hssb0704t_powerpresDNA as the transforming principle..ppt
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Avery performed three tests on the transforming principle. Qualitative tests showed DNA was present. Chemical tests showed the chemical makeup matched that of DNA. Enzyme tests showed only DNA-degrading enzymes stopped transformation. Hershey and Chase confirm that DNA is the genetic material. • Hershey and Chase studied viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages. • Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria; tagged proteins were not. They tagged viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus. They tagged viral proteins with radioactive sulfur. • Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria; tagged proteins were not. DNA structure is the same in all organisms. • DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides. • DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: ₋ a phosphate group. ₋ a deoxyribose sugar. ₋ a nitrogen-containing base The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides. Scientists Chargaff found: The amount of adenine in an organism approximately equals the amount of thymine. The amount of cytosine roughly equals the amount of guanine. A=T C=G Chargaff’s rules Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA by building models. They realized that DNA is a double helix that is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside with bases on the inside. Watson and Crick’s discovery was built on the work of Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff. ₋ Franklin’s x-ray images suggested that DNA was a double helix of even width. ₋ Chargaff’s rules stated that A=T and C=G. Nucleotides always pair in the same way. The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA. Because a pyrimidine (single ring) pairs with a purine (double ring), the helix has a uniform width. A pairs with T C pairs with G The backbone is connected by covalent bonds. The bases are connected by hydrogen bonds. • Proteins carry out the process of replication. • DNA serves only as a template. • Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication. ₋ Enzymes unzip the double helix. ₋ Free-floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the template strand. ₋ DNA polymerase enzymes bond the nucleotides together to form the double helix. ₋ Polymerase enzymes form covalent bonds between nucleotides in the new strand. ₋ Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand. • Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand. • DNA replication is semiconservative. Replication is fast and accurate. DNA replication starts at many points in eukaryotic chromosomes. There are many origins of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes. DNA polymerases can find and correct err
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physics_problem_workbooks.pdf.pdf
1. The document is a physics problem workbook containing multiple problems related to motion in one dimension, average velocity, average acceleration, and metric prefixes.
2. Problem A involves calculating the time it would take a sailfish messenger to deliver a message 16 km across water traveling at 120 km/h.
3. Additional practice problems calculate speeds, distances, times, and conversions between metric prefix units for scenarios involving plants, animals, transportation and other physical phenomena.
v1chap4.pdf
Newton's first law states that an object will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by an external force. Newton's second law relates the net force on an object to its acceleration. Newton's third law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. This chapter provides examples of applying Newton's laws to calculate accelerations and tensions in strings for simple systems involving masses, surfaces, and strings. Free-body diagrams are used to represent the forces acting on objects.
Section 4.3 Newton.docx
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The net force equals mass times acceleration. Newton's third law states that for every action force exerted on one object by another, there is an equal but opposite reaction force. Action and reaction forces always occur simultaneously between interacting objects and are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
section_reviews_(all)_holt_physics.pdf
This document provides an overview of the Holt Physics textbook and accompanying section review workbook. It begins with instructions on how to navigate and print from the book. The majority of the document then lists the chapter and section titles covered in the textbook, along with the corresponding page numbers and exercise types contained in the section review workbook. These exercise types include concept reviews, math skills, diagram skills, and mixed reviews. The document copyright is also provided.
prob_wkbk.pdf
The document describes a problem involving drawing free-body diagrams. It provides details of forces acting on a canoe carrying a park ranger. The forces are the ranger's weight, the canoe's weight, and an upward force from the water. The solution involves drawing the canoe, and adding arrows to represent each force acting on the canoe, resulting in a completed free-body diagram. Additional practice problems then involve drawing free-body diagrams for a skydiver, sack of flour, and toy being pushed along the floor.
Free Body Diagrams Quiz Physics.pdf
The document is a practice exam for a Physics I Honors course covering forces and Newton's laws of motion. It contains 26 multiple choice and free response questions testing concepts such as force, Newton's laws, friction, and kinematics. The questions provide scenarios involving objects like cars, boxes, and balloons, asking test-takers to identify forces, draw free-body diagrams, and solve for quantities like acceleration and force given mass and other values.
sec 4.2 Newton.docx
Newton's First Law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. It refers to the net force on an object, which is the sum of all forces acting on it. If the net force is zero, the object is in equilibrium and its velocity will not change.
Modern Biology. Chapter Tests with Answer Key General and Advanced (3).pdf
This document contains a chapter test on modern biology with multiple choice and short answer questions. It covers several topics:
1. Questions assess key terms like metabolism, magnification, organ, and reproduction. Students must match definitions to terms.
2. Multiple choice questions test understanding of concepts such as what living things need to maintain internal organization, the role of reproduction, and the driving force of evolution.
3. Short answer questions require listing major biology themes, characteristics of life, and explaining scientific methods and measurements.
4. A graph is provided assessing enzyme activity at different pH levels to analyze data and make predictions.
Newtons Laws Worksheet KEY.pdf
This document is a worksheet on Newton's laws of motion. It contains questions and explanations about Newton's three laws: 1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. 3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The worksheet also covers concepts like inertia, mass, acceleration, friction, gravity, and their relationships as explained by Newton's laws.
chapter_4_test.pdf
This document contains a chapter test on forces and the laws of motion from a Holt Physics textbook. It includes 25 multiple choice and short answer questions testing concepts such as forces, inertia, Newton's laws of motion, weight, mass, and friction. It also provides the answers and solutions to sample word problems applying these physics principles. The test is meant to assess a student's understanding of the key topics covered in the chapter.
Table of Contents.docx
This document outlines the table of contents for a physics textbook, covering topics from motion and forces to electromagnetism, thermodynamics, waves, optics, and atomic and subatomic physics. Key chapters include motion in one and two dimensions, forces and laws of motion, work and energy, momentum and collisions, circular motion and gravitation, electricity and magnetism, circuits, and atomic and subatomic physics.
Ch_04b.ppt
This document summarizes Newton's laws of motion and the different types of forces. It introduces Newton's three laws, including inertia, action-reaction pairs, and F=ma. Forces discussed include normal forces, friction, tension, and gravitational forces. It provides examples of applying free body diagrams and Newton's second law to solve mechanics problems. Key concepts are forces and Newton's laws, types of contact and other forces, and using physics equations to analyze motion.
Lecture Notes Chapter 4.pdf
1) The document provides lecture notes on forces and Newton's laws of motion. It introduces dynamics, the concept of force, and Newton's three laws of motion.
2) Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
3) Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
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