The document summarizes the Chemical Safety Board's investigation into the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion and discusses gaps between planned and actual work. It describes how BP and Transocean's emergency systems were not capable of handling the specific well conditions. Crew accommodated limitations by creating an unauthorized two-step process, increasing risks unknowingly. The incident highlights how standard procedures often do not account for all realities of work. Managing gaps requires understanding technical limitations and improving communication of non-routine tasks.
Cheryl MacKenzie from the United States Chemical Safety Board and Peter Wilkinson, who provided support to the CSB during the investigation, will take us through some of the more important human and organisational factors and discuss how these can be put into practice and explain why the disaster was not a Black Swan.
The speakers will highlight the issues that should be at the forefront of our thinking in all the everyday operations we take so much for granted. Understanding process safety may save our lives, and the lives of our work mates.
Lessons Learnt from Root Cause Analysis of Gulf.pptxq46bcx2y5j
BP oil spill
It is about the the oil spill happened in gulf of mexico.
Till date it is considered as one of the worst disaster in oil and gas industry.
What could have done to avoid this incident also is shown in the ppt.
What went wrong is also discussed.
This document discusses coastal erosion control practices that can improve resiliency in Rhode Island. It provides an overview of the types of shoreline protection structures currently used, such as riprap revetments, and regulations for constructing new structures. Experimental techniques are allowed in designated areas and must be approved by a technical review panel. Examples of experimental methods that could be combined with beach replenishment include marine mattresses, sand-filled geotextile bags, coir envelopes, and geo-synthetic sand containers. The goal is to identify "soft" bio-degradable solutions to coastal erosion as an alternative to hard structures like seawalls that can damage beaches.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic fracturing. It discusses:
1) The objectives of fracturing a formation including increasing productivity or injectivity.
2) How fracturing works by exceeding the mechanical strength of the rock.
3) Key data needed for fracturing design like in-situ stresses, Young's modulus, and permeability.
4) The fracturing design process including fluid and proppant selection, modeling, and optimizing treatment size.
The document summarizes the timeline and technical challenges faced by NASA in determining the flight readiness of the Space Shuttle following a malfunction with a main engine valve during launch. Teams worked to understand the failure mechanism, potential risks, and establish acceptable flight rationale. After two initial Flight Readiness Reviews were inconclusive, continued testing and analysis eventually provided the necessary insights. The third review approved the next launch, which proceeded safely. Key lessons included the importance of diverse perspectives, challenging assumptions, and creating an environment where issues can be raised without fear.
1) During a 2008 space shuttle launch, an unexpected hydrogen flow increase was detected from one of the shuttle's main engines, likely due to an electrical or mechanical failure in a valve.
2) Inspection in December 2008 revealed a crack in the valve's poppet, the first such failure ever observed. Analyzing the cause and implications of this failure was a significant technical challenge.
3) After two Flight Readiness Reviews in February 2009 found that not enough was known about the risk, thousands of engineers continued testing and analysis. A key breakthrough was developing an inspection method that could detect small cracks without damaging the hardware.
The document provides information on failure analysis and prevention. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Failure analysis involves systematically investigating the causes of failure to establish the most important reasons. Common causes of mechanical component failure include defects, improper design or materials selection, and poor service conditions. The document also summarizes several historical engineering disasters like the Titanic and Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse, caused by failures in design, materials, and underestimating dynamic forces.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
Cheryl MacKenzie from the United States Chemical Safety Board and Peter Wilkinson, who provided support to the CSB during the investigation, will take us through some of the more important human and organisational factors and discuss how these can be put into practice and explain why the disaster was not a Black Swan.
The speakers will highlight the issues that should be at the forefront of our thinking in all the everyday operations we take so much for granted. Understanding process safety may save our lives, and the lives of our work mates.
Lessons Learnt from Root Cause Analysis of Gulf.pptxq46bcx2y5j
BP oil spill
It is about the the oil spill happened in gulf of mexico.
Till date it is considered as one of the worst disaster in oil and gas industry.
What could have done to avoid this incident also is shown in the ppt.
What went wrong is also discussed.
