fossils form through several processes including permineralization, replacement, or carbonization.
A biome is a large land or water area with similar climate and organisms. There are 6 major land biomes - rainforests, deserts, grasslands, deciduous forests, boreal forests, and tundra - and 2 water biomes - freshwater and marine ecosystems. A biome's climate, especially temperature and precipitation, determines its characteristics and inhabitants. Rainforests are hot and humid year-round, deserts are extremely dry, and tundra soil is permanently frozen except for a brief summer thaw. Each biome contains distinct communities of plants and animals adapted to its conditions.
These slides cover all the necessary points regarding to fossilization as well as all the types of fossilization which will be beneficial for someone. Regards
This document provides information on different biomes and climates around the world. It begins by describing hot climates, including equatorial rainforests, tropical rainforests, and savannas. It then discusses temperate climates such as Mediterranean scrublands, humid subtropical forests, and deciduous forests. Finally, it covers cold climates like tundra and alpine regions. For each biome, it provides details on characteristic vegetation, animals, and climate patterns. The document uses examples of cities and regions to illustrate the climatic data for various biomes.
Fossils are remains or imprints of organisms that lived in the past. They can form in five ways: by being buried and preserved in sedimentary rock, trapped in amber, frozen in ice, replaced by minerals through petrification, or trapped in tar or asphalt. Fossils provide information to scientists about past organisms, environments, and how organisms have evolved over time. Certain index fossils are especially useful for determining the age of rock layers based on the period when that type of organism lived.
There are two main types of grasslands: temperate grasslands and savannas. Temperate grasslands, also called prairies, are located in parts of North America, South America, Eurasia, South Africa, and have flat land with low rainfall. Savannas are tropical grasslands near the equator with scattered trees and distinct wet and dry seasons. Both grassland types support many herbivores and associated carnivores adapted to the open landscape.
Ocean currents redistribute heat from the equator to the poles, regulating global temperatures and influencing local climates near coastlines. Warm currents lead to warmer coastal climates while cold currents result in cooler coastal climates.
The document discusses the climates of Ecuador and Panama. It notes that Ecuador has four climate zones due to its varying elevations and locations - the Andes Mountains, Amazon Basin, Pacific Coast, and Galapagos Islands. The climate along the Andes is described as having mild, consistent weather year-round, exemplified by the city of Cuenca which averages 70°F during the day and 50°F at night. Panama also has varied climates depending on elevation, with low-lying areas averaging 84°F during the day and 65-75°F at night, while highland towns have cooler, spring-like temperatures ranging from 65-80°F during the day and as low as 55°
The document summarizes different climate types including tropical, Mediterranean, temperate, hot and dry, and provides examples of places that have good climates such as Ecuador, Panama, Spain, and Mexico. It describes the typical weather patterns, temperature ranges, rainfall levels, and vegetation for each climate type. Places highlighted as having ideal climates included Ecuador for its variety of climates across different regions, Panama for its tropical weather without hurricanes or extreme weather, and Spain and parts of Mexico for their Mediterranean climates.
The document provides information about the tundra biome. It describes the tundra biome as a treeless, frozen landscape found in polar regions characterized by extreme cold temperatures. It discusses the three main types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra. For each type, it outlines the geographic distribution, climate conditions, characteristic plants and animals, and how they are adapted to survive in the harsh tundra environment.
This document provides an overview of different world climates and landscapes. It describes the key characteristics of hot, temperate, and cold climates, including patterns of temperature and rainfall. Specific landscapes are then detailed such as rainforests, savannahs, deserts, Mediterranean regions, continental areas, oceanic zones, polar regions, and alpine mountains. Each landscape is defined by its distinctive climate, vegetation, wildlife, and human inhabitants. Exercises are included throughout to help students understand and identify different world climates and landscapes.
The passage describes the ideal climate for retirement in Panama. It notes that Panama has a tropical climate year-round without extreme weather, enjoying plenty of sunshine, moderate temperatures between 65-90°F, and healthy rainfall. The climate varies from warmer, low-lying areas along the coast to cooler, fresher highland areas in the mountains. Panama experiences two distinct seasons - a rainy winter from May to November with afternoon showers and a dry summer from December to May for outdoor activities. The climate is said to be beneficial for skin health.
This document discusses how climate affects biomes. It defines climate and biomes, and explains how temperature, precipitation, and other climate factors help determine the type of biome that exists in a given region. Specific climate conditions, like tropical vs. cold temperatures, and wet vs. dry conditions, influence the plants and other species able to survive in an area. The document then provides examples of different biomes in South Africa and how their climates shape the native vegetation and wildlife. It concludes by explaining how climate influences plant growth, soil quality, biodiversity, and which types of organisms can thrive in different climatic zones.
The document discusses factors that influence climate and defines three main temperature zones on Earth. The key factors are distance from the sea, wind direction, altitude, latitude, temperature, and rainfall. The three zones are the Torrid Zone between the Tropics which is hot and humid year-round, the Temperate Zone between the Tropics and polar circles which has distinct seasons, and the Frigid Zone near the poles which is extremely cold with snow and ice cover.
مادة التحكم البيئي / الجامعه الاردنيه /صيفي 2015
Köppen climate classification is a widely used vegetation-based empirical climate classification system developed by German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Köppen. It's based on the idea that climate is best defined by native vegetation. The formulas used in the classification correspond to those of the vegetation zones (biomes) that were being mapped for the first time in the late 19th century. It was first published in 1884 and was revised until 1940 with collaboration by German climatologist Rudolf Geiger
It is a presentation about the
Koppen's climate classification system. It provides an overview of Koppen system.It is an informative and engaging overview of the Koppen climate classification system, providing a useful resource for anyone interested in understanding how climate is classified and how it impacts different regions around the world.
