This document discusses how email works by describing the key components involved in email transmission and storage. It explains that email uses a store-and-forward model where messages are sent via SMTP and stored on a mail server until the recipient retrieves it using either POP3 or IMAP. SMTP is the protocol that sends messages between servers over TCP port 25, while POP3 and IMAP are the protocols that clients use to retrieve messages from port 110 and 143 respectively. Common email clients include Outlook, Thunderbird, and web-based options like Gmail and Yahoo Mail.
The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan's port city of Kobe was caused by the subduction of the Philippines Plate under the Eurasian Plate. Measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale, it resulted in over 5,000 deaths due to its shallow focus and proximity to densely populated Kobe. Primary effects included the collapse of an elevated highway and damage to ports and buildings. Secondary effects involved widespread fires from gas lines and power outages leaving millions without power or water. Short term responses involved search and rescue, medical aid, shelters and restoring utilities. Long term responses included rebuilding infrastructure, new building regulations, and counseling for earthquake trauma.
This document discusses how email works by describing the key components involved in email transmission and storage. It explains that email uses a store-and-forward model where messages are sent via SMTP and stored on a mail server until the recipient retrieves it using either POP3 or IMAP. SMTP is the protocol that sends messages between servers over TCP port 25, while POP3 and IMAP are the protocols that clients use to retrieve messages from port 110 and 143 respectively. Common email clients include Outlook, Thunderbird, and web-based options like Gmail and Yahoo Mail.
The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan's port city of Kobe was caused by the subduction of the Philippines Plate under the Eurasian Plate. Measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale, it resulted in over 5,000 deaths due to its shallow focus and proximity to densely populated Kobe. Primary effects included the collapse of an elevated highway and damage to ports and buildings. Secondary effects involved widespread fires from gas lines and power outages leaving millions without power or water. Short term responses involved search and rescue, medical aid, shelters and restoring utilities. Long term responses included rebuilding infrastructure, new building regulations, and counseling for earthquake trauma.
This document discusses accounting standards and methods for inventory valuation. It addresses topics like work-in-progress, raw materials, finished goods, and measurement of inventory. Specific methods covered include first-in-first-out, last-in-first-out, weighted average, and standard cost. Formulas for calculating inventory costs under different scenarios are provided along with case studies demonstrating the application of inventory valuation techniques.
The document discusses the effects of the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan. The primary effects were collapsed buildings, roads and bridges which killed over 5,500 people and injured 30,000. Secondary effects included fires from ruptured gas pipes, lack of power and water for millions of homes, and health issues from overcrowded shelters. Long-term responses included making earthquake safety drills a national event, building specially designed earthquake-resistant structures, and installing earthquake monitoring equipment across Kobe.
The document discusses the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP uses two channels - a control channel over port 21 to send commands and a data channel over port 20 to transfer files. It describes common FTP commands to connect, navigate directories, set transfer properties, transfer files, and end sessions. The document also covers FTP status codes, transport bindings using active/passive modes, proxy transfers, and security issues like cleartext data transfers that FTP has addressed with TLS encryption.
FTP uses two TCP connections - a control connection on port 21 for sending commands and a data connection on port 20 for transferring files. The control connection maintains state about the user and session and is used to open and close the data connection for individual file transfers. Common FTP commands are used to login with username and password, list directory contents, and get/put files between hosts.
This document provides an overview of SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) including its history, general features, how it works, and limitations. SMTP is an Internet standard used to transfer email between Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs). It originated in 1980 and was standardized in 1981. Key points are that SMTP operates over TCP port 25 in a request-response format, uses status codes to indicate success or failure, and relies on MTAs like Sendmail to route and deliver messages between servers. However, it only supports basic 7-bit ASCII encoding and is susceptible to misuse like spamming.
Essential Biology 3.8 8.1 C4 Photosynthesis (Core, AHL & Op C)Stephen Taylor
The document provides information and questions about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It begins with instructions to highlight command terms from the objectives in different colors and complete a self-assessment rubric. The bulk of the document consists of multiple choice and written questions about topics like the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, limiting factors, and comparisons to cellular respiration. It includes diagrams of chloroplast structure and the Calvin cycle for labeling. Sources are to be cited using the CSE citation method.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and server. FTP is built on a client-server model and allows users to access files on remote systems. Key components of FTP include the client, which initiates file transfers, the server, which stores and transmits files, and the FTP site, which houses files and determines user access levels through usernames and passwords. FTP supports both anonymous access for public files as well as authenticated access through usernames and passwords for private files.
FTP allows two computers to connect over the Internet so that files can be transferred between a client and server. It was created in 1971 at MIT by Abhay Bhushan to transfer data over the new ARPANET. FTP works through a request, response, transfer, terminate cycle. It converts files to binary for transmission and allows downloading and uploading of files. While over 30 years old, FTP continues to be used and modified to meet user demands.
This document provides an overview of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It discusses how SMTP clients and servers work, how messages are sent to SMTP servers using either relaying or DNS, the SMTP communication model involving connection establishment, message transfer, and connection termination. It also describes mail processing involving envelopes and headers, status codes, and special features like mail forwarding, gatewaying, and relaying. Limitations of SMTP are also noted.
SMTP is the standard protocol for sending email over the Internet. It defines the message format and how messages are transferred between mail servers. When a client wants to send a message, it establishes a connection to an SMTP server and issues commands like MAIL, RCPT, and DATA to specify the sender, recipients, and transmit the message content. While simple to implement, basic SMTP has limitations like lacking authentication that allow issues like spam. Extensions to SMTP like ESMTP aim to address such problems.
Overview of the FTP protocol.
In the early days of the Internet, applications were mostly restricted to mail transfer (email) and file transfer. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is one of the first standardized protocols for exchanging binary and text files between hosts.
FTP is rather simple in that it uses a TCP connection for exchanging commands and a data transfer TCP connection for the actual file transfer.
In normal FTP operation, the client opens the control connection to the FTP server while it is up to the server to open data connections for each file transfer. With the upcoming firewalls, this scheme proved to pose a problem since firewalls tend to block incoming TCP connections. Thus a passive mode was defined where the client is responsible to open the data connection to the server.
This document discusses electronic mail (e-mail) and how it works. It describes the key components of an e-mail system including user agents, message transfer agents, and message access agents. It explains the store-and-forward model that modern e-mail uses to send and receive messages between users. It also outlines the main protocols used for e-mail - SMTP for sending messages between servers, and POP3 or IMAP for users to access their messages. IMAP is generally preferred as it allows accessing and organizing messages from multiple devices.
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15. The World Wide Web project
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