This document discusses coastal erosion control practices that can improve resiliency in Rhode Island. It provides an overview of the types of shoreline protection structures currently used, such as riprap revetments, and regulations for constructing new structures. Experimental techniques are allowed in designated areas and must be approved by a technical review panel. Examples of experimental methods that could be combined with beach replenishment include marine mattresses, sand-filled geotextile bags, coir envelopes, and geo-synthetic sand containers. The goal is to identify "soft" bio-degradable solutions to coastal erosion as an alternative to hard structures like seawalls that can damage beaches.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic fracturing. It discusses:
1) The objectives of fracturing a formation including increasing productivity or injectivity.
2) How fracturing works by exceeding the mechanical strength of the rock.
3) Key data needed for fracturing design like in-situ stresses, Young's modulus, and permeability.
4) The fracturing design process including fluid and proppant selection, modeling, and optimizing treatment size.
The document summarizes the timeline and technical challenges faced by NASA in determining the flight readiness of the Space Shuttle following a malfunction with a main engine valve during launch. Teams worked to understand the failure mechanism, potential risks, and establish acceptable flight rationale. After two initial Flight Readiness Reviews were inconclusive, continued testing and analysis eventually provided the necessary insights. The third review approved the next launch, which proceeded safely. Key lessons included the importance of diverse perspectives, challenging assumptions, and creating an environment where issues can be raised without fear.
1) During a 2008 space shuttle launch, an unexpected hydrogen flow increase was detected from one of the shuttle's main engines, likely due to an electrical or mechanical failure in a valve.
2) Inspection in December 2008 revealed a crack in the valve's poppet, the first such failure ever observed. Analyzing the cause and implications of this failure was a significant technical challenge.
3) After two Flight Readiness Reviews in February 2009 found that not enough was known about the risk, thousands of engineers continued testing and analysis. A key breakthrough was developing an inspection method that could detect small cracks without damaging the hardware.
The document provides information on failure analysis and prevention. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Failure analysis involves systematically investigating the causes of failure to establish the most important reasons. Common causes of mechanical component failure include defects, improper design or materials selection, and poor service conditions. The document also summarizes several historical engineering disasters like the Titanic and Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse, caused by failures in design, materials, and underestimating dynamic forces.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
New trends in Earth Sciences- Strategies in Geophysics for hydrocarbon explor...Akhil Prabhakar
This document discusses the role of geophysics in estimating conventional and unconventional petroleum resources. It explains that geophysical technologies like seismic attributes can help analyze faulted reservoirs and predict rock and fluid properties. Time-lapse seismology through reservoir surveillance allows for updated resource estimates. While seismic data provides useful insights, predictions have inherent uncertainty that requires integrating different data sources. The document also distinguishes between conventional resources found in discrete accumulations versus unconventional resources which are pervasive.
New trends in earth sciences- Exploration of energy resourcesSwapnil Pal
A presentation on an article "strategies in geophysics: estimation of conventional and unconventional resources". Also a catchy analogy of a story "Nimboo pani" with role of a geologist in the current energy scenario.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
Wellbore instability can be caused by mechanical, chemical, and man-made factors. Remedial actions may include improving drilling practices to minimize pressure fluctuations, controlling mud weight, reducing drill string vibrations, and monitoring trends to detect instability early. Case studies demonstrate how applying integrated approaches, including geomechanical modeling and updated drilling plans, can help solve instability problems and prevent issues like stuck pipe.
A discussion of dam breach technical analysis, emergency action plans for dam safety, and associated considerations for floodplain administrators.
Presented by Matt Scott, Water Resources Engineer and Lisa Brink, Water Resources Engineer of CDM Smith at the Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM) 2015 Conference.
This document discusses various methods for measuring in-situ rock stresses through hydraulic fracturing or reopening of existing fractures, including overcoring techniques. It provides details on hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic testing on pre-existing fractures, the Borre probe, USBM deformation probe, conical strain cell, deep doorstopper gauge system, and core discing methods. The key techniques involve isolating a section of borehole, inducing fractures or reopening existing ones through hydraulic pressure, and measuring the pressures and fracture orientations to determine the principal stress directions and magnitudes in the rock mass.