Climate is determined by temperature and precipitation, which are affected by various natural factors. Latitude affects temperature, with warmer temperatures closer to the equator and colder temperatures farther from the equator. Elevation also impacts temperature, with higher elevations experiencing cooler temperatures due to less dense air. Ocean currents influence nearby land temperatures, with warm or cold currents causing temperature variations. Precipitation is impacted by prevailing winds and mountain ranges, with windward sides of mountains receiving more rain and leeward sides receiving less. The world's climates can be divided into polar, temperate, and tropical zones based on average temperatures.
This document discusses weather, climate, climate zones, and flora and fauna. It defines weather as the current atmospheric conditions, while climate describes average conditions over time for a region. It outlines several climate zones including polar, temperate, and tropical regions. Significant lines of latitude that define zones are listed. Weather stations are described as making continuous measurements to compare readings. Flora refers to plant life classified by region, and fauna represents the indigenous animal life, including classifications for different types of animals.
Lesson1battleforbiospherewhatandwherearebiomessarah marks
The document discusses biomes and the factors that influence climate and cause differences between biomes. It explains that biomes are large regional communities of plants and animals defined by common climate and geography. Various climate factors are described, including latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, proximity to large bodies of water, ocean currents, and surface reflectivity (albedo). Specific biomes are also briefly characterized.
This document describes the different climate zones around the world. It defines six main climate zones: polar, temperate, Mediterranean, arid, tropical, and mountain. For each zone, it provides a brief description of the typical temperature patterns and amounts of rainfall. The document includes activities for students to learn to identify the different zones and locate example places on a map that fall within each climatic classification.
The continental slope and continental rise.pptSaadTaman
This document describes different types of sedimentary environments including continental and marine environments. Continental environments include fluvial, lacustrine, paludal, glacial and desert environments. Fluvial environments include meandering streams which form sinuous channels and floodplains, depositing point bars, oxbow lakes, levees and crevasse splays. Meandering streams are the most common stream pattern.
The document discusses climate and weather topics including:
1. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth and amount of sunlight different areas receive throughout the year.
2. Weather involves current atmospheric conditions while climate describes long-term weather patterns.
3. Major weather events like hurricanes and tornadoes form due to interactions between warm and cold air masses and can cause extensive damage.
Fossils are preserved remains or traces of ancient plants and animals. A fossil can be an original skeleton, a mold or cast of the organism, or material that has replaced the original. Conditions that promote fossilization include rapid burial, lack of oxygen, and hard body parts. There are two main types of fossils - body fossils, which are actual remains, and trace fossils, which are evidence of ancient life like tracks or burrows. Fossils form through several processes including permineralization, replacement, or carbonization.
A biome is a large land or water area with similar climate and organisms. There are 6 major land biomes - rainforests, deserts, grasslands, deciduous forests, boreal forests, and tundra - and 2 water biomes - freshwater and marine ecosystems. A biome's climate, especially temperature and precipitation, determines its characteristics and inhabitants. Rainforests are hot and humid year-round, deserts are extremely dry, and tundra soil is permanently frozen except for a brief summer thaw. Each biome contains distinct communities of plants and animals adapted to its conditions.
These slides cover all the necessary points regarding to fossilization as well as all the types of fossilization which will be beneficial for someone. Regards
This document provides information on different biomes and climates around the world. It begins by describing hot climates, including equatorial rainforests, tropical rainforests, and savannas. It then discusses temperate climates such as Mediterranean scrublands, humid subtropical forests, and deciduous forests. Finally, it covers cold climates like tundra and alpine regions. For each biome, it provides details on characteristic vegetation, animals, and climate patterns. The document uses examples of cities and regions to illustrate the climatic data for various biomes.
Fossils are remains or imprints of organisms that lived in the past. They can form in five ways: by being buried and preserved in sedimentary rock, trapped in amber, frozen in ice, replaced by minerals through petrification, or trapped in tar or asphalt. Fossils provide information to scientists about past organisms, environments, and how organisms have evolved over time. Certain index fossils are especially useful for determining the age of rock layers based on the period when that type of organism lived.
There are two main types of grasslands: temperate grasslands and savannas. Temperate grasslands, also called prairies, are located in parts of North America, South America, Eurasia, South Africa, and have flat land with low rainfall. Savannas are tropical grasslands near the equator with scattered trees and distinct wet and dry seasons. Both grassland types support many herbivores and associated carnivores adapted to the open landscape.
Ocean currents redistribute heat from the equator to the poles, regulating global temperatures and influencing local climates near coastlines. Warm currents lead to warmer coastal climates while cold currents result in cooler coastal climates.
The document discusses the climates of Ecuador and Panama. It notes that Ecuador has four climate zones due to its varying elevations and locations - the Andes Mountains, Amazon Basin, Pacific Coast, and Galapagos Islands. The climate along the Andes is described as having mild, consistent weather year-round, exemplified by the city of Cuenca which averages 70°F during the day and 50°F at night. Panama also has varied climates depending on elevation, with low-lying areas averaging 84°F during the day and 65-75°F at night, while highland towns have cooler, spring-like temperatures ranging from 65-80°F during the day and as low as 55°
The document summarizes different climate types including tropical, Mediterranean, temperate, hot and dry, and provides examples of places that have good climates such as Ecuador, Panama, Spain, and Mexico. It describes the typical weather patterns, temperature ranges, rainfall levels, and vegetation for each climate type. Places highlighted as having ideal climates included Ecuador for its variety of climates across different regions, Panama for its tropical weather without hurricanes or extreme weather, and Spain and parts of Mexico for their Mediterranean climates.
The document provides information about the tundra biome. It describes the tundra biome as a treeless, frozen landscape found in polar regions characterized by extreme cold temperatures. It discusses the three main types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra. For each type, it outlines the geographic distribution, climate conditions, characteristic plants and animals, and how they are adapted to survive in the harsh tundra environment.
This document provides an overview of different world climates and landscapes. It describes the key characteristics of hot, temperate, and cold climates, including patterns of temperature and rainfall. Specific landscapes are then detailed such as rainforests, savannahs, deserts, Mediterranean regions, continental areas, oceanic zones, polar regions, and alpine mountains. Each landscape is defined by its distinctive climate, vegetation, wildlife, and human inhabitants. Exercises are included throughout to help students understand and identify different world climates and landscapes.
The passage describes the ideal climate for retirement in Panama. It notes that Panama has a tropical climate year-round without extreme weather, enjoying plenty of sunshine, moderate temperatures between 65-90°F, and healthy rainfall. The climate varies from warmer, low-lying areas along the coast to cooler, fresher highland areas in the mountains. Panama experiences two distinct seasons - a rainy winter from May to November with afternoon showers and a dry summer from December to May for outdoor activities. The climate is said to be beneficial for skin health.
This document discusses how climate affects biomes. It defines climate and biomes, and explains how temperature, precipitation, and other climate factors help determine the type of biome that exists in a given region. Specific climate conditions, like tropical vs. cold temperatures, and wet vs. dry conditions, influence the plants and other species able to survive in an area. The document then provides examples of different biomes in South Africa and how their climates shape the native vegetation and wildlife. It concludes by explaining how climate influences plant growth, soil quality, biodiversity, and which types of organisms can thrive in different climatic zones.
The document discusses factors that influence climate and defines three main temperature zones on Earth. The key factors are distance from the sea, wind direction, altitude, latitude, temperature, and rainfall. The three zones are the Torrid Zone between the Tropics which is hot and humid year-round, the Temperate Zone between the Tropics and polar circles which has distinct seasons, and the Frigid Zone near the poles which is extremely cold with snow and ice cover.
مادة التحكم البيئي / الجامعه الاردنيه /صيفي 2015
Köppen climate classification is a widely used vegetation-based empirical climate classification system developed by German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Köppen. It's based on the idea that climate is best defined by native vegetation. The formulas used in the classification correspond to those of the vegetation zones (biomes) that were being mapped for the first time in the late 19th century. It was first published in 1884 and was revised until 1940 with collaboration by German climatologist Rudolf Geiger
It is a presentation about the
Koppen's climate classification system. It provides an overview of Koppen system.It is an informative and engaging overview of the Koppen climate classification system, providing a useful resource for anyone interested in understanding how climate is classified and how it impacts different regions around the world.
Climate is determined by temperature and precipitation, which are affected by various natural factors. Latitude affects temperature, with warmer temperatures closer to the equator and colder temperatures farther from the equator. Elevation also impacts temperature, with higher elevations experiencing cooler temperatures due to less dense air. Ocean currents influence nearby land temperatures, with warm or cold currents causing temperature variations. Precipitation is impacted by prevailing winds and mountain ranges, with windward sides of mountains receiving more rain and leeward sides receiving less. The world's climates can be divided into polar, temperate, and tropical zones based on average temperatures.
This document discusses weather, climate, climate zones, and flora and fauna. It defines weather as the current atmospheric conditions, while climate describes average conditions over time for a region. It outlines several climate zones including polar, temperate, and tropical regions. Significant lines of latitude that define zones are listed. Weather stations are described as making continuous measurements to compare readings. Flora refers to plant life classified by region, and fauna represents the indigenous animal life, including classifications for different types of animals.
Lesson1battleforbiospherewhatandwherearebiomessarah marks
The document discusses biomes and the factors that influence climate and cause differences between biomes. It explains that biomes are large regional communities of plants and animals defined by common climate and geography. Various climate factors are described, including latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, proximity to large bodies of water, ocean currents, and surface reflectivity (albedo). Specific biomes are also briefly characterized.
This document describes the different climate zones around the world. It defines six main climate zones: polar, temperate, Mediterranean, arid, tropical, and mountain. For each zone, it provides a brief description of the typical temperature patterns and amounts of rainfall. The document includes activities for students to learn to identify the different zones and locate example places on a map that fall within each climatic classification.
This document discusses climate zones and biomes. It defines weather as daily conditions and climate as average conditions over a long period of time. It then defines ecosystems and biomes, which are large ecosystems covering continents. It provides descriptions of different biomes like tundra, taiga, grasslands and deserts based on climate and vegetation. It also lists different climate zones like polar, tropical, temperate and their example locations.
The document defines and describes the major climate regions of the world. It begins by stating that temperature and precipitation are the defining factors of climate regions and that broad climate definitions help identify weather variations over the course of a year at a given location. It then provides descriptions of 15 different climate types including tropical wet, tropical wet and dry, semiarid, desert, Mediterranean, marine west coast, humid subtropical, humid continental, subarctic, tundra, ice cap, and highlands. For each climate type, it gives 1-2 defining characteristics.
The document discusses climate regions and climate classification systems. It explains that climate is long-term weather patterns defined by temperature and precipitation, and influences vegetation, wildlife, soils and more. It describes Koppen's climate classification system which divides climates into 5 main groups (A, B, C, D, E) based on temperature and precipitation thresholds. The document also discusses global pressure and wind belts that influence rainfall patterns and shifts in climates between latitudes.
The document summarizes different types of world weather and climate regions, including tropical, desert/dry, temperate, continental, and polar climates. It describes the key characteristics of each climate type, such as average temperatures, precipitation levels, seasonal patterns, and example regions that exhibit each climate. The document also discusses subcategories within tropical and desert climates.
The document provides an overview of the major biomes on Earth, including freshwater, desert, tundra, grasslands, forest, and marine biomes. It classifies and describes the characteristics of different types within each biome. For example, freshwater biomes are classified as lakes and ponds, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Desert biomes include hot and dry, semi-arid, and coastal types. Each biome type has distinctive climate conditions and plant and animal life adaptations. Resources for further information are also listed.