Erosion Analysis of Subsea Equipment: A Case Study with High Solid LoadingAnsys
Prospect Flow presents a case study that utilizes ANSYS Fluent to analyze flows of a fluid with a high solid content (such as during a well kill operation). Engineers account for the high solid loading and its potential effect on erosion along with wear-induced geometry changes by combining various erosion mechanisms within a multiphase CFD solution.
Mooring analysis involves designing an offshore mooring system to withstand extreme environmental conditions like 100-year storms. Key factors in the mooring layout include the strength of each mooring line, seabed topography, and directions of wind, waves and currents. Common mooring patterns are distributed to balance loads and provide redundancy. Analysis calculates line tensions and vessel excursions in storms, traditionally analyzing mooring and risers separately but now integrated. The purpose is to ensure the vessel stays within acceptable distance limits under worst loads.
Underground rock reinforcement and supportBalraj Joshi
This document discusses underground excavation stability and rock reinforcement. It begins by explaining that rock mass behavior is simplified for analysis by treating it as continuous, homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic, rather than its actual discontinuous, non-homogeneous, anisotropic and nonlinearly elastic properties. It then discusses how excavation affects stress conditions by removing rock and requiring loads to transfer elsewhere. Various numerical modeling approaches are presented for analyzing stresses, displacements and failed zones, including continuum and discontinuous methods. The document concludes by emphasizing that rock support design requires an engineering judgment approach due to the complexities involved.
The document summarizes a study that monitored roadway runoff and developed design guidance for roadway BMPs. Field studies were conducted at six sub-basins near an intersection of I-80 and I-680 in Omaha, Nebraska. Water quality samples found metals, COD, TSS, and TDS to be major contaminants in runoff. Roadside vegetation was effective at reducing runoff. The existing detention basin provided some pollutant load reductions. Based on results, design guidance was created for BMPs like vegetated swales, bioretention cells, and sand filters to treat roadway runoff.
Lyapichev. Problems in numerical analysis of CFRDs (ICOLD Bull.155)6 p.)Yury Lyapichev
The document discusses several challenges and developments in numerically analyzing concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRDs). It notes that until recently, CFRDs were designed based on experience rather than analysis. Accurate models have since shown issues like excessive compressibility of downstream rockfill adversely impacting the concrete face. The document also discusses modeling earthquakes, the need for structure-specific models in some cases, and ensuring nonlinear analysis convergence. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of numerical analysis as a tool to supplement—not replace—engineering judgment, especially for extrapolating lessons from incidents at high CFRDs.
This document summarizes the methodology used to optimize hydraulic fracturing in the San Jorge Basin in Argentina. State-of-the-art well logging tools and collaboration between operating and service companies were used to better understand reservoir conditions and design fractures. NMR logging, sonic logs, and pressure diagnostics during fracturing were integrated to determine fracture heights and calibrate models. This approach resulted in improved well performance through more accurate fracture design tailored to each reservoir's characteristics.
MPD familiarization Presentation april 2016.pptxcVNguyn5
Managed pressure drilling (MPD) is a drilling process that precisely controls the annular pressure profile to manage the downhole pressure environment and avoid continuous influx of formation fluids to the surface. MPD combines a rotating control device with surface control of annular pressure to control the wellbore pressure profile, rather than relying on mud weight alone. MPD can be applied reactively as a form of enhanced well control or proactively to mitigate drilling hazards and reduce non-productive time by enabling changes to drilling programs. Key MPD equipment includes the rotating control device, manifolds, chokes, and automated control systems.
Assignment 3 Title Bhopal Disaster PRESENTED BYAngie Miller
This document summarizes an assignment about the Bhopal disaster. It provides background on the 1984 gas leak at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India that exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. It describes the accident timeline and damage caused, with thousands of deaths. A fault tree analysis reviews the root causes, including ineffective workforce training, diminished plant design copying safety processes, poor management decisions, and lack of government enforcement of regulations. Solutions proposed include improved safety equipment, training, and enforcement of compliance with regulations.
ACOE Coastal Storm Management Alternative for Jamaica Bay Communitiesecowatchers
The document summarizes plans for managing coastal storm risk in Jamaica Bay, New York. It discusses the US Army Corps of Engineers' process for formulating alternatives, addressing sea level rise, and evaluating alternatives for the East Rockaway Inlet to Rockaway Inlet and Jamaica Bay reach. High-level details are provided on recommended plans for the Atlantic shorefront, Back Bay flooding risk reduction features, and nature-based features in Jamaica Bay. The schedule and opportunities for public involvement in the ongoing New York-New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Coastal Storm Risk Management Feasibility Study are also outlined.
slope stability and seepage by slide software (Teton dam)AbdullahKhan798
Teton dam is being modeled by slide software and other improved models are shown. It is tried to get the correct data for teton dam there may be some errors
MSHA Quarterly Training Call - April 2016Kyle Cramer
The Power Point provided by MSHA as an agenda for their Q1, 2016 Safety Training Call. Includes an analysis of all fatalities that have occurred in 2016 and best practices to prevent these issues going forward.
14 aneu applications of technological & engineering solutions edit Juan Carlos Bonapace
The document summarizes the application of technological solutions to stimulate an old vertical well (drilled in 1974) targeting the Vaca Muerta Formation in Neuquén Basin, Argentina. The objectives were to recondition the well using a swell packer and stimulate the entire Vaca Muerta section with 12 fracturing stages using pinpoint stimulation technique. Key steps included logging the well, setting a swell packer, and performing 12-stage fracturing of the Vaca Muerta formation using coiled tubing and a pinpoint technique to optimize stimulation of the target zone.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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This document discusses the role of geophysics in estimating conventional and unconventional petroleum resources. It explains that geophysical technologies like seismic attributes can help analyze faulted reservoirs and predict rock and fluid properties. Time-lapse seismology through reservoir surveillance allows for updated resource estimates. While seismic data provides useful insights, predictions have inherent uncertainty that requires integrating different data sources. The document also distinguishes between conventional resources found in discrete accumulations versus unconventional resources which are pervasive.
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A presentation on an article "strategies in geophysics: estimation of conventional and unconventional resources". Also a catchy analogy of a story "Nimboo pani" with role of a geologist in the current energy scenario.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
Wellbore instability can be caused by mechanical, chemical, and man-made factors. Remedial actions may include improving drilling practices to minimize pressure fluctuations, controlling mud weight, reducing drill string vibrations, and monitoring trends to detect instability early. Case studies demonstrate how applying integrated approaches, including geomechanical modeling and updated drilling plans, can help solve instability problems and prevent issues like stuck pipe.
A discussion of dam breach technical analysis, emergency action plans for dam safety, and associated considerations for floodplain administrators.
Presented by Matt Scott, Water Resources Engineer and Lisa Brink, Water Resources Engineer of CDM Smith at the Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFPM) 2015 Conference.
This document discusses various methods for measuring in-situ rock stresses through hydraulic fracturing or reopening of existing fractures, including overcoring techniques. It provides details on hydraulic fracturing, hydraulic testing on pre-existing fractures, the Borre probe, USBM deformation probe, conical strain cell, deep doorstopper gauge system, and core discing methods. The key techniques involve isolating a section of borehole, inducing fractures or reopening existing ones through hydraulic pressure, and measuring the pressures and fracture orientations to determine the principal stress directions and magnitudes in the rock mass.
Erosion Analysis of Subsea Equipment: A Case Study with High Solid LoadingAnsys
Prospect Flow presents a case study that utilizes ANSYS Fluent to analyze flows of a fluid with a high solid content (such as during a well kill operation). Engineers account for the high solid loading and its potential effect on erosion along with wear-induced geometry changes by combining various erosion mechanisms within a multiphase CFD solution.
Mooring analysis involves designing an offshore mooring system to withstand extreme environmental conditions like 100-year storms. Key factors in the mooring layout include the strength of each mooring line, seabed topography, and directions of wind, waves and currents. Common mooring patterns are distributed to balance loads and provide redundancy. Analysis calculates line tensions and vessel excursions in storms, traditionally analyzing mooring and risers separately but now integrated. The purpose is to ensure the vessel stays within acceptable distance limits under worst loads.