Similar to Turf Adaptation & Ecology Part 2: Turf communities in Western Oregon (20)
This document outlines weed management practices for sports fields. It discusses integrated pest management and primary cultural practices like mowing, fertilization, and irrigation. Specific weeds that are addressed include false dandelion, white clover, and annual bluegrass. Control methods like herbicides and cultivation are explained for each weed. Mowing height, frequency, and the one-third rule are important for reducing weeds. Fertilization and irrigation practices also impact weed populations.
A presentation by Brian MacDonald
- Making sense of all the Choices
-- Review the “standard” 3 – way mixes
-- Look at “new kids” on the block
-- Review “alternative” herbicide mixes
- Review the common weeds and match the herbicides to the weeds.
- Maximizing weed kill – other factors.
- Go through a few scenarios.
The document advertises an event registration package for an OSU Turf Field Day, lunch, golf outing, and dinner on September 16, 2011 in Corvallis, Oregon. There are four registration packages that include different combinations of the events: the Full Package ($75) includes all events; the Social Package ($25) includes dinner; the Field Day & Lunch Package ($25) includes the field day and lunch; and the Field Day Only package ($15) includes just the field day. The document also lists tentative field day topics and provides sponsorship opportunities for the event at the Bronze ($250), Silver ($500), and Gold ($750) levels.
The document advertises an event registration package for an OSU Turf Field Day and golf outing on September 16, 2011 in Corvallis, Oregon. The packages include:
- A full package for $75 including the field day, lunch, golf with cart and balls, and dinner.
- A social package for $25 including dinner.
- A field day and lunch package for $25.
- A field day only package for $15.
The event will include a field day at the OSU research farm, lunch and golf at Trysting Tree golf course, and dinner at the research farm. Sponsorship opportunities are also listed ranging from $250 to $750
This document announces a two-day conference on February 2-3, 2011 about monitoring and managing pathogens, salts, alkalinity, and fertility in irrigation water for nursery and floriculture growers using non-chemical methods. The conference will be held in Wilsonville on February 2 and at the OSU North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora on February 3. It will provide pesticide credits and a free booklet on water treatment. Registration is $80 before January 15 and $100 after or on-site.
This document provides a summary of research and programs at Oregon State University's Turfgrass Management program. It discusses the restructuring of departments within the College of Agricultural Sciences, including the combining of the Horticulture and Crop & Soil Science Departments. Enrollment numbers and courses taught in the turfgrass management program are presented. Several turfgrass research trials conducted by faculty and students are summarized, focusing on anthracnose disease management, water use of cool-season grasses, evaluating the effects of geohumus, seashore paspalum adaptation, and poa annua green speed management.
This study evaluated the water use of 10 cool season turfgrass species over two years. It found that the species fell into three categories: lower water use (tall fescue), intermediate water use (perennial ryegrass, colonial bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, velvet bentgrass, kentucky bluegrass), and higher water use (annual bluegrass, strong CRF, slender CRF, chewings fescue). Mowing height significantly impacted water use, with higher mowing heights using less water. No differences were observed between nitrogen fertility treatments. The goal was to assess newly established turfgrass water use in a field setting and evaluate new stress detection technology.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The passage discusses the importance of summarization in an age of information overload. It notes that with the massive amounts of data available online, being able to quickly understand the key points of lengthy documents, articles, or reports is crucial. The ability to produce clear, concise summaries helps people save time by getting the gist of information without having to read entire lengthy sources.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise has also been shown to boost self-esteem and can serve as a healthy way to manage stress.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can help reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes while also improving mood and reducing stress and anxiety. Exercising for at least 30 minutes per day several times a week is recommended to gain these health benefits.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over several decades. It outlines milestones in AI such as the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning now allow AI to perform complex tasks like object recognition.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and enhance cognitive function. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for significant health benefits.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Staying active also helps maintain a healthy weight and keeps muscles, bones and joints healthy as we age.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Turf Adaptation & Ecology Part 2: Turf communities in Western Oregon
1. Turf Adaptation & Ecology
Part 2: Turf communities in Western Oregon
Tom Cook
OSU Horticulture Dept.
2008
2. Turf adaptation implies that commonly planted grasses have specific climatic conditions in
which they thrive. Therefore, if we know the climate we should be able to predict what grasses
will have a reasonable chance to prosper. The converse is also true. If we plant grasses in climates
where they are not adapted, we can expect to have problems growing a healthy lawn. One way to
depict turf adaptation is through maps. Authors have long drawn maps of the USA that carve up
the country into zones or regions that define both the climate and the best adapted grasses. Early
maps were simple and divided the country up into cool season and warm season areas. Where the
two basic regions intersected was a fuzzy zone generally referred to as the transition zone.
Over time maps have become more intricate and somewhat standardized in their depiction of the
important climatic zones. What follows is my interpretation of general climatic regions in the USA as
they relate to grass adaptation. I have created a new zone that is not commonly found in most
textbooks. What I call the Pacific Coastal region has historically been lumped in with the Cool Humid
region. My reason for separating it into its own region should become clear as you study the three
slides following the generalized map of the USA.
Maps that depict zones of grass adaptation have obvious limitations. A generalized map cannot
account for all of the microclimate areas in a zone. It also cannot account for climatic changes
associated with changes in altitude. An example is Hawaii where the climate at sea level can be
either Warm Arid or Warm Humid depending on which side of the islands you are on. On one
island, the climate can change to Cool Humid as you drive up into the mountains. The key is to use
maps as general conceptual guides to zones of adaptation and realize that there will be many
exceptions in any given region. Maps can only give you a very general notion of regions.
Note on the following map that humidity and rainfall changes from high in the Pacific Coastal zone
to very low in the Cool Arid zone. As you move east the humidity begins to increase along with
summer rainfall so that in the Cool Humid zone you have high humidity and fairly consistent summer
rainfall. A similar process occurs from the Warm Arid to the Warm Humid zones.