Underground rock reinforcement and supportBalraj Joshi
This document discusses underground excavation stability and rock reinforcement. It begins by explaining that rock mass behavior is simplified for analysis by treating it as continuous, homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic, rather than its actual discontinuous, non-homogeneous, anisotropic and nonlinearly elastic properties. It then discusses how excavation affects stress conditions by removing rock and requiring loads to transfer elsewhere. Various numerical modeling approaches are presented for analyzing stresses, displacements and failed zones, including continuum and discontinuous methods. The document concludes by emphasizing that rock support design requires an engineering judgment approach due to the complexities involved.
The document summarizes a study that monitored roadway runoff and developed design guidance for roadway BMPs. Field studies were conducted at six sub-basins near an intersection of I-80 and I-680 in Omaha, Nebraska. Water quality samples found metals, COD, TSS, and TDS to be major contaminants in runoff. Roadside vegetation was effective at reducing runoff. The existing detention basin provided some pollutant load reductions. Based on results, design guidance was created for BMPs like vegetated swales, bioretention cells, and sand filters to treat roadway runoff.
Lyapichev. Problems in numerical analysis of CFRDs (ICOLD Bull.155)6 p.)Yury Lyapichev
The document discusses several challenges and developments in numerically analyzing concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRDs). It notes that until recently, CFRDs were designed based on experience rather than analysis. Accurate models have since shown issues like excessive compressibility of downstream rockfill adversely impacting the concrete face. The document also discusses modeling earthquakes, the need for structure-specific models in some cases, and ensuring nonlinear analysis convergence. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of numerical analysis as a tool to supplement—not replace—engineering judgment, especially for extrapolating lessons from incidents at high CFRDs.
This document summarizes the methodology used to optimize hydraulic fracturing in the San Jorge Basin in Argentina. State-of-the-art well logging tools and collaboration between operating and service companies were used to better understand reservoir conditions and design fractures. NMR logging, sonic logs, and pressure diagnostics during fracturing were integrated to determine fracture heights and calibrate models. This approach resulted in improved well performance through more accurate fracture design tailored to each reservoir's characteristics.
MPD familiarization Presentation april 2016.pptxcVNguyn5
Managed pressure drilling (MPD) is a drilling process that precisely controls the annular pressure profile to manage the downhole pressure environment and avoid continuous influx of formation fluids to the surface. MPD combines a rotating control device with surface control of annular pressure to control the wellbore pressure profile, rather than relying on mud weight alone. MPD can be applied reactively as a form of enhanced well control or proactively to mitigate drilling hazards and reduce non-productive time by enabling changes to drilling programs. Key MPD equipment includes the rotating control device, manifolds, chokes, and automated control systems.
Assignment 3 Title Bhopal Disaster PRESENTED BYAngie Miller
This document summarizes an assignment about the Bhopal disaster. It provides background on the 1984 gas leak at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India that exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. It describes the accident timeline and damage caused, with thousands of deaths. A fault tree analysis reviews the root causes, including ineffective workforce training, diminished plant design copying safety processes, poor management decisions, and lack of government enforcement of regulations. Solutions proposed include improved safety equipment, training, and enforcement of compliance with regulations.
ACOE Coastal Storm Management Alternative for Jamaica Bay Communitiesecowatchers
The document summarizes plans for managing coastal storm risk in Jamaica Bay, New York. It discusses the US Army Corps of Engineers' process for formulating alternatives, addressing sea level rise, and evaluating alternatives for the East Rockaway Inlet to Rockaway Inlet and Jamaica Bay reach. High-level details are provided on recommended plans for the Atlantic shorefront, Back Bay flooding risk reduction features, and nature-based features in Jamaica Bay. The schedule and opportunities for public involvement in the ongoing New York-New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Coastal Storm Risk Management Feasibility Study are also outlined.
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Teton dam is being modeled by slide software and other improved models are shown. It is tried to get the correct data for teton dam there may be some errors
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The Power Point provided by MSHA as an agenda for their Q1, 2016 Safety Training Call. Includes an analysis of all fatalities that have occurred in 2016 and best practices to prevent these issues going forward.
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The document summarizes the application of technological solutions to stimulate an old vertical well (drilled in 1974) targeting the Vaca Muerta Formation in Neuquén Basin, Argentina. The objectives were to recondition the well using a swell packer and stimulate the entire Vaca Muerta section with 12 fracturing stages using pinpoint stimulation technique. Key steps included logging the well, setting a swell packer, and performing 12-stage fracturing of the Vaca Muerta formation using coiled tubing and a pinpoint technique to optimize stimulation of the target zone.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
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The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
HSSE-SR_ Work as Imagined vs. Work as Done.pptx
1. Mary Beth Mulcahy, Ph.D.
marybeth.mulcahy@csb.gov
www.csb.gov
January 10, 2017
Finding the Gaps
The Macondo Well Blowout
SPE HSSESR Lunch Meeting
“Accidents are seldom preceded by bizarre behavior…”
Sidney Dekker, The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error
2. • April 20, 2010
• Ignited Macondo well
blowout
• 11 deaths
• 17 airlifted for critical
physical injuries; many
others injured – burns,
broken bones, anguish…
• Evacuation of 115
individuals from the rig
• Worst oil spill in US history
Incident Synopsis: Drilling Rig Explosion and Fire
• Sinking of the Deepwater
Horizon drilling rig— Transocean-owned rig; BP-leased
4. Chemical Safety Board (CSB)
• Independent Federal Agency
• Non-regulatory
Mission
To protect workers, the public, and the environment
• Conducting independent root cause investigations
• Reporting findings publicly
• Making recommendations to groups that can affect change
‒ Companies
‒ Government Agencies (local, state and federal)
‒ Standard setting bodies, e.g. API, NFPA, etc.
10. Work-as-Imagined* Work-as-Done*
• “Pilot was asked to raise the flap to aid loading of tall cargo”
• “complex procedure requiring the full attention of the aircrew to
maintain safe parameters”
• “The onload also included five passengers not included in the
original load plan, prompting a decision …”
• “For 50 minutes crew preformed ground operation duties”
Policies, procedures,
standards that describe what
designers, managers, or
regulatory authorities expect
will or should happen
How workers accommodate
current work conditions in
order to achieve the desired
work goals
*Dekker, S., Chronicling the Emergence of Confused Consensus: Work as Imagined versus Work as Actually Done, chapter 7, pp 86-90, within
Hollnagel, E., Woods, D.D., and Leveson, N., eds., Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts, Ashgate Publishing: Hampshire, England, 2006.
12. BOP Emergency Systems
•Emergency Disconnect System (EDS):
Manually initiated by the crew
Mode 1—closes the BSR
Mode 2—closes the CSR, then BSR;
•AMF/deadman:
Automatically activated;
Not capable of the 2-step CSR/BSR closure
•Autoshear:
Automatically activated
Not capable of the 2-step CSR/BSR closure
13. • “the BSR must be capable of
shearing the highest grade and
heaviest drillpipe…in one
operation.”—Transocean (TO)
Well Control Manual
• “The limitations of [BSR]
shearing capacity should be
known and understood, and a
documented risk assessment
shall be in place to address any
such limitations”—BP
Engineering Technical Practice
Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Done
14. Oct 6 – 29
Marianas Drills
Macondo Well
January 31
Deepwater Horizon
arrives to replace the
Marianas at
Macondo
January 10 email
“How could I get the chart in this
attachment to change color on the 4614 psi
for shearing the 6.625 [6 5/8”] pipe to RED.
Would Cameron have to edit this chart?
That is what Rod wants. He says if we can’t
shear it then it should be RED…”
15. Q. […] so you were concerned about
whether those [BSR] were within the
proper zone in the calculations, right?
A. Right.
Q. So what was -- what was the end result
of this discussion […]?
A. The end result was that […] as long as
we knew we were—we had 6-5/8 pipe
through the stack, we would have to be in
the EDS mode 2 for the casing shear rams
because they would cut it where the blind
shear rams wouldn't.
TO Senior Subsea Supervisor Testimony
Q. And so there was a -- a considered decision on how to handle that
issue of cutting through the tubulars if they were the 6-5/8?