3. Approximate zones of turfgrass adaptation in the lower 48 states
Pacific Coastal Region, Cool Season grasses
Cool Humid Region
Cool Arid, Semi-arid region Cool Season grasses
Cool Season grasses
Warm Humid Region
Warm Season grasses
Warm Arid, Semi-arid Region
Warm Season grasses
Transition Zone
See references at the end of this slide show for Cool and Warm Season grasses
credits and additional information regarding the maps.
4. The Pacific Coastal region, the Cool Arid/Semi Arid region, and the Cool Humid region can be compared
on the basis of precipitation patterns, average monthly high temperatures, and average monthly low
temperatures.
Precipitation patterns: Study the following slide and you will see the differences in both quantity and
monthly distribution of precipitation in these three zones. Most notable is that while the total
precipitation in the Pacific Coastal zone is high, it is actually very dry during summer and very wet in
winter. This alone separates it from the Cool Humid region where summer rainfall is the norm. It is
possible to have functional turf in parts of the Cool Humid region in most years even without regular
irrigation. In the Pacific Coastal region grass will only be green in summer if it receives regular irrigation.
Average monthly high temperatures: The second slide in this series shows the average monthly high
temperatures for the three cool season regions. Note that there is not a lot of difference between
monthly highs for the three regions during the summer period. Likewise the Cool Arid and Cool Humid
regions have very similar winter high temperatures. The Pacific Coastal region again stands out because
it has notably warmer winter high temperatures than the other regions.
Average monthly low temperatures: The third slide in this series shows the average monthly low
temperatures for the three cool season regions. Again note the similarities between average low
temperatures in winter between the Cool Arid and Cool Humid regions. The Pacific Coastal region stands
out because the average low temperatures in winter are considerably higher than the other regions. You
will also see that the average low temperatures in the Cool Humid region are notably higher than those
in the Cool Arid region. This probably reflects greater radiation cooling in the Cool Arid region. This is
especially pronounced in high desert areas of the Cool Arid region where night temperatures even in
summer can drop near freezing.
Note: The graphs depicted in these slides are based on monthly values averaged over several key cities
within each region. For example the Pacific Coastal region values are the average of Seattle, Portland,
Salem, and Corvallis.
5. 30 year ave. precipitation patterns in Cool Season Regions
8
7
Pacific Coastal
6
Inches per month
5
Cool Humid
4
3
2
1
Cool Arid
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Pacific Coastal Region Cool Arid Region Cool Humid Region
6. 30 year ave. HIGH temperatures in Cool Season Regions
90
80
70
Pacific Coastal
60
Degrees F
50
40
Cool Arid
30
20
Cool Humid
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Pacific Coastal Cool Arid Cool Humid
7. 30 year ave. LOW temperatures in Cool Season Regions
70
60
50
Pacific Coastal
Degrees F
40
30 Cool Arid
20
Cool Humid
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Pacific Coastal Region Cool Arid Region Cool Humid Region
8. Once you get a feel for the basic differences in climatic regions you can begin to make sense out of
turfgrass adaptation in each region.
Cool Humid: Grasses in this region are subject to freezing winters and fairly warm humid summers. The
cool humid region tends to have four distinct seasons with short springs and long summers followed by
nice crisp fall weather before entering into long and often cold winters. Grasses go dormant in winter
followed by a green up period and a flush of growth in spring. Summer is a stress period with often
excessive heat that causes root system dieback. Summer rainfall and high humidity leave grasses open
to significant summer disease pressure. Insect pressure is significant in most years. The actual period
for optimum growth can be as short as 4 months in this region. The rest of the year the grass is under
either heat, drought, or cold stress.
Key grasses here include Ky. bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, fine fescues, tall fescue, with creeping
bentgrass being widely used on golf courses. Annual bluegrass is also common on golf courses but is
generally considered a weed because it often dies from the many stresses it encounters. Disease
and insect resistance are important considerations when selecting grasses here. Crabgrass and other
summer annual grasses are consistent problems throughout the region.
Cool Arid: For the most part turf can only be grown in this region if supplemental irrigation water is
used. With water, this is a fairly easy region to grow cool season grasses. In general, winters are cold
with variable snow cover. Desiccation injury is probably more important than cold injury in most winters.
Summers, while often very hot, are moderated in high elevations by cool night temperatures and in
general by low humidity. Spring is short and falls tend to be clear and crisp. The low precipitation
year around and the low humidity in summer really separate this area from the cool humid region.
Key grasses here are the same as the Cool Humid region. Ky. bluegrass, fine fescue, and tall fescue all
thrive here. Perennial ryegrass does well but may be prone to cold or desiccation injury in winter.
Creeping bentgrass is common on golf courses and annual bluegrass is a major climax species on older
golf courses. Buffalograss, a cold hardy warm season grass can be grown in eastern parts of this region.
Disease, insect and weed pressure are generally lower than in the Cool Humid region.
9. Pacific Coastal (Western Oregon):
The Pacific Coastal region is distinctively different from either the Cool Humid or Cool Arid regions.
A typical growing season here is long and less well defined than in the other regions. In a normal year,
grass is green for 12 months and is actively growing for 10 months. It is not unusual for grass to be
cut all year long. Spring generally starts in February and continues to June. Summer runs from
mid-June to mid-Sept and fall lasts often through November. Generally, during summer, night
temperatures cool down significantly even when daytime temperatures are high. Humidity is inter-
mediate between the Cool Humid region and the Cool Arid region. Diseases are more likely to be a
problem in winter than in summer, and insect pressure is mild compared to other regions. Annual weedy
grasses occur but are not consistent problems. Lawns can survive without irrigation in most years, but
they will be dormant all summer.
The grasses used in the Cool Humid and Cool Arid regions are commonly planted in the Pacific Coastal
region, but tend not to dominate lawns for long. In fact most are replaced rapidly by naturalized grasses
that persist and compete better over time. I divide grasses for this area into the commonly planted
grasses and the climax grasses which eventually dominate lawns.