A. Yes.
16. Work-as-Imagined Work-as-Done
• Rig personnel created 2-step
workaround which
accommodated BP’s drilling
plan
Unintended Consequence
• 2 of 3 emergency systems
were not capable of this
two-step process
• “the BSR must be capable of
shearing the highest grade and
heaviest drillpipe…in one
operation.”—Transocean (TO)
Well Control Manual
• “The limitations of [BSR]
shearing capacity should be
known and understood, and a
documented risk assessment
shall be in place to address any
such limitations”—BP
Engineering Technical Practice
26. Macondo Well Kick
Depth
of
oil
&
gas
to
rig
(1,000
ft)
Ocean Floor
~8:50 pm
9:37 pm
9:43pm
9:40 pm
9:47 pm
9:49 pm
9:31 pm
“Free gas in the riser represents one of the
most dangerous situations on a rig from a
standpoint of personnel safety… It is not
out of the realm of possibilities that this
slow migration of gas in the riser could go
unnoticed as the other activities are taking
place, and the gas will begin to unload
before anyone notices it.”
BP Well Control Manual
28. Natural Gap: Work as Imagined vs Work as Done
Design Risk
Operational Risk
29. Natural Gap: Work as Imagined vs Work as Done
Design Risk
Operational Risk
“…it is not possible to write a
drilling program that foresees
all circumstances and covers
every detail, or that
crewmembers can follow
exactly as written”
CSB Macondo report
30. [the negative test
procedure] “broad,
operational
guidelines” [and the
crew would use] “the
method consistent
with their regular
practice on prior
wells.” BP
“BP was responsible
Macondo Gap
developing detailed plans
as to where and how the
Macondo well was to be
drilled…and for obtaining
approval of those plans
from MMS.” TO
32. Policy vs Actuality (Transocean)
• “essential to verify that the
[ MGS] is capable of
handling […] a severe kick.
The relevant information of
the well […] should be
obtained from the
Operator […].”
• 2009: Gas in riser is “the
biggest concern” for
improving well control
• Diverter drills “improve the
crew’s reaction time”
33. Policy vs Actuality (Transocean)
Transocean—”essential to
verify that the [ MGS] is
capable of handling […]a
severe kick. The relevant
information of the well […]
should be obtained from
the Operator and […]
compared to the [MGS].”
• Diverter drills “improve
the crew’s reaction
time.”
Assistant Driller
• Over 23 years offshore experience
• 6 years with Transocean
• He was taught to always divert to the MGS
• Divert overboard only MGS became overwhelmed
Senior Toolpusher
• Unaware of any drills to simulate gas in the riser event
34. Post Macondo Policy Change
An engineering control replaces
manual intervention—Does this
bridge the gap?
35. The Reality
• High potential that gas volume might have
overwhelmed the system anyway
‒ “it is impossible given the magnitude of
the blowout to know if the diverter packer
would have kept flow diverted overboard
and if the gas ignition could have been
prevented.”—Transocean
36. The Reality
• No adequate engineering tools/software exist
to model the complex gas migration and 2-
phase flow of gas and liquids in a riser
• Various industry tests have given inconsistent
results
• At Macondo, contents of 5,000-ft riser erupted
on rig floor only 2-3 minutes after the BOP
initially sealed the well
37. Managing the Diverter Gap
• Potential technical gap, not human “failure”
• Improved kick detection capabilities and
further study on riser unloading events
• Environmental/regulatory penalties may
cause drift back to original practice of MGS-
routing
39. ‘Upcoming’ Critical Operations
No negative
test
indicated
“I told [the BP Well Site
Leader] it was my policy to
do a negative test before
displacing with seawater.”
-Deepwater Horizon OIM
40. Risk Management Gap
• BP did not send a corrected “Forward Plan”
• Transocean had policy to co-develop Standing Instructions to the
Driller (SID) with its customer (BP)
‒ described as a key communication tool that should be
discussed with drillers at the beginning of a shift
• A Transocean advisory issued weeks before noted that a SID
should “raise awareness and […] highlight” underbalanced
conditions in a well when a single barrier is present
‒ No evidence SIDs were used on the Deepwater Horizon
42. Procedure
Assumes
Successful Test
Close [BOP] and
conduct negative
test. After
successful negative
test open [BOP]
The night shift WSL recalled
participating in approximately 50
previous negative tests; to his
knowledge, never had one failed.
43. “The rig crew does not have to be told how to run a negative test. This
should be a routine operation that fits within their training.”