Commonly planted grasses include perennial ryegrass, fine fescues, and tall fescue. Creeping bentgrass
is planted on greens, tees, and fairways at golf courses and colonial bentgrass is often planted on tees
and fairways. Ky. bluegrass has historically not performed well in this region and is rarely planted.
Climax grasses include colonial, dryland, and/or creeping bentgrass, roughstalk bluegrass, annual
bluegrass, velvetgrass, and rat-tail fescue. A typical irrigated lawn in the Pacific Coastal region will
contain most or all of these grasses plus remnants of the planted grasses once conversion has occurred.
Non irrigated lawns will often devolve into bentgrasses and rat-tail fescue. Rat-tail fescue has a
unique niche because it is a winter annual that germinates in late fall grows through winter and dies
after setting seed in early summer.
10. Oregon
The obvious dividing line in Oregon is the Cascade
Mountain range. This map image clearly shows that
Western Oregon is distinctly different from
Central and eastern Oregon
See references at the end of this slide show for
credits and additional information regarding the maps.
11. Pacific Coastal
Region
The Pacific Coastal Region is defined by winter rains, summer drought,
Cool Arid Region
medium to high humidity, and moderate to mild temperatures. Grass
stays green during winter and requires irrigation in summer to stay green.
See references at the end of this slide show for
credits and additional information regarding the maps.
12. The Pacific Coastal Region:
Grasses grow year around here and generally stay green all winter. Lawns cannot
stay green in summer without supplemental irrigation.
Planted grasses: Perennial ryegrass, fine fescues, tall fescue
Climax grasses: Bentgrasses, rough bluegrass, annual bluegrass,
velvetgrass, rat-tail fescue
Insects: European Crane fly, Billbugs, Black cutworm
Diseases: Red thread, Leaf spots, Rust, Fusarium Patch,
Take-all Patch
Weeds: False dandelion, Common dandelion, Clovers,
Mousear chickweed, Black medic,moss, others.
13. Pacific Coastal Region
Lawn Ecology
“ All lawns transition from planted grasses
to situation specific climax vegetation”
or
What you plant is not what you get!
This reality is what makes the Pacific Coastal Region so unique. In most other parts of the northern USA, when you
plant a lawn, you will end up with the grass you planted. If other grasses are present, you got bad seed or you imported
an undesirable grass with the soil you used to construct the lawn. In our area, it doesn’t matter what you do, you will end
up with other grasses invading and likely dominating the site.
14. Pacific Coastal Region
Climax Species
vAgrostis sp. Bentgrasses
vPoa trivialis Rough Bluegrass
vPoa annua Annual Bluegrass
vHolcus lanatus Velvetgrass
vVulpia myuros Rat-tail Fescue
vPlanted grasses
vVarious moss species
vNumerous dicot species
15. Creeping, colonial, and dryland bentgrass are all part of the soil seed bank
and are well adapted to wet winters and summer drought or summer irrigation.
They can produce dense turf with very little fertilizer nitrogen. They are the
most competitive grasses under moderately low input conditions. Most older
lawns have significant amounts of bentgrass in them.
Bentgrass
T Cook photo
16. Velvetgrass can be found throughout the Pacific Coastal Region and is very
common in coastal lawns where it is often as the dominant component. I find
it in most lawns in the Willamette Valley though occasionally it is absent.
This isn’t a very pretty grass but it is tough and handles both wet and dry
Velvetgrass soils.
T Cook photo
17. Poa trivialis
Roughstalk bluegrass is common throughout the entire Pacific Coastal Region. It is most
active in winter when it grows more vigorously than all other grasses. It handles wet soils
very well and spreads via stolons. In the spring it gets very coarse and stemmy when it
moves into flower mode. It struggles in heat and drought but survives all stresses. It is a
major component of the soil seed bank and is a common contaminant in seed mixes, so it
can be found in almost all lawns.
T Cook photo
18. Annual bluegrass
Annual bluegrass is ubiquitous in the Pacific Coastal Region. It often shows up in new lawns that
are planted late in the fall. It is a major component of all old golf courses and produces great
putting turf. In homelawns, it generally dominates lawns that ar e over watered and over fertilized.
It is a prolific seed producer and is a major part of the soil seed bank. It is least likely to be a
significant component in old bentgrass lawns that are unfertilized and sparingly watered.
T Cook photo
19. Rat-tail fescue July after death
Vulpia myuros
December after germination
Rat-tail fescue is a true winter annual with a
special niche in lawns that receive no irrigation
at all. It is a beautiful grass that germinates
with the onset of fall rains, grows through
winter, flowers in spring and dies in June. It is
perfectly suited to our Mediterranean climate.
Rat-tail fescue has increased significantly in
recent years as more people have quit irrigating
their lawns. As the perennial grasses thin out
or die, this grass is perfectly suited to fill the
void.
T Cook photos
20. Where do climax grasses come from?
Ø Contaminated seed or sod
eg. Poa trivialis or bentgrass in P rye
Ø Persistent soil seed bank
eg. Poa trivialis Roughstalk bluegrass
Poa annua Annual bluegrass
Agrostis Bentgrasses
Holcus Velvetgrass
Vulpia Rat-tail fescue
21. Lawn Moss
Mosses also have a special niche in Pacific Coastal lawns. They grow well where other plants can’t grow
and are well suited to infertile soils, shady sites and wet soils. They require no fertilizer and can
survive drought by simply drying up. As soon as the fall rains return, dried plant fragments green up
and grow all winter. In general, the wetter the winter the more vigorous the moss.
T Cook photos
22. English daisy White clover
Black medic
Black medic
False dandelion Mousear Chickweed
Unless herbicides are used to control them, there will always be a variety of dicot plants in lawns. They
all are adapted to drought, low fertility, fall germination cycles, etc., which makes them competitive
and persistent. Many dicots are very compatible with grass and help create a stable mix of
False covers generally in low input lawns.
ground dandelion
T Cook photos
23. A Species Rich Climax Lawn
This is a perfect example of a climax lawn growing in shade on a fairly wet infertile site. The
grasses include mostly bentgrass and roughstalk bluegrass. The dicots include white clover and
speedwell (Veronica filiformis). With regular mowing, this lawn will sustain itself for a very long
time with only periodic watering in summer.
T Cook photo
24. When you plant a straight perennial ryegrass lawn, it initially is pure with no apparent contaminants.
If the site is clean, it will stay pure for at least a few years, but eventually other grasses will move in.
New perennial ryegrass sod lawn in Seattle, WA
T Cook photo
25. Young commercial site planted to 100% perennial ryegrass
Poa trivialis
Holcus lanatus
Seeded lawns often develop contaminants within a year of planting. Initially contaminants come from
the soil seed bank. Another source it dirty seed. On this site there was a fair amount of velvetgrass
and roughstalk bluegrass on the site. I also found quite a bit of bentgrass. It won’t take long for this
lawn to convert to the climax grasses.
T Cook photos
26. Ryegrass to bentgrass conversion
2 yrs 3 yrs
6+ yrs 5 yrs
These photos show the progression from a few isolated spots to total domination in just a few
short years. This happens to almost all lawns in the Pacific Coastal Region.
T Cook photos
27. 10 yr old climax lawn in Seattle
Climax lawns are often very nice lawns. They are persistent, require very little fertilizer, look nice
when irrigated regularly, and survive quite well without irrigation by going dormant.
T Cook photo
28. 60+ yr old climax lawn in Seattle
This beautiful lawn is almost solid bentgrass.
T Cook photo
29. “ The primary selective pressure
in the Pacific Coastal region may
be the lack of environmental
extremes”
or
Everything grows but nothing dominates
In much of the northern USA, conditions are generally unfavorable for lawn grasses. The combination of hot humid
summers and cold miserable winters mean that only the toughest grasses can survive. Generally, if you plant one of the
adapted grasses and provide appropriate maintenance, the lawn will stay fairly pure.
In the Pacific Coastal Region, our mild weather is suited to nearly every cool season grass. Tolerance of grasses to
extreme temperatures is of minor importance. Grasses that would appear to be relatively weak often do very well
here. The result is a sort of ‘free for all’ in which everything grows at some time of the year but no one grass dominates in
all situations. The average lawn will have anywhere from three to six different grasses along with numerous broadleaf plants.
30. Pacific Coastal Lawn Ecology Rule # 1
Plants that grow well fall through
spring or at least maintain density,
will eventually dominate the stand.
or
“Competition occurs in the cool months”
In the most common scenario that I see, grasses like bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and roughstalk bluegrass tend to show
up in new lawns during the first winter after planting. Depending on intensity of maintenance, one or more of these will
spread and begin to form distinct patches. Most of their spread will occur during the nine cool months when they are more
vigorous than the planted grasses. Even if they go dormant in summer, they will recover and spread during fall through
spring and will eventually dominate most lawns.
31. This Kentucky bluegrass lawn in Corvallis, Oregon was in its first winter after planting. The
brown grass is the Kentucky bluegrass and the green tufts included a variety of invading species
that either came from the sod or were in the soil seed bank. Thi s lawn has since converted
to all climax species and I doubt if I could find any Kentucky bluegrass at all.
T Cook photo
32. Annual bluegrass and Poa trivialis in a young ryegrass lawn.
On irrigated and fertilized perennial ryegrass lawns, annual bluegrass is often the first and most
successful invader. Note how well it grows in winter. One of the qualities that make annual bluegrass
so competitive is the density it achieves. Add in vigorous spring flower and seed production and it
will easily dominate all other grasses.
T Cook photo
33. When all is said and done, plan on some form of a climax lawn. Once the climax stand
develops you will have a surprisingly easy lawn to maintain.
Climax lawn in Seattle, WA
T Cook photo
34. Bentgrass climax lawn in Lake Oswego, OR
Other than regular mowing and periodic irrigation this lawn receives very little
in the way of inputs.
T Cook photo
35. Bentgrass Climax
Even as hot as it gets in Grants Pass in summer, this climax bentgrass lawn is Grants Pass, OR
doing just fine.
T Cook photo
36. Qualities of Climax Lawns
in the Pacific Coastal Region
ØBetter at lower mowing heights
ØColor is lighter green
ØRequire less fertilizer
ØLimited drought resistance
ØLong lived soil seed bank
ØStrong winter competitors
37. Pacific Coastal Region
Succession Rule # 2
“Maintenance intensity determines the
succession endpoint”
Factors:
N fertility
Irrigation intensity
Herbicide use
38. Potential succession end points
in the Pacific Coastal Region
Perennial Ryegrass
High N Low N
N responsive Low N responsive
grasses dominate plants dominate
Annual Bluegrass Bentgrass, moss, clover
Climax Climax
Irrigation and fertilization are two major factors that influence how lawns evolve. In this case, assuming the site is
irrigated, fertilization practices will drive the succession to either bentgrass or to annual bluegrass. The next few slides
follow the events that occur if the lawn is maintained under low fertility.
39. Why does low N ryegrass get out competed?
Brown Blight Rust
Even though perennial ryegrass is the most commonly
planted grass throughout the region, it is a relatively
poor competitor over time. When under low fertility,
Red thread
ryegrass suffers from several diseases that tend to thin
it out. When that happens, the stand is ripe for invasion by
grasses better suited to low fertility.
Brown blight, rust, and red thread rarely kill any grass but
they can thin it out during fall and winter when it is not a
good time to force new growth with fertilizer. If you do
fertilize, it may simply be out competed by annual bluegrass
or roughstalk bluegrass. T Cook photos
40. Transitioning ryegrass lawn in Seattle
We hear about the perils of over fertilizing but in truth most lawns are under fertilized. When
you plant a grass like perennial ryegrass that requires regular nitrogen applications to maintain
density, it will likely be invaded by species that do well with minimal fertilizer. This park lawn in
Seattle is rapidly being taken over by white clover which can fix nitrogen and grow well without
added fertilizer.