—MDL Expert (for BP)
“But we do warn that every time we do a job, the conditions are
changed. The weather conditions may be different. The experience of
the crew may be different. You have to take into account that every
time you do it, it may not be exactly the same as the last time.”
—Transocean VP QHSE
Beyond the Piece of Paper…
44. • (1) Generic DWH procedures identified personal safety or
relatively minor spills of drilling mud on the rig and overboard.
• (2) Transocean required written procedures for safety critical
tasks—including negative tests
‒ review and discuss;
‒ confirm control measures;
‒ ensure personnel understand their responsibilities;
‒ understand the hazards; and
‒ ensure the expected results are understood prior to
commencing the activity.
At least 6 different procedures used 8/07—4/10, generally falling into
2 categories—the Macondo procedure different
Managing the Risk Awareness Gap
47. Crew Rationalization During
Negative Test
• Riser level was not full.
‒ The level could have
dropped before BOP was
closed or after.
*After = leak past annular
*Before = well integrity lost
• Crew assumed it was after the
BOP was closed. This option
made more sense to them.
48. Post-Incident Well Data Analysis
• Real-time Deepwater Horizon data indicates the drillpipe
pressure began to drop just after the crew closed an annular
preventer, implying a loss of well integrity NOT leaking annular.
Why did that assumption seem more plausible?
• Challenges of well up to this point successfully overcome,
reinforcing mentality that success was inevitable
- Multiple loss-of-well control events
- Changes to drilling plans to accommodate challenges
• Various personnel deemed the cement job successful
• Positive pressure test was successful (e.g., no leaks from inside
the well to the outside)
• It is “not uncommon” to see an annular leak.
49. By:
• Not identifying your safety critical tasks/equipment
• Not having indicators to monitor the safety management
systems designed to manage safety critical tasks/equipment
Then you are missing the opportunity to identify and manage the
work-as-imagined/work-as-done gap.
‘Culture’ is understanding why you have that gap and discovering
the underlying reasons for it.
Broad Take Away
52. Real World Culture Example Same Policy,
Different Behaviors & Expectations
Policy: Employees shall observe and report unsafe
situations/activities
• Transocean crews required to submit daily START card
• Crewmembers believed the focus on the quantity not
quality of observation.
• “people [tried] not to rat people out so to speak, you know
like you wanted to be helpful, […] whereas some of the
higher-ups in the office, they kind of wanted to weed out
problems …”
• “I’ve seen guys get fired for someone [writing] a bad START
card about them”
(pg 143-144, Vol 3 CSB Macondo Report)
53. Policy: Employees shall observe and report unsafe
situations/activities
• While # of reports went up, # of incidents went down
• Initial resistance to program but attitudes changed when worn
tools and equipment were repaired/replaced
B. R. Read; A. Zartl-Klik; C.
Veit; R. Samhaber; H. Zepic;
Safety Leadership that
Engages the Workforce to
Create Sustainable HSE
Performance; The SPE
International Conference on
Health, Safely and
Environment in Oil and Gas
Exploration and Production
held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
12-14 April 2010.
Real World Culture Example Same Policy,
Different Behaviors & Expectations
54. Process Safety Indicator Pyramid
API Recommended Practice, 754, 1st ed., Process Safety Performance Indicators for the Refining and
Petrochemical Industries, April 2010, pp 8
55. 2009
121 well control events (71 kicks)
32 different operators
various geographical locations
2010
Macondo Well Blowout
2008 – 2009
6 riser unloading events
57. Volume 3 further addresses
• HUMAN FACTORS
• ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS
• SAFETY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
• (1) Metrics of barriers and safety systems and
• (2) Active monitoring of real-time barrier indicators meant to
drive daily decisions, as well as slow moving management
system indicators.
• RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
• The complexity of the operator-contractor relationship can
lead to vaguely defined safety roles for both parties.
• CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• SAFETY CULTURE
• Poor adherence to own corporate major hazard management
policies, which were stronger than regulatory requirements;
58. Volume 4 further addresses
• US OFFSHORE SAFETY REGULATION DURING AND AFTER
MACONDO
• ATTRIBUTES OF AN EFFECTIVE REGULATOR AND
REGULATORY SYSTEM