T Cook photo
41. English Daisies in climax ryegrass/bentgrass/Poa annua turf
English daisy is a common component of lawns under low fertility and subjected to moderate
drought stress in summer. If the site is wet in winter they grow even better.
T Cook photo
42. Climax lawn in Portland, OR
Bentgrass/Poa annua/Poa trivialis/ Veronica climax
This site is wet in winter and receives shade in the afternoon in summer. Under low fertility the
lawn has evolved into a broad based mix of grasses and Veronica species. It is beautiful in spring
when the blue flowers of the Veronica are out.
T Cook photo
43. Bentgrass/Poa trivialis/Clover climax Corvallis, OR
This lawn has been fertilized with nitrogen on average once every 4 years. It is dominated by
bentgrass and clover, with roughstalk bluegrass showing up during winter. There is very little
annual bluegrass. It gets irrigated approximately once per week for most of the summer period.
T Cook photo
44. Summer drought impact
Perennial Ryegrass
Stand thins as ryegrass
Drought tolerant dicots invade.
goes dormant. Some plants die .
Ryegrass stand
Weeds germinate in fall.
thins to clumps.
Invading dicots:
Invading grasses:
Clover
Dryland bent
False dandelion
Velvetgrass Common yarrow
Rat-tail fescue Mousear chickweed
Summer drought influences both the type of broadleaf plants and the mix of grasses that dominate the site. Since over
60% of the lawns in the Willamette Valley of Oregon are not irrigated regularly, drought impacts are important.
45. Perennial rye clumping out Climax bent lawn in fall
Bentgrass doesn’t stay green under drought. It turns
Ryegrass can withstand a fair amount of drought, but when brown and goes dormant very quickly. When the fall
drought is too severe many individual plants die leaving open rains come, it starts to regrow and slowly fills in by
areas for invading grasses. the spring period as noted below.
Bent rhizomes recovering Climax bent lawn in spring
Bentgrass recovers from crowns
and rhizomes primarily. T Cook photos
46. July after death
Rat-tail fescue
December after fall germination
After many years without summer irrigation, even bentgrass stands will decline and the trend moves
toward invasion by this winter annual. In some respects, Rat-tail fescue is the ultimate climax grass
in unirrigated lawns. It is usually joined by False dandelion, which is our most drought tolerant
broadleaf invader.
T Cook photos
47. English daisy White clover
Black medic
False dandelion
Mousear Chickweed
False good fall germinators and survivedrought include the p lants shown here.
dandelion
Other broadleaf plants suited to prolonged
Most are drought by seed, dormancy, or
T Cook photos
resistance.
48. Bentgrass/ Rat-tail fescue/ False dandelion climax
This mix of grasses and False dandelion is one of the most common climax lawns
that I see from the Willamette Valley of Oregon to Vancouver, BC Canada.
T Cook photos
49. Low input lawns: Pacific Coastal Region
Irrigated climax:
Bentgrass / Poa trivialis / clover
Transition occurs in 3-10 yrs.
Non-irrigated climax:
Bent./ Rat-tail fescue/ False dandelion
Transition occurs in 10+ years.
50. Potential succession end points
in the Pacific Coastal Region
Perennial Ryegrass
High N Low N
N responsive Low N responsive
grasses dominate plants dominate
Annual Bluegrass Bentgrass, moss, clover
Climax Climax
Even though most lawns are maintained under low fertility, there are many sites that receive regular fertilizer and
regular irrigation. Under those conditions a different sort of climax lawn emerges.
51. Why does annual bluegrass dominate under high N?
Leafspot
Fusarium patch
Fusarium patch
Just as with low fertility, diseases play an important role
in determining which grasses dominate under higher fertility.
Two important diseases include Fusarium patch and various
leaf spot diseases. When these attack perennial ryegrass
they cause severe thinning typically in winter. This allows
grasses like annual bluegrass to invade and take over.
T Cook photos
52. In this photo you can see the brown and thin Kentucky bluegrass that has been riddled by leaf spot and
the vigorous green annual bluegrass that is rapidly filling in. It won’t take long for the annual bluegrass
to dominate.
Aggressive winter growth
Turf thinning from high N diseases
T Cook photo
53. High N, irrigated
annual bluegrass climax
This lawn has long been maintained with regular fertilizer applications and regular irrigation. It is almost
100% annual bluegrass.
T Cook photo
54. Typical Poa annua golf course in Portland , OR
Potential Climax end points
Perennial Ryegrass
High N Low N
N responsive Low N responsive
grasses dominate plants dominate
Annual Bluegrass Bentgrass, moss, clover
Climax Climax
Long term consistent care will inevitably result in golf courses dominated by annual bluegrass.
T Cook photo
55. High input turf: Pacific Coastal Region
All areas transition to Poa annua
with remnants of planted grasses.
T Cook photo
56. Summary:
The bottom line in the Pacific Coastal Region, which includes western
Oregon, is that the commonly planted domesticated grasses such as
perennial ryegrass, the fine fescues, tall fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass
will eventually be invaded by other grasses that were generally not
planted. Most will also develop a resident dicot population
Which plants dominate depends on the level of fertility and the intensity
of irrigation and other cultural practices. Low input irrigated lawns will
often be dominated by bentgrasses, roughstalk bluegrass, and clover or
other site specific dicots. Unirrigated lawns will generally be dominated
by bentgrasses, Rat-tail fescue, and False dandelion. Lawns that are
irrigated and fertilized regularly will often be dominated by annual
bluegrass.
To the extent they are used, herbicides will determine what if any dicots
are present, but will have little impact on the grass composition.
57. References:
All maps used in this presentation were created and copyrighted by Ray Sterner
at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The maps are licensed
to North Star Science and Technology, LLC from which permission was granted for
use in this presentation.
Information regarding the maps and images can be located at
http:// fermi.jhuapl.edu/